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with undue neglect in our gardens, for it is an excellent winter vegetable, which may be grown at very little cost; it is wholesome, nutritious, and savoury; and either boiled or stewed, affords an agreeable variety for the table." The tubers are generally fit for use in September; in November they may be taken up for a winter supply. The Jerusalem artichoke will probably be considered by many persons too watery in its nature to be placed in competition with the potato, which in its tuberous nature it much resembles. Indeed it must be owned that a little of the cook's art is required to make these underground artichokes very savoury. They are therefore frequently boiled till tender, and afterwards peeled and stewed in butter, with a little wine. They were formerly baked in pies, with marrow, dates, ginger, sack, raisins, &c.

Gardeners who are anxious to raise the seed of cabbages free from any mixture of crossing, transplant, at this season, one or two of the best cabbages, setting them into the ground up to the head: these yield abundance of seed the following summer. A few of the soundest and most productive cabbage-stalks, furnished with sprouts, will answer the same end. Some of the best roots of parsnip, carrot, and beet, may also now be transplanted for seed; being set in a convenient spot, apart from the varieties of the species. The roots just mentioned, together with a portion of celery, may also be removed to a dry cellar, or buried in sand for winter

use.

At this time we may begin to make provision for the earliest spring crops of peas, by sowing a few drills of the early sorts in a warm sheltered border. These may come in by May or June; though it is of course very uncertain. The mazagan bean may also be sown in a warm border, fully facing the sun. The most certain method, however, is to select a small spot of ground in a good situation, and when the soil has been worked to the proper fineness, to sow the beans within a space that may be covered by a two-light hot-bed frame, in severe weather. In February or March, the crop can be transplanted to the open ground. A sowing may be made of the common taper-rooted radish, for an early crop: the short-topped variety is the best. The bed may be covered with straw to the depth of several inches.

The transplantation of the August-sown cabbages and the earthing up of brocoli, cauliflower, and cabbage plants are continued during the month. Cape brocoli, and autumnal cauliflower, if not already removed to a place of safety, may now be placed in an outhouse immersed in sand to the lower extremities of the flowerstems, where they ramify from the stalk. By such means, these vegetables may be had in the depth of winter.

The effects of frost, from which we are obliged to protect so many of our vegetables, are absolutely useful in improving the flavour of others. Brussels sprouts, for instance, are always the more tender and sweet for being slightly "frosted." Of this well-known vegetable there is but one variety, and that is supposed to have originated from the savoy. It is a great favourite in the town from whence it derives its name, as well as in all parts of Flanders. Van Mons says: "We contrive to supply ourselves in Belgium with this delicious vegetable full ten months in the year, that is, from the end of July to the end of May.' Brussels sprouts are so hardy that they will stand twenty degrees of frost, and thus form a valuable winter supply. This plant produces a stem three feet in height, from which shoots out a number of sprouts, having small green heads like diminitive cabbages. The crown of the plant resembles a savoy, and is cut off for use before the rest of the sprouts. A gentleman long resident in Brussels has recommended the following mode of cooking this wholesome vegetable:-After the sprouts have been frosted, gather those that are the most compact, immerse them

in clear soft water for an hour or two; then boil them quickly for about twenty minutes, using plenty of water. When tender, take them up, drain them well, and place them in a stew-pan with cream or with a little fresh butter thickened with flour. Season them with pepper and salt, stir them till thoroughly hot, then serve them up with a little tomato vinegar, which greatly heightens their flavour.

