2. NOUN IN APPOSITION replaced by ADJECTIVE CLAUSE.

Noun in Apposition into Adjective Clause, co-ordinating. 276. Ishmael is said to have had a numerous progeny, the ancestors of the Arabian people.' Otherwise who were the ancestors of the Arabian people-whose descendants are the Arabian people -from whom the Arabian people are descended.

EXERCISE 231.

1. Mahomet, the founder of the faith of Islam, was born in Месса. 2. Her image was covered with jewels and precious stones, the offerings of her votaries. 3. His mother's brother, an astrologer, predicted that he would rise to vast power. 4. Her last husband, a wealthy merchant, had died recently. 5. Arminius, the deliverer of Germany, destroyed a whole Roman army.

6. Nature, a mother kind alike to all,

Still grants her bliss at labour's earnest call. 7. Darkness, the omen of the grave, settled upon Jerusalem. 8. Light, the prime work of God, to me is extinct. 9. O winter, ruler of the inverted year, I love thee. 10. Cadijah, Mahomet's original benefactress, the devoted companion of his solitude, the zealous believer in his doctrines, was in her grave; so also was Abu Taleb, once his faithful and efficient protector.

277. 'Penances, the composition between guilt and conscience, were frequent upon the Borders.' Expressed otherwise: 'Penances, whereby a composition was effected between guilt and consciencewhereby guilt compounded with conscience-were frequent upon the Borders.'

Other forms :-'Penances, which were accepted by conscience as an atonement for guilt-by means of which guilt compounded with conscience-were frequent upon the Borders.'

EXERCISE 232.

1. According to law, torture, the disgrace of the Roman jurisprudence, could not, in any circumstances, be inflicted on an English subject. 2. A short interval of peace, the glorious reign of Eadgar, now follows. 3. Such punishments are necessary for the preservation of peace and good order, of government and religion, the only solid foundations of civil liberty. 4. Her festive games, the school of heroes, see. 5. The simple community was

6. Edward Clarke, a

free from envy, the vice of republics. staunch Whig, represented Taunton, the stronghold, during fifty troubled years, of civil and religious freedom. 7. In Castile stood the stately Escurial, once the centre of the politics of the world. 8. At the siege of Stralsund, the very turning-point of the war, Wallenstein demanded reinforcements from Tilly, and was refused,

9.

Some with rank she graced,

The source of children's and of courtiers' pride.
10. The harp, his sole remaining joy,
Was carried by an orphan boy.

Noun in Apposition into Adjective Clause, restrictive. 278. This substitution is not at all common. The following are examples :

1. The parting speech did not in any way arm her with a calmness the result of argument. 2. These men are scantily, inadequately paid, in a manner altogether a disgrace to a great national body.

3. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE into ADJECTIVE CLAUSE.

279. It will be carefully observed that here still the Prepositional Phrases (including the Gerund) are obviously adverbial in nature. The restoration of the full adjective clause explains the treatment of them as Adjective phrases. (§ 182). No doubt some of the examples (more particularly the co-ordinating examples) might be taken along with the predicate, and thus be kept as purely adverbial; but we conceive that the preferable way is to take them as directed in the explanatory matter preceding the Exercises. They are really shortened additional statements regarding the subject. (§ 265).

Prepositional Phrase into Adjective Clause, restrictive. 280. 'The people in the boat were drowned' is a short expression for 'The people that were in the boat were drowned.'

'A man of good character' is a shorter ex

pression of the meaning conveyed in the forms: 'a man that is possessed of a good character-that bears a good character-whose character is good.'

EXERCISE 233.

1. He was carried to a chapel near the field of battle. 2. I shall not soon forget the delights of those days. 3. The interval between two celebrations of the games was called an Olympiad. 4. You are welcome to use the books in my library. 5. The little page on duty fell asleep. 6. I will introduce you to a nobleman of my acquaintance. 7. A coward is worse than a cup of sack with lime in it. 8. He is the seventh king of that name. 9. She loves the roses of spring. 10. The Moslems posted themselves on a rising ground with water at the foot of it. 11. Her grave was a place of pious resort and tender recollection to her son. 12. Lord Dover was a nobleman of amiable manners, of untarnished character, and of cultivated mind.

6

281. The temple of God's own rearing' may be lengthened to The temple that God Himself reared-whose builder was God Himself.

The caution to be observed involves patience and delay' may be expanded thus:-The caution that has (or requires) to be observed—that must be observed-involves patience and delay.'

