therefore could not hope to succeed. 3. The parents are industrious, and hence the children are eager to work. 4. His plans succeeded completely, so that his enemies were entirely discomfited. 5. I love the old man, and accordingly I take delight in complying with everything that is agreeable to him. 6. The bill was passed, and the people were delighted. 7. We agreed to go to the Abbey together, and accordingly I promised to call upon him next morning. 8. Our observations were spoiled by clouds; so that we were greatly disappointed. 9. They encountered rough weather, and thus they were very uncomfortable. 10. Peace was at length concluded, and the country was sensibly relieved.

Co-ordinate Sentence into Participle (Simple & Absolute) (Contemporaneous or Explanatory Fact).

441. He passed his trembling hand all about the hole, and (as he did so) he tried to think it possible that his eyes had deceived him '' He passed his trembling hand all about the hole, trying to think it possible that his eyes had deceived him.'

In the evening the wind freshened, and the ship's course was then south-west': 'the ship's course being then south-west.'

Some of the sentences are not formally connected by Conjunctions. In each case, however, the force of the appropriate conjunction is readily felt.

EXERCISE 373.

1. For a few moments there was a dead silence; Marner's want of breath and agitation did not allow him to speak. 2. Silas had taken to smoking a pipe daily; he had been strongly urged to it by the sages of Raveloe. 3. He granted the request; he was unwilling to disappoint his friend. 4. Abraham went

out, and he knew not whither he went. 5. Godfrey lingered in the parlour; he was awaiting his father. 6. Every one breakfasted at a different hour in the Red House, and the Squire was always the latest. 7. "Ah! well," said the Squire; at the same time he threw himself indifferently into his chair, and spoke in a ponderous coughing fashion. 8. Pitt came down to the House in all the pomp of gout; his legs were swathed in flannels, and his arm was dangling in a sling. 9. Silas ate his dinner more silently than usual; and he soon laid down his knife and fork, and watched half-abstractedly Eppie's play with Snap and the cat. 10. So, year after year, he had lived in this solitude; his guineas had meanwhile risen in the iron pot, and his life had narrowed and hardened itself more and more.

III. CO-ORDINATE SENTENCE replaced by ADVERBIAL CLAUSE.

Co-ordinate Sentence into Adverbial Clause of Time

(Cumulative)

and Cumulation. 442. The CUMULATIVE Conjunctions naturally add to a first statement a second statement that follows up the strain of the first; the second affirmation tends in the same general direction, to the same general effect or result, as the first. Hence the two sentences very frequently stand to each other in some relation of Time.

443. The chief of the class is the word AND; all the rest have more or less of an adverbial force in addition to their connecting or conjunctive force. Thus the adverbial conjunctions of Cumulation are very definite in their use, while 'and' is exceedingly vague. Consequently, 'and' tends to degenerate into a mere formal link between two statements, the conjunction or adverb that really points out the relation being often introduced along with it: and then,'' and yet, and therefore, &c. There need be no surprise, then, at finding the typical Cumulative conjunction in place of an Adversative or an Illative conjunction.

Consider the force of 'and' in the following instances. We have piped unto you, and (=but, yet, still, nevertheless, however) ye have not danced; we have mourned unto you, and (=but, &c.) ye have not lamented.' 'All the able men of Horace Walpole's time ridiculed him as a dunce, a driveller, a child who never knew his own mind for an hour together; and (=yet, nevertheless, for all that) he overreached them all round.' 'His darling power was at stake, and (=therefore, so, accordingly, &c.) his choice was soon made.'

444. When one of these co-ordinate clauses is converted into a subordinate adverbial clause, the form is necessarily determined by the sense. Thus we should have: Though we have piped unto you, ye have not danced; though we have mourned unto you, ye have not lamented.' Though all the able ridiculed him

men

he never

theless overreached them all round.' 'As (since, seeing that, &c.) his darling power was at stake, his choice was soon made.'

Very often two sentences stand side by side without any connecting word. In such cases the relation between them is, or ought to be, obvious enough from the sense alone. The conversion proceeds according to the sense.

445. Mr. Crispe at last came down, and all our murmurs were hushed'=' When Mr. Crispe at last came down, all our murmurs were hushed.'

'Antonio finished his legend, and (at the same time) he once more crossed himself'=' Antonio once more crossed himself as he finished his legend.'

The equivalent Clause sometimes has a tinge of Illative or other meaning in addition to the meaning of Cumulation or Time.

EXERCISE 374.