Brussels sprouts are raised from seed sown in March or April; the seedlings being afterwards transplanted out, eighteen inches apart. By about Christmas the sprouts will probably be all cut, when the plant will remain nearly torpid till the advancing sun causes it to start into new vegetation. A little manure added at this time will increase the productiveness of the plants, in which the young heads will soon begin to form again at the axils of the leaves, and will yield a new supply for many weeks in succession. The author of the English Garden says of this vegetable:-" The plant that has generally had this name given to it in England, is a thing quite different from the real Brussels sprouts. If you mean to save seed, you must cut off the crown, and let the seed-stems and flowers come out nowhere but from the little cabbages themselves. It is most likely owing to negligence in this respect that we hardly ever see such a thing as real Brussels sprouts in England; and it is said that it is pretty nearly the same in France, the proper care being taken nowhere, apparently, but in the neighbourhood of Brussels."

In conducting the improvements or alterations which may probably be required in the form and arrangement of the kitchen garden, and for which the present is a good season, new paths will doubtless be needed in some quarters. In forming these, if the position be a principal one, there is doubtless nothing so good for the upper surface as gravel. But for outer paths coal ashes form the best material which can be employed as a substitute. Such walks are first to be dug out thoroughly, so that the surface-soil may be employed in deepening the fruitborders. The foundation may then be made of stones, pebbles, lime-core, semi-vitrified cinders, &c.; these materials being carefully rolled and cemented together, a sufficiently good surface would be produced by three or four inches of coal ashes. Forsyth says, "I give the preference to sea-coal ashes, which, in my opinion, make the best walks for a kitchen garden, and they are easier kept than any others, being firm and dry, and cleaner to walk upon than sand, especially after frost." As an edging to such paths, nothing looks so well or is so easily kept neat and in order, as box. This may be planted as soon as the paths are formed. It must be kept quite perpendicular, and ought to stand, when planted and cut off, about four inches high. The best time for transplanting box is in October; but it may be removed at almost any time, except the height of summer, if it be taken up with a good ball of earth.

Order and neatness being provided for by such operations as the foregoing, little more remains to be done in the kitchen garden during the present month.

THE PRECURSOR OF IMPROVEMENT.

CATTLE may be justly called the pioneers of emigration; they discover the best pasture and water; they also serve to drain the soil in marshes; on the banks of rivers their deep tracks are filled up by each successive flood with alluvial deposit, which, being again trampled down by their footsteps, becomes hard, which raises the banks of the stream so high that they ultimately confine it within its proper bed which is deepened daily until it becomes of sufficient depth to carry off the water: they also improve the quality of both soil and grass.-Six Years' Residence in Australia.

He who can take advice is sometimes superior to him who can give it.-VAN KNIBEL.

JOHN W. PARKER, PUBLISHER, WEST STRAND, LONDON.

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ORIGIN, HISTORY, AND ANTIQUITIES OF THE INNS OF COURT.

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II.

LINCOLN'S INN HALL AND CHAPEL.

SECTION 4. ANCIENT FESTIVITIES. THE Inns of Court were celebrated in former times as much for their shows, and masques, and revels, as for their good cheer. The principal holidays and festivals were kept with great splendour; their entertainments being frequently honoured with the presence of the nobility, and sometimes with that of royalty. The following notice of these festivities relates to the Temple, and may serve to illustrate similar proceedings in the other inns of court, which were enacted, probably, on a somewhat smaller scale.

One of these Christmas festivals is minutely and quaintly detailed by Gerard Leigh, in his Accidence of Armory, which, with some slight abridgments, we extract. The hero on this occasion was Dudley, earl of Leicester, who with the romance of his mistress, Queen Elizabeth, styled himself Palaphilos, prince of Sophie. He was entertained by a person representing a sovereign prince, and had for his officers the lords chancellor, privy-seal, treasurer; several of the judges and other dignitaries of the law, and upwards of fourscore of the guard. Our author begins:-"After I had travelled through the east parts of the unknown world to understand of deedes of arms, and so arriving in the fair river of Thames, I landed within half a league from the fair VOL. XXV.