EXERCISE 234.

1. Sir Roger has beautified the inside of his church with several texts of his own choosing. 2. These rulers were Ealdormen of the King's appointment. 3. A deep-laid plot to set Robert on the throne shook the newly-founded dominion of William. 4. The amount of capital to be employed was not fixed by law. 5. We pictured to ourselves the scenes to be beheld in the dark recesses of the forest. 6. William now and then presents to them a pair of garters of his own knitting. 7. The first thing to be considered in an epic poem is the fable. 8. He left behind him a name not to be extinguished with the whole world. 9. The story now to be related is quite true. 10. The magistrate has done nothing to lose the confidence of the people.

282. It was a time of great mental agitation.' A longer form is:-'It was a time when the minds of men were greatly agitated.'

=

'There are several means of obtaining oxygen': 'There are several means whereby we may obtain oxygen-whereby oxygen may be obtained.

EXERCISE 235.

1. The conquerors were heathens at the time of their settlement. 2. They waged a war of extermination. 3. It is a conquest for a prince to boast of. 4. Public reasons shall be rendered of Caesar's death. 5. This seeming miracle is explained by the peculiar circumstances of that generation. 6. He sees no way of getting out of the difficulty. 7. They had no other friend to take refuge with. 8. The house had been costly during the first years of his lordship's coming to the title. 9. The regnal years of Edward I. are not reckoned from the day of his father's death but from the day of his father's funeral.

10. How oft the sight of means to do ill deeds
Makes deeds ill done!

Prepositional Phrase into Adjective Clause, co-ordinating. 283. 'The counsellors of Charles, with the fate of the Chancellor before their eyes, were anxious for their own safety.' At greater length: 'The counsellors of Charles, who had the fate of the Chancellor before their eyes, were anxious for their own safety.'

The great hall, still in good repair, had long been deserted,' may be expressed in the longer form: The great hall, which was still in good repair, had long been deserted.'

EXERCISE 236.

1. At the foot of the hill was a river, with a steep ancient bridge crossing it. 2. The Presbyterians, in extreme distress, fled to the foot of the throne. 3. The swallows, with their powerful wings, are almost entirely inhabitants of the air. 4. The directors, in their fury, lost all self-command. 5. The question of maritime right, then in agitation between Spain and England, called forth his powers. 6. Some smaller guns, under the direction of a few French auxiliaries, were perhaps more formidable. 7. The governor, in great excitement, called out the troops. 8. Near them was standing an Indian, in stern and defiant attitude. 9. The boy, with admirable presence of mind, floated quietly on his back. 10. This immense force, in the flush of victory, and under the greatest generals of the age, was already on the borders,

4. PARTICIPLE replaced by ADJECTIVE CLAUSE.

Participle into Adjective Clause, restrictive.

284. The question engaging our attention' is a shorter form for 'The question that engages our attention,'

'The taxes levied by Henry to repel this invasion, excited discontent.' Other forms are: The taxes that were levied by Henry', and 'The taxes that Henry levied.

EXERCISE 237.

1. The prince burned the list of conspirators furnished to him. 2. Lakes having streams flowing into them, but none flowing out, are usually salt. 3. Actions not prompted by feelings are not voluntary. 4. No prince usurping a crown ever caused less blood to be shed. 5. The places most shunned by the timid peasants had no terrors for me. 6. Those are scenes surpassing fable. 7. Benefits received and services done shall always be generously compensated. 8. The sums paid for his dress and given to him, are much less than the sums allotted to other members. 9. There are rules forbidding any one to annoy other persons using the Park. 10. The higher price obtained for the seats purchased by the richer citizens, is here to be set against the sum disbursed to the poorer. 11. The great fact constantly underlying Abstraction is the mustering of individuals agreeing in the midst of differences. 12. Were there not on the benches many men forced by intimidation on reluctant voters, and many men returned by corporations having no legal existence?

285. The number of wild fruits furnishing food for birds is very limited''The number of wild fruits whence birds may gather food is very limited.

The pillars supporting the roof (=whereby the roof is supported—whereon the roof rests) are very strong.'

The morning appointed for our departure (=when we had decided to depart—when we were to depart) was now come.'

As before, we may say 'wild fruits that furnish food for birds,' or 'that birds get food from'; 'the pillars that support the roof-that the roof rests on'; 'the morning that we were to depart, &c.'