far does the Pope's power in this matter really extend? 4. He claimed the lion's share of the spoil. 5. She watched over him with a sister's care. 6. Man's powers are limited. 7. They are studying Aristotle's philosophy. 8. The Farmers' Association met yesterday. 9. God's mercy is for ever sure.

10. Five times outlawed had he been

By England's King and Scotland's Queen.

2. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE replaced by ADJECTIVE.

256. The PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE has already been explained as made up of a preposition and a noun (or some equivalent) with or without adjuncts.

As regards the essentially Adverbial nature of the Prepositional Phrase, see § 182.

Prepositional Phrase replaced by Adjective, restrictive. 257. 'Domains of vast extent were held by the King' A shorter form would be: Vast domains were held by the King.'

'A poor monk of the order of St. Francis entered the room'' A poor Franciscan monk entered the room.' A poor monk of the Franciscan order entered the room' might be taken as the first step.

EXERCISE 215.

1. The history of ancient nations is interesting. 2. Those privileges belonged to our fathers from time beyond all memory. 3. A colony of Danish inhabitants was massacred. 4. Many officers of distinction have fallen. 5. The colonel's daughter was a child of great beauty. 6. We have read of the heroes of antiquity. 7. The woods in the neighbourhood are on fire. 8. The ancient kings of Judah commanded the armies of the nation. 9. The decision of the judges increased the irritation of the people. 10. This gentleman is a person of good sense and some learning.

Prepositional Phrase replaced by Adjective, co-ordinating. 258. All our efforts were in vain'; or, 'vain.' His opinion is of great importance'=' His opinion is very important.

EXERCISE 216.

1. His recovery is not yet beyond hope. 2. Those stones are of great antiquity. 3. Every face appeared in much anxiety. 4. Steel is of greater hardness than iron. 5. The aristocracy seem to have been without spirit and without influence. 6. This report is in everybody's mouth. 7. Meanwhile, in breathless stillness, the crowd watched his movements. S. Voltaire's merriment is without disguise or restraint. 9. Abu Sofian, in rage and mortification, upbraided Mahomet with cowardice. 10. The government, with shameful ignorance or more shameful dishonesty, tried to direct the public indignation against the dealer in grain.

3. PARTICIPLE replaced by ADJECTIVE.

Participle replaced by Adjective, restrictive. 259. 'A work involving much labour' is laborious work.'

'Authority exercised by (or in the manner despot' may be expressed as despotic authority?

EXERCISE 217.

1. A prize was given for the best poem written in Latin. 2. Men oppressed with want may ultimately be stimulated to crime. 3. You are not like to commit the error just now mentioned. 4. The commander is a man advanced in years. 5. He never touched on matters relating to himself. 6. It may be as well to revert to the plan first suggested. 7. According to law and usage established time out of mind, all hostilities were then suspended. 8. Tribes given to the worship of idols were to be exterminated. 9. There is to be erected in honour of the Duke a statue representing him on horseback. 10. He repelled the attack of a force greatly outnumbering his own.

Participle replaced by Adjective, co-ordinating.

260. The minister, fearing that he would be torn to pieces, retired to the country.' In a shorter form: The minister, afraid of being torn to pieces, retired to the country."

'Not knowing these facts, their leader miscalculated his strength'=' Ignorant of these facts, their leader miscalculated his strength.'

EXERCISE 218.

1. The haughty barons, offended at the superiority of the minion, concealed not their discontent. 2. The alchymist supposed him, like himself, absorbed in the study of alchymy. 3. Felton, exasperated at Buckingham, stabbed him to the heart. 4. Being grieved for the hardness of their hearts, he saith—— 5. Keeping faith with his ally, he rejected all offers of peace. 6. These sentences, expressing his purpose, bore witness against him. 7. Our commander, quickly taking advantage of their dis order, at once fell upon them. 8. Bestowing everything else with liberal hand, he was avaricious of power. 9. Acting with caution everywhere else, when power was at stake, he had all the boldness of Richelieu or Chatham. 10. The trade winds, laden with moisture, sweep across the Atlantic to Brazil and the West Indies.

II. ADJECTIVE PHRASES interchanged.

261. The interchange of the Adjective Phrase with the simple Adjective does not take us very far. We now take up the four forms of the Phrase, and substitute for each of them the three others in succession, as far as such substitution is profitable and common. This will furnish a very strong test of the nature and the extent of each of these forms.