city of London, which was, as I conjecture, in December last; and drawing neer the city, suddainly heard the shot of double canons, in so great a number, and so terrible, that it darkened the whole ayr; wherewith, although I was in my native country, yet stood I amazed, not knowing what it meant. Thus, as I abode in despair, either to return or continue my former purpose, I chanced to see coming toward me an honest citizen, clothed in a long garment, keping the highway, seeming to walk for his recreation, which prognosticated rather peace than peril; of whom I demanded the cause of this great shot, who friendly answered, 'It is (quoth he,) a warning shot to the Constable Marshal of the Inner Temple to prepare to dinner.' 'Why (said I,) what, is he of that estate, that seeketh no other means to warn his officers than with so terrible shot in so peaceable a country? Marry (saith he,) he uttereth himself the better to be that officer whose name he beareth.'

"I then demanded what province did he govern, that needeth such an officer. He answered me, "The province was not great in quantity, but ancient in true nobility. A place (said he) privileged by the most excellent princess, the high governor of the whole island, wherein are store of gentlemen of the whole realm, that repair thither to learn to rule and obey by law, to yield their fleece to their prince and common-weal, as also to use all other exercises of body

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and mind whereunto nature most aptly serveth to adorn, by speaking, countenance, gesture, and use of apparel, the person of a gentleman. And after he had told me thus much of honour of the place, I commended in mine own conceit the policy of the governor; for that the best of their people, from tender years trained up in precepts of justice, it could not choose but yield forth a profitable people to a wise commonweal.

"The next day I thought for my pastime, to walk to this Temple, and entering in at the gates, I found the building nothing costly, but many comely gentlemen of face and person and thereto very courteous, saw I pass to and fro, so as it seemed a prince's post to be at hand; and, passing forward, entered into a church of ancient building, wherein were many monuments of noble personages, armed in knightlie habit, with their coats depainted in ancient shields, whereat I took pleasure to behold. Thus gazing as one bereft with the rare sight, there came unto me an herehaught, by name Palaphilos, a king of armes, who courteously saluted me, saying, for that I was a stranger, and seeming by my demeanour a lover of honour, I was his guest of right, whose courtesy (as reason was,) I obeyed, answering, I was at his commandement. Then sayeth he, Ye shall go to mine own lodging, here within the palace, where we will have such cheer as the time and country will yield us,' where I assure you, I was so entertained as no where met I with better cheer or company."

The herald then led him into his office of arms, which is described, and to beguile the time related a tale, in which the virtues and vices are personified according to the taste of the age: this being ended, "there happened such a noise of shot as if it had been at the battrie of Bulloine, whereat I marvelled, thinking myself not in safety. Fear not,' quoth Palaphilos, for it is the master of the ordinance that scoureth his shot, to try their level, to be in readiness when the prince shall command.' 'Well,' quoth I, 'it is well foreseen in peace to provide for war.

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"Thus talking we entered the prince's hall, where anon we heard the noise of drum and fife. What meaneth this drum?' said I. Quoth he, This is to warn gentlemen of household to repair to the dresser, wherefore come on with me, and ye shall stand where ye may best see the hall served;' and so from thence brought me into a long gallery, that stretcheth itself along the hall, near the prince's table, where I saw the prince sit, a man of tall personage, of manly countenance, somewhat brown of visage, strongly featured, and thereto comely proportioned in all lineaments of body. At the nether end of the same table were placed the ambassadors of divers princes. Before him stood the carver, sewer, and cup-bearer, with great number of gentlemen waiters attending his person, the ushers making place to strangers of sundry regions that came to behold the honour of this mighty captain. After the placing of these honourable guests, the lords steward, treasurer, and keeper of Pallas seal, with divers honourable personages of that nobility, were placed at a side-table, near adjoining the prince on the right hand; and at another table, on the left side, were placed the treasurer of the household, secretary, the prince's serjeant of law, the four masters of the revells, the king of arms, the dean of the chapel, and divers gentlemen-pensioners to furnish the same. At another table, on the other side, were set the master of the game and his chief ranger, masters of household, clerks of the green cloth and check, with divers other strangers to furnish the same. On the other side against them began the table, the lieutenant of the Tower, accompanied with divers captains of foot-bands and shot. At the nether end of the hall began the table, the high butler and panter, clerks of the kitchen, master-cook of the privy kitchen, furnished throughout with the soldiers and guard of the prince; all with number of inferior officers placed and served in the hall, besides the great resort of strangers I spare to write.