1. They touch our country, and their shackles fall. 2. At last he escaped and hid himself in the woods. 3. Now we are at leisure, and we may consider the point. 4. It will he my

endeavour to relate the history of the people as well as the history of the government. 5. Scotland was at length united to England not merely by legal bonds, but by indissoluble ties of interest and affection. 6. First inform yourself thoroughly of the state of the company, and then consider whether you will join it. 7. He passed along the ranks of the guards, and saluted them with a smile. 8. The Norman Conquest brought with it not only a new dynasty, but a new nobility. 9. Mahomet saw the glitter of arms, and cried exultingly "The furnace is kindling."

10. He looked upon his people, and a tear was in his eye; [high. He looked upon the traitors, and his glance was stern and

Co-ordinate Sentence replaced by Adverbial Clause

(Adversative)

of Condition. 446. 'You must not speak loud, or (else, otherwise) they will hear us'=If you speak loud, they will hear us.'

The influence of light is powerful, yet gentle ' ='Though the influence of light is powerful, (yet) it is gentle.'

'Many crimes of all kinds are left unpunished, whilst (or whereas) those guilty of no crime are dragged to the stake'=' Though many crimes of all kinds are left unpunished, yet (at the same time) those guilty of no crime are dragged to the stake.'

EXERCISE 375.

1. I frown upon him, yet he loves me still;
I give him curses, yet he gives me love.

2. You must do as I bid you, otherwise you will fail. 3. Or I am mad, or else this is a dream. 4. They have confessed, else they should have died. 5. He continues to work, still he is not well. 6. He arrived a perfect stranger, yet he was instantly overpowered by a succession of invitations. 7. Cassio, I love thee, but never more be officer of mine. 8. You are very hard pressed, still you must stand your ground. 9. The subtle interpretation of laws can put very few in remembrance of their duty, whereas the plain meaning of the laws is open to every man.

10. You know that you are Brutus that speak this,
Or, by the gods, this speech were else your last.

Co-ordinate Sentence

(Illative)

}

into Adverbial Clause of Cause.

447. God hath said so; therefore it is true'= Because (as, since, seeing that, inasmuch as, &c.) God hath said so, it is true'; or 'It is true, for God hath said so.'

The behaviour of the stranger a little surprised her, so that she hesitated before she made any answer''As, (because, &c.) the behaviour of the stranger a little surprised her, she hesitated'; or 'She hesitated, for (because, since, as, &c.) the behaviour of the stranger a little surprised her.

1.

EXERCISE 376.

Whether we shall meet again I know not.
Therefore our everlasting farewell take.

2. One of his vessels had previously foundered, and another had deserted him; so that he was left alone to retrace his course across the Atlantic. 3. Plato was a great poet, hence he expands the imagination. 4. We must all do our duty in our respective stations, so the Queen resigned herself to perform hers. 5. Christian knew not what to answer; wherefore he stood speechless before Evangelist. 6. He did not arrive till this afternoon; consequently you could not have seen him yesterday. 7. All the roads were the same to little Betsinda, so she very thankfully took this one. 8. His friends were anxious that he should not go abroad; accordingly he consented to remain at home. 9. The Romans had very often before this put captive Kings and generals to death, so that Claudius' kind treatment of Caradoc was really much to his honour. 10. There had been no valid election of new members during the year 1688. In 1689, therefore, there was twice the ordinary number of vacancies; and thus Dr. Lancaster found it easy to procure a scholarship for his young friend.

Co-ordinate Sentence (Illative)

}

into Adverbial Clause of Purpose.

448. He wishes to become learned; therefore he is studying hard'=' He is studying hard, that he may become learned.'

We are anxious not to fail; so (accordingly, consequently, thus, &c.) we are taking every precaution'' We are taking every precaution, lest we should fail-that we may not fail.'

EXERCISE 377.

1. We are determined not to be surprised, hence we are watching closely. 2. You want to see the stars? then let us go out. 3. They were eager to draw the attention of a passing ship; so they kept waving a handkerchief. 4. He resolved to save us, and accordingly he submitted to die. 5. I might make some mistake, and therefore I was uncomfortable. 6. The man was very anxious to fulfil his promise; consequently he did his utmost. 7. It was desirable that the vessel should not be allowed to proceed to sea; so that proper measures were adopted. 8. He might have used his influence against me; hence I was afraid. 9. They were resolved to recover their lost provinces; and accordingly they declared war. 10. He was eager to win me over to his views; so he left no argument unused.