The fact of his success seemed to prove his ability''The fact that he was successful seemed to prove his ability.'

EXERCISE 289.

1. His hopes of employment in the public service were at an end. 2. A letter from the butler brings to the club the news of Sir Roger's death. 3. He had an uneasy consciousness of the frivolity of his favourite pursuits. 4. There was no evidence of the crime. 5. I do not wonder at the general's unbending justice. 6. Here was a sign of the growing importance of Parliament. 7. The engagement of William and Sibylla was broken off on the plea of consanguinity. 8. The doctrine of the Divine Unity was the kernel of the Mosaic law. 9. There have been many rumours of some alteration and reconstruction of the Ministry. 10. The very fact of the foreign_occupation of the rest of England was favourable to the consolidation of Wessex. 11. My directions have been given, and I insist upon their being complied with. 12. Richard the Lion-hearted cared little for the welfare of his subjects.

VI. ADVERBIAL PHRASE replaced by

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE.

345. This separate heading formally calls attention to the substitution. The various forms are not to be exemplified in detail; it is enough to refer generally to the replacing of the Prepositional Phrase by the Adjective Clause (§ 279). According to previous explanations, a very large number of these phrases are adverbial; they are elliptical or abbreviated expressions. Among them were included the Infinitive and the Gerund as cases of preposition with (infinitive) equivalent to noun. The examples below are given, not so much as new cases, but rather as a re-assertion of very important forms in a somewhat different connection.

346. The last to die will be Azrael, the angel of death' The last that will die will be Azrael, the angel of death.'

=

'He is not a (or the) man to break his promise ='He is not a (or the) man that would break his promise.'

EXERCISE 290.

1. The Admiral and La Rochefoucauld were the first to swear fidelity to Prince Henry of Navarre. 2. One of the first to avow himself a believer was Mahomet's servant Zeid. 3. Those that ought to be the first to suspect a thing are often the last to do so. 4. Come, Gelert, why art thou the last Llewelyn's horn to hear? 5. These great truths needed a voice to utter them with distinctness. 6. Who is there now to save thee? 7. William the Third was not the man to discard an old friend for a new one. 8. Sir Thomas More was the first to plead for proportion between the punishment and the crime, and to point out the folly of the cruel penalties of his day. 9. A man of very real integrity, honour, and ability, will be found to take his place, and to carry his idea into full execution. 10. The people are the masters. We are the skilful workmen, to shape their desires into perfect form, and to fit the utensil to the use.

11. Choose a champion from the Persian lords

To fight our champion, Sohrab, man to man.

VII. ADVERBIAL PHRASE replaced by
CO-ORDINATE SENTENCE.

347. When a CO-ORDINATE STATEMENT is substituted for an Adverbial Phrase, this implies that the meaning is to be given with superior emphasis and directness.

The Prepositional Phrase form still keeps the lead in frequency of interchange; it may retire in favour of sentences linked to others by all sorts of co-ordinating conjunctions. The Participial forms are inferior in point of variety; but the usage is exceedingly common, especially when they state, in their short and subordinate way, further explanation or specific details regarding the principal sentence. The Infinitive (absolute) or Gerund, a straggling, apparently isolated expression, must also be noted

as an accepted form, whose meaning is best illustrated by being shown as a co-ordinate statement.

This Section affords opportunity for studying Co-ordinating Conjunctions.

1. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE replaced by CO-ORDINATE SENTENCE.

Prepositional Phrase into Co-ordinate Sentence

(Cumulative).

348. Besides being dissatisfied with the punishment, he demands compensation'='He is dissatisfied with the punishment, and (also, besides, moreover, &c.) he demands compensation;' not only is he dissatisfied with the punishment, but he also demands compensation.'

After a year's service, the warriors return home' The warriors serve a year, and then they return home.'

=

'He was buried, according to his own directions, among the family of the Coverleys'' He was buried among the family of the Coverleys; so he had himself directed.'

Such an example as the last might also be turned into the Illative form: 'He (himself) had directed that he should be buried among the family of the Coverleys; and there accordingly he was buried.'

EXERCISE 291.