"The prince was so served with tender meats, sweet fruits, and dainty delicacies, confectioned with curious cookery, that it seemed to wonder the world to observe the provision; and at every course the trumpets sounded the courageous blast of deadly war, with noise of drum and fife, with the sweet harmony of violins, sackbuts, recorders, and cornets, with other instruments of music, as it seemed Apollo's harp had tuned their stroke.

"Thus the hall was served after the most ancient order of the island; in commendation whereof, I say I have also seen the service of great princes in solemn seasons and times of triumph, yet the order hereof was not inferior to any. But to proceed.

"This herehaught, Palaphilos, even before the second course came in, standing at the high table, said in this manner,- The mighty Palaphilos, prince of Sophie, high constable, marshal of the Knights Templars, patron of the honourable order of Pegasus,' and therewith crieth a largess. The prince praising the herald, bountifully rewarded him

with a chain to the value of an hundred talents.

"I assure you I languish for want of cunning ripely to utter that I saw so orderly handled, appertaining to service; wherefore I cease and return to my purpose.

"The supper ended, and tables taken up, the highconstable rose, and awhile stood under the place of honour, where his atchievement was beautifully embroidered, and devised of sundry matters with the embassadors of foreign nations as he thought good, till Palaphilos, king of armes, came in, his herehaught, marshall, and pursuivant before him, and after followed his messenger and caligate knight; who putting off his coronal, made his humble obeysance to the prince, by whom he was commanded to draw near, and understand his pleasure; saying to him in few words to this effect: Palaphilos, seeing it hath pleased the high Pallas to think me to demerit the office of this place, and thereto this night past vouchsafed to descend from heavens to increase my further honour, by creating me knight of her order of Pegasus; as also commanded me to join in the same society such valiant gentlemen, throughout her province, whose living honour hath best deserved the same, the choice whereof most aptly belongeth to your skill, being the watchman of their doings and register of their deserts; I will ye choose, as well throughout our whole armies, as elsewhere, of such special gentlemen, as the gods hath appointed, the number of xxiiii, and the names of them present us; commanding, also, those chosen persons to appear in our presence in knightly habit, that, with conveniency, we may proceed in our purpose.' This done, Palaphilos, obeying his prince's commandment, departed; after a while returned, accompanied with xxiiii valient knights, all apparelled in long white vestures, with each man a scarf of Pallas' colours, and then presented with their names to the prince, who allowed well his choice, and commended him to do his office, who, after his duty to the prince, bowed toward these worthy personages, standing every man in his ancienty, as he had borne arms in the field, and began to show his prince's pleasure, with the honour of the order."

These grand Christmases lasted several days, and on each day the ceremony differed. The proceedings were regulated by a parliament, expressly summoned, on the eve of St. Thomas the Apostle, who having entered into "solempne consultation," their decisions were communicated to the other members of the house by one of the senior benchers. The eldest butler was directed to publish the names of the various officers appointed for the occasion, and then "the oldest bencher delivered a speech, and then, in token of joy and good-liking, the bench and company pass beneath the harth and sing a caroll, and so to boyer." The steward was then ordered to provide "five fat brawns, flesh, fowl, and all manner of spices, and other cates for the kitchen." The butler was to prepare "a rich cupboard of plate, silver and parcel gilt, seven dozen of silver and gilt spoons, twelve pair of salt-sellers, likewise silver and gilt; twenty candlesticks of the like; twelve fine large table-cloths, of damask and diaper; twenty dozen of napkins, suitable at the least; three dozen of fair large towels, which the gentlemen sewers and butlers of the house were to have every of them, one at meal-times during their attendance." He was likewise to provide carving-knives; twenty dozen of white cups and green pots; a carving-table; torches, bread, beer, and ale. The chief butler was to give attendance at the highest table in the hall, with wine, ale, and beer, and the other butlers to attend at the other tables.