1. POSSESSIVE CASE replaced by OTHER ADJECTIVE PHRASES.

262. We have already seen the Possessive Case in interchange with the simple Adjective; and we mentioned that the simple adjective could not in every case stand for this form. The following substitutions will supply the defect; and the pupil will further note how the other forms limit the usefulness of the possessive inflection.

Possessive Case into Prepositional Phrase, restrictive. 263. 'The chieftain's pride was humbled' The

pride of the chieftain was humbled.'

=

'A moment's hesitation would have been fatal' ='Hesitation for a moment would have been fatal.'

EXERCISE 219.

1. The King's command must be obeyed. 2. Do you know of any birds' nests? 3. He has had five years' experience. 4. The cock's shrill clarion shall rouse them no more. 5. Eagles' eyries are difficult to reach. 6. Man's feeble race what ills await! 7. The boy took away the children's playthings. 8. The man's hat was blown over the ship's side. 9. A stranger filled the Stuart's throne.

10. He passed where Newark's stately tower
Looks out from Yarrow's birchen bower.

Possessive Case replaced by Participle, restrictive. 264. 'Death's shafts fly thick.' The meaning may be given in another form: The shafts shot by death fly thick.'

The Company's best steamer is lost.' In longer form: The best steamer belonging to the Company is lost.'

EXERCISE 220.

1. The leader's courage animated his followers. 2. The fugitive's dress betrayed him. 3. The seal's fur is valuable. 4. We have read Scott's novels. 5. The baron's estates were confiscated. 6. He had to set out on three days' notice. 7. They refused to obey the tyrant's bloody laws. 8. The culprit's insolence deserved the judge's reprimand. 9. A coroner's jury_found a verdict of insanity. 10. How could they doubt that James's confidential agent correctly interpreted James's expressions?

2. NOUN IN APPOSITION into OTHER ADJECTIVE PHRASE.

Noun in Apposition replaced by Participle, co-ordinating. 265. 'France, a mightier helper, now stepped in'='France, bringing mightier help, now stepped

iu.'

The Adjunct may be differently placed: France now stepped in, a mightier helper'='France now stepped in, bringing mightier help.' But in this position, it is commonly regarded as

adverbial, modifying the predicate. The distinction, however need hardly be insisted on with much force; in both cases, the adjunct simply gives in a condensed or shortened form a fact that would be fully and naturally expressed by a co-ordinate statement.

EXERCISE 221.

1. Her eyelids, cases to those heavenly jewels,
Begin to part their fringes of bright gold.

2. Among the Swedish nobility are several that bear Scottish names, descendants of warriors that fought under Gustavus. 3. Over the mansion and the domain brooded a constant gloom, the effect, partly of bitter regrets and of deferred hopes, but chiefly of abject superstition. 4. These members, a numerous

body, who envied and dreaded Montague, readily became the unconscious tools of Sunderland. 5. The pedlar had no appendage but a staff, the prized memorial of relinquished toils. 6. He had not the wisdom to avert, by suavity and moderation, that curse, the inseparable concomitant of prosperity and glory, which the ancients personified under the name of Nemesis. 7. The vane pointed directly homeward, the truthful index alike to the favouring wind and to our cheerful hearts. 8. Time, the great destroyer as well as creator, changes most things.

9. Our harps were left by Babel's streams,

The tyrant's jest, the Gentile's scorn.
10. For who, to dumb forgetfulness a prey,
This pleasing anxious being e'er resigned,
Left the warm precincts of the cheerful day,
Nor cast one longing, lingering look behind?

3. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE into OTHER ADJECTIVE PHRASES.

Prepositional Phrase into Possessive Case, restrictive. 266. The castle of the baron was surprised' ='The baron's castle was surprised.'

'He received leave of absence for a fortnight' = 'He received a fortnight's leave of absence.'

EXERCISE 222.

1. We entered the cell of the hermit. 2. Read the plays of Shakespeare. 3. This is the head of a traitor! 4. The man was sentenced to imprisonment for sixty days. 5. The smuggler eluded the vigilance of the royal cruiser. 6. The speculations of the merchants turned out successful. 7. The genius of the poet has immortalized the deeds of the monarch. 8. He has returned home after residence during five years abroad. 9. The kindness