1. Besides voting with the majority, he spoke strongly for the bill. 2. Lessing was, beyond all dispute, the first critic in Europe. 3. After a hard struggle, he at last gained his end. 4. Before proceeding farther, let us first consider this. 5. Ship-money was now exacted, by the admission of the Royalists themselves, with the object, not of maintaining a navy, but of furnishing the king with supplies that might be increased and expended at his discretion. 6. This tax, besides being oppressive, is inexpedient. 7. In addition to these misfortunes, his health gave way. 8. Upon hearing of my distress, he immediately came to me. 9. According to the latest accounts, the island is quiet. 10. Besides ministering at the altar, and directing all religious duties, the Druids presided over the education of youth.

Prepositional Phrase into Co-ordinate Sentence
(Adversative).

349. He must not attempt to escape, on pain of death'' He must not attempt to escape, or (else, otherwise) he will be put to death.

With all his learning, Carteret was far from being a pedant'='Carteret was a very learned man, but (yet, still, &c.) he was far from being a pedant.'

EXERCISE 292.

1. He was again summoned to appear on pain of condemnation as a heretic. 2. For all the outcry, there is very little wrong. 3. With all his advantages, he has disappointed our expectations. 4. They persisted in their design, in defiance of his remonstrances. 5. He must resign on pain of public dismissal. 6. Beyond all hope, the boat has reached land. 7. He maintained his opinion in the face of serious opposition. 8. In spite of constant danger, he remained at his post. 9. We must do so in avoidance of popular dissatisfaction. 10. With every desire to oblige him, I must yet refuse this request.

Prepositional Phrase replaced by Co-ordinate Sentence (Cause and Effect).

350. Owing to the severe snow-storm, the trains are not running': The snow-storm is severe; hence the trains are not running; or, 'The trains are not running; the snow-storm is (so) severe.'

To his great annoyance, he missed the mark' ='He missed the mark; consequently he was much annoyed.

EXERCISE 293.

1. In consequence of our representations, the matter was inquired into. 2. The case has now been settled, to the complete satisfaction of everybody concerned. 3. A fire suddenly broke out, to the alarm of all the neighbours. 4. The sacred fire was kept perpetually alive through the guardianship of priests. 5. The members, in conformity with their oaths, refused to submit to this usurper. 6. To his great chagrin, he was passed over unnoticed. 7. I have roared by reason of the disquietness of my heart. 8. In the interests of my friend, I must insist on full explanation. 9. To the surprise of the people, a ship of war appeared in the bay. 10. In pity of his misfortunes, we treated him kindly.

P

2. PARTICIPLE replaced by CO-ORDINATE SENTENCE.

Participle (Simple) replaced by Co-ordinate Sentence (Simultaneous Action).

351. 'The clouds rose rapidly, shaping themselves into the forms of battlements and towers''The clouds rose rapidly, and (as they rose) shaped themselves into the forms of battlements and towers.'

'The ministers retired, leaving their country at the height of prosperity and glory''The ministers retired, and (when they retired) they left-'.

EXERCISE 294.

1. Little Jack Horner sat in a corner, eating his Christmas pie. 2. Godfrey rode along slowly, representing to himself the scene of confession to his father. 3. Many Normans suddenly disappeared, leaving no trace. 4. Mahomet now broke up his camp, promising his troops to renew the siege at a future day. 5. He rushed out in the rain, under the stimulus of this hope, forgetting to cover his head, not caring to fasten his door. 6. Down fell the ruin, echoing along the street, and riving the solid pavement where it crashed. 7. Hitherto he had undertaken his expeditions with secrecy; imparting his plans and intentions to none but his confidential officers, and beguiling his followers into enterprises of danger. S. The Scribes and Pharisees began to urge him vehemently and to provoke him to speak of many things; laying wait for him and seeking to catch something out of his mouth, that they might accuse him. 9. There we all stood, watching this revolving light upon the rock at Holyhead, and praising it for its brightness and its friendly warning, and lauding it, in short, above all other signal lights that ever were displayed. 10. The law of the Lord is perfect, converting the soul; the testimony of the Lord is sure, making wise the simple; the statutes of the Lord are right, rejoicing the heart; the commandment of the Lord is pure, enlightening the eyes; the fear of the Lord is clean, enduring for ever.

Participle (Absolute) replaced by Co-ordinate Sentence (Simultaneous Action or Explanatory Fact).

352. The troops marched without order through the rugged defile, each one choosing his own path. Otherwise: (and, as they did so,) each man chose his own path.'