The constable-marshal was to provide himself with "a fair gilt compleat harneys, (suit of armour,) with a nest of feathers in the helm; a fair pole-axe to bear in his hand, in order to be chevalrously ordered on Christmass day and the other different days."

There was a grand dinner on Christmas eve, for which the tables were arranged with much ceremony by the marshal, and the company placed according to their several degrees. The first course was brought in preceded by the minstrels sounding their instruments. The steward and marshal followed, and after them the gentleman sewer; and then came the meat. These three officers were to make all together three "solempne curtesies," at three several times, between the screen and the upper table, the first at the end of the benchers' table, the second about the midst, and the

third at the other end, and then withdrawing on one side, the sewer performed his office. When dinner was over, the musicians sang a song at the highest table, and then the officers were to address themselves, every one in his office, "to avoid the tables in fair and decent manner, beginning at the clerk's table," and thence proceeding to the next, and thence to all the others, "till the highest table be solempnly avoided." All this time the musicians were to stand "right above the hearth side with the noise of their music, their faces direct towards the highest table; and that done to return into the buttery with their music sounding." The second course was similarly served.

Dinner concluded with revels, during which, and also at dinner, the porters were to view all persons going in and out; and for this service they were allowed "a cast of bread and a candle nightly after supper." The revels and dancing were continued during the twelve days of Christmas; and every day after dinner and supper, the senior master of the revets sang a "caroll or song: and commanded other gentlemen then there present to sing with him and the company," which was "very decently performed."

On Christmas day, after hearing divine service at the Temple church, the gentlemen breakfasted in the hall "with brawn, mustard, and malmsey." At dinner on this day, the first course was "a fair and large bore's-head upon a silver platter, with minstrelsye." At supper two gentlemen in gowns attended, bearing two fair torches of wax next before the musicians and trumpeters, and stood above the fire with the music till the whole first course was served in, which being done, they returned with the music into the buttery; and this same order was observed during the whole Christmas festival.

But the grandest ceremony was on St. Stephen's day, which is thus described by Dugdale.

"This day the sewer, carver, and cup-bearer are to serve as afore. After the first course served in, the constablemarshall cometh into the hall, arrayed with a fair, rich, compleat harneys, white and bright, and gilt, with a nest of fethers of all colours upon his crest or helm, and a gilt pole-axe in his hand; to whom is associate the lieutenant of the Tower, armed with a fair white armour, a nest of fethers in his helm, and a like pole-axe in his hand, and with them sixteen trumpetters; four drums and fifes going in rank before them, and with them attendeth four men in white harneys, from the middle upwards, and halberds in their hands, bearing on their shoulders the Tower; which persons, with the drums, trumpets, and music, go three times about the fire. Then the constable-marshall, after two or three curtesies made, kneeleth down before the lord chancellor; behind him the lieutenant, and they kneeling, the constable-marshall pronounceth an oration of a quarter of an hour's length, thereby declaring the purpose of his coming, and that his purpose is to be admitted into his lordship's service.

The lord chancellor saith he will take further advice therein.

"Then the constable-marshall, standing up in submissive manner, delivereth his naked sword to the steward, who giveth it to the lord chancellour; and thereupon the lord chancellor willeth the marshall to place the constablemarshall in his seat; and so he doth, with the lieutenant also in his seat or place. During this ceremony the Tower is placed beneath the fire.

Then cometh in the master of the game, apparelled in green velvet; and the ranger of the forest, also in a green suit of satten, bearing in his hand a green bow and divers arrows, with either of them a hunting-horn about their necks: blowing together three blasts of venery, they pace round about the fire three times. Then the master of the game maketh three curtesies as aforesaid, and kneeleth down before the lord chancellour, declaring the cause of his coming, and desireth to be admitted into his service, &c. All this time the ranger of the forest standeth directly behind him; then the master of the game standeth up.

"This ceremony also performed, a huntsman cometh into the hall with a fox and a purse-net, with a cat, both bound at the end of a staff, and with them nine or ten couple of hounds, with the blowing of hunting-hornes, and the fox and cat are by the hounds set upon and killed beneath the fire. This sport finished, the marshall placeth them in their several appointed places.

"Then proceedeth the second course; which done, and served out, the common serjeant delivereth a plausible speech to the lord chancellour and his company at the

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highest table, how necessary a thing it is to have officers at this present, the constable-marshall and master of the game, for the better honour and reputation of the commonwealth, and wisheth them to be received, &c.

"Then the king's serjeant-at-law declareth and inferreth the necessity; which heard, the lord chancellor desireth respite of further advice. Then the antientest of the masters of the revels singeth a song, with assistance of others there present. "At supper the hall is to be served in all solempnity as upon Christmas day, both the first and second course to the highest table. Supper ended the constable-marshall presenteth himself, with drums afore him, mounted upon a scaffold, born by four men; and goeth three times round about the harthe, crying out aloud a lord! a lord! &c.; then he descendeth, and goeth to dance, &c., and after he calleth his court, every one by name, one by one in this manner. "Sir Francis Flatterer, of Fowleshurst, in the county of Buckingham.-Sir Randle Rackabite, of Rascall Hall, in the county of Rakehell.-Sir Morgan Mumchance, of Much Monkery, in the county of Mad Mopery.-Sir Bartholomew Baldbreech, of Buttocksbury, in the county of Brekeneck. "This done the Lord of Misrule addresseth himself to the banquet, which ended with some minstrelsye, mirth and dancing, every man departeth to rest. "At every mess is a pot of wine allowed. Every repast is 6d."

On St. John's day, the lord of misrule was again abroad, and "if he lack any officer or attendant, he repaireth to their chambers, and compelleth them to attend in person upon him, after service in the church, to breakfast with brawn, mustard, and malmsey. After breakfast ended, his lordship's power is in suspense, until his personal presence at night, and then his power is most potent."

During these events defaulters were to be coinmitted to the custody of the lieutenant; but, if they could make their escape to the buttery, and bring into the hall "a manchet upon the point of knife," they were free; "for the buttery in that case is a sanctuary." On the "grand banquetting night," the inns of chancery were invited to see a play and masque. The hall was furnished 66 with scaffolds to sit on, for ladies to behold the sports," which being ended, the ladies partook of a sumptuous banquet in the library.

SECTION 5.

ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF THE TWO TEMPLES. Towards the close of the last century the two Temples became involved in a dispute about precedence, founded on their respective armorial bearings; in consequence whereof the Hon. Daines Barrington instituted an inquiry into the origin of such bearings, and in 1788 communicated the result to the Society of Antiquaries, who published his paper in their Archeologia, from which we select the following par

ticulars.

The Templars originally styled themselves "Pauperes commilitones Christi et Templi Salomonis," and consisted at first of only nine; the two principal of which were so poor that they were obliged to ride both on one horse, which was, moreover, fixed upon as a proper device for their seal. But when they increased in number and riches, they abandoned their original device in favour of another, which they probably deemed more honourable.

In the fifth year of Elizabeth the Inner Temple assumed arms and a seal, by the suggestion of Master Gerard Leigh, who was a member of this inn of court. The device was "a Pegasus, Luna, on a field argent." And, considering that the societies of the law had been so long and so honourably established, the herald emblasoned their device by precious stones and planets, as being "truly honourable societies according to their present style."

The object of Leigh in proposing these singular arms, was to imply that the knowledge acquired at this learned seminary would raise the professors of the law to the greatest honours; hence he added the motto Volat ad æthera virtus. "Nor did he decline alluding to their progress in what are generally esteemed more liberal sciences, and therefore thought that Pegasus forming the fountain of Hippocrene by striking his hoof against a rock, was a proper emblem of the lawyers even becoming poets.

Here it may not be improper to observe that the two fathers of English poets, Chaucer and Gower, were both of the Inner Temple. Nor should it be forgot that this inn of court employed Sir James Thornhill (in Queen Anne's time) to decorate the east end of their hall with Pegasus

forming the fountain of Hippocrene, while the Muses | attend, and Mercury shews Pegasus the way to Heaven, in allusion to the before-mentioned Volat ad æthera virtus." Garth, indeed, seems to think that the lawyers assumed too much by this connection with the Muses, when he

says,

"Sooner shall glow-worms vie with Titan's beams, Or Hare-Court pump with Aganippe's streams." To explain which last line, it is necessary to observe that Hare Court is in the Inner Temple, and the pump there not failing in summer, as most of the others do, it is chiefly resorted to by the inhabitants for water.

It appears that the Middle Temple had neither arms nor seal until more than fifty years after the Inner Temple had adopted the Pegasus, when in 1615 Sir George Buc proposed two devices; one was "two armed knights riding upon one horse," and the other "a field argent charged with a cross gules, and upon the nombril thereof a Holy

Lamb."

Now these are the identical devices of the Knights Templars, the first pertaining to their poverty, and the second to their state of affluence. The latter was adopted by the Middle Temple, which circumstance in after-times caused this society to claim precedence over the other on the ground of superior antiquity. Hence arose warm disputes with regard to precedence, "which in the seventeenth century were carried so far as to the priority of receiving the sacrament from the Master of the Temple; and even so late as in 1736, both inns of court, upon a general call of serjeants, claimed the honour of walking last in the procession, which, being referred to the Lord Chancellor and two Chief Justices, was determined in favour of the Inner Temple."

The following epigrams refer to the cognizances of these societies. The author of the amusing volumes on Law and Lawyers says, "they are certainly more laudable for wit than for good taste:"

As by the Templars' haunts you go
The horse and lamb display'd,
In emblematic figures shew,

The merits of their trade;

That clients may infer from thence.
How just is their profession,
The lamb sets forth their innocence-
The horse their expedition.
Oh! happy Britons! happy isle,
Let foreign nations say,

Where you get justice without guile,
And law without delay.

In the volume just noticed it is very properly remarked that "to charge 'the law's delay' upon the lawyers, is about as just as it would be to ascribe the rapidity with which some medicines effect a cure to the wisdom and honesty of the physicians." The above epigram has elicited the following reply:

Deluded men! their holds forego,
Nor trust such cunning elves;
These artful emblems tend to shew
Their clients, not themselves.

'Tis all a trick, these all are shams

By which they mean to cheat you,
But have a care!-for you're the lambs;
And they the wolves that eat you.
Nor let the thought of no delay

To these their courts misguide you;
'Tis you're the showy-horse, and they
The jockeys that will ride you.

SECTION 6.

INNS OF CHANCERY ATTACHED TO THE TEMPLE. Five Inns of Chancery were formerly attached to the two Temples, namely, 1. The Strand Inn; 2. Clifford's Inn; 3. Lyon's Inn; 4. Clement's Inn; and 5. New Inn. The history of these dependent inns is not very precise, no records existing to decide the date of their foundation. Their learned exercises were regulated by their own local constitutions; but in other respects their proceedings resembled those of the other inns.

1. The Strand Inn, also called Chester, or Chester's Inn. This was a house of chancery belonging to the Middle Temple, and was situate near the church of St. Mary le

Strand. It was destroyed, together with several other buildings, in the reign of Edward the Sixth, to make room for Somerset House, the students having been previously removed to New Inn.

2. Clifford's Inn adjoins St. Dunstan's church in Fleet Street. Its name is derived from the Barons Clifford, ancestors of the Earls of Cumberland, whose hostel or inn occupied this place. It was originally granted by Edward the Second to Robert de Clifford, to hold by the service of one penny to be paid into the king's exchequer at Michaelmas. After his death, Isabel, his widow, let the same messuage to certain law students, or apprenticiis de banco. Some time after this Clifford's Inn again became royal property, and was again granted to the Cliffords. Since that time, first by lease, and afterwards in the reign of Henry the Sixth, by a grant in fee-farm, to Nicholas Sulyard, Esq., principal of this house, and others, and in consideration of 8007. and the annual rent of 47., it has continued a member of the Inner Temple to be a mansion for lawyers until the

present time.

In Maitland's time Clifford's Inn had been "much enlarged in new buildings. In the garden, an airy place and neatly kept, the gardens being inclosed with a palisade paling, and adorned with rows of lime trees, are set grassplats, which have a pleasant appearance, intersected by gravel walks."

Mr. Herbert, in his notice of this inn, quotes this passage, and says, "The gardens do not altogether, at present, answer the above description, being rather neglected, and several of the houses in the inn want rebuilding; but it, nevertheless, is a tolerably pleasant retirement.' Since Mr. Herbert wrote, this desirable renovation has been commenced, and Clifford's Inn, and its neighbour, Serjeants' Inn, have shook off their antique looks, and shine in the splendour of handsome modern houses. It now consists of three small squares, two of which are separated by the hall, the passage of which forms a thoroughfare into the two inner courts. The hall is in no way remarkable. It contains an oldfashioned chest, in which are kept the original institutions of this society. Sir Matthew Hale and the principal judges sat in this hall after the great fire of London, to settle the various differences that occurred between landlord and tenant, and to ascertain the several divisions of property.

This society was governed by a principal and twelve rulers. The gentlemen were to be in commons a fortnight in every term; and those that failed to do so paid about 48. a-week. They sell their chambers for one life: mootings were formerly held here. Their armorial bearings are, chequy or and azure, a fess gules, within a border of the third.

3. Lyon's Inn is attached to the Inner Temple. It is situate between Holywell Street and Wych Street: it consists of one square with chambers on two of its sides, the windows of the northern range looking into Wych Street, and the others into the inn: the south side is formed by the houses in Holywell Street. The hall stands in the south-west corner of the court, and is now of but little use: the pediment of its roof is ornamented with the armorial bearing of the society, a lion, beneath which is the date 1700. This little inn bears evident marks of neglect and decay. It is of great antiquity, being mentioned in the old books of the steward's accounts, which contain entries made in the time of Henry the Fifth. Its government was formerly vested in a treasurer and twelve ancients.

4. St. Clement's Inn, an appendage of the Inner Temple, appears to have derived its name from the neighbouring church and a celebrated holy well, both dedicated to the Roman pontiff St. Clement. According to Stowe, "The fountain called St. Clement's well, north from the parish church of St. Clements, and neare unto an inne of chancery, called Clement's Inne, is a faire curbed square, with hard stone, kept clean for common, and is always full.” This well now supplies the parish pump with excellent

water.

Mention is made of this inn for the education of law students so early as the 19th of Edward the Fourth, but its origin is unknown. In the reign of Henry the Seventh, 1486, Sir John Cantlowe, Knight, by lease in consideration of xl. marks fine, and 4l. vis. viiid. yearly rent, demised it for eighty years to William and John Eylot, (in trust, it is presumed, for the students.) About 1528 Cantlowe's right and interest passed to William Holles, citizen and Lord Mayor of London, and ancestor of the Dukes of Newcastle, one of whom, John, earl of Clare, son and successor of Sir John Holles, the first earl, and whose residence was on the

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