circumstances during her entire lifetime, has come to an old age of poverty because of her inability to protect herself against that army of sharks and rascals which, unfortunately, must be permitted to exist, and to which a defenceless woman of means presents a golden opportunity. There is no proper reason why a woman who is possessed of property shall not thoroughly understand and practise the approved methods by which only it may be wisely invested and preserved. Such knowledge, modestly applied, comports perfectly with the gentle and womanly qualities which the civilized world loves and venerates, and without which a woman becomes, to some pitiable, to others disgusting; and the possible emergencies in which it will prove of almost vital importance are too manifest to require enumeration here. Realizing, then, both the necessities and the possibilities in the premises, my purpose in offering to the public this volume is to furnish, for the women of my country, as perfect an instruction as I am able to give in all things relating to their pecuniary affairs which I conceive to be for their interest and welfare. I have endeavored to make this work as simple and explicit as the complicated nature of some essential subjects will permit, believing it to be far better that some shall read over statements with which they are already familiar, than that others shall seek necessary information and shall not be able to find it. I have also endeavored to avoid the needless exposition of legal principles, which are, however, so closely connected with all the affairs of property as to make their entire avoidance a practical impossibility. Whenever it has been deemed necessary to explain legal principles and methods, I have undertaken to strip the explanations of verbiage, and to bring them within the easy comprehension of all to whom they may be of service. Finally, this work is not intended to be in any wise an aid to the avaricious. It contains no explanations of schemes for the rapid making of fortunes; no hints for the benefit of speculators; no rules for the constructing of air-castles. the For the plain and simple reasons which I have set forth, instructions which will be found in the following pages are intended for those who need instruction in legitimate and proper methods of managing property-methods which will yield as large returns as are proper and consistent with other essential conditions, yet which are, above all other considerations, and in all respects, capable of employment without unreasonable difficulty and without risk. There are many kinds of so-called investments which are commonly regarded as safe, which have been either omitted altogether from this volume, or have not received at my hands an indulgent treatment, because I realize and accept a certain measure of responsibility in writing a work of this kind, and am assuredly unwilling even to suggest unnecessary risks to those whose fortunes it may be my destiny in some degree to direct. Having received a thorough training for the work in hand, through a diligent experience of a considerable number of years, not only in the legal methods which relate particularly to investments, but also in the practical management of real and personal property, it is now my very earnest desire, as well as my sincere belief, that no woman who shall carefully and intelligently follow the instructions which are contained in this volume will in any manner risk or mismanage the means which Providence has placed in her hands. NEW YORK CITY, January 1, 1900. J. H. C. 222 Introduction-Value of Money-Income and Expenditure- Principal and Income-Rules of Economy-Expense Ac- counts-Uniformity of Incomes-Estimates of Future Banks-Bank-Accounts-National Banks, State Banks, and Private Banks-Rules for the Selection of Banks-Regu- lation of Banks by Law-Bank Checks-Forgery-Certi- fied Checks-Cashiers' Checks-Signatures-Overdrawing PAGE Savings Banks-Distinguished from Banks-Benevolent In- stitutions-Great Value of Savings Banks-Regulation of Savings Banks by Law-Investments in Savings Banks- Selection of Savings Banks-Opening Accounts-Pass- Books-Depositing Money-Drawing Money-Interest Paid by Savings Banks-Balancing of Pass-Books-Advantage of Safe Deposit Companies-The Term Defined by Law-Reg- ulation of Safe Deposit Companies by Law-Description of Speculations-The Safe Rule with Regard to Speculations- Rules for Distinguishing Investments from Speculations- Purchase Investments and Loan Investments-Safety of Investments-Margin of Safety-Valuation of Securities— Laws Affecting Investments-Incomes from Investments- Usury-Complicated Schemes for Investment-Different Bonds and Stocks-National, State, and Municipal Bonds- Public Indebtedness-Exemption of Bonds from Taxation- Corporations Trusts-Corporation Stocks - Corporation Bonds-Effect of Legislation on Corporation Stocks and Bonds-Application of the General Rules of Investment- Mortgages Definition of the Word Distinction between the Debt and the Lien of a Mortgage Mortgagor's Equity-Precedence of Liens--Purchase-Money Mortgage- First and Subsequent Mortgages-A Perfect Mortgage a Perfect Loan Investment-Safety of Mortgages-Title to Mortgaged Premises-Examination of Titles-Title Guar- anty Companies-Values of Securities for Mortgages-Laws Affecting Mortgages-Taxation of Mortgages-Builders' Loans-Improved and Unimproved Real Estate-Effect of Location upon the Values of Securities-Classification of Improved Real Estate for Purposes of Mortgages-Fire In- surance-Lenity toward Mortgagors-Margin of Safety- Ratio of Amounts Loaned to Values of Securities-Increas- ing Difficulties in Making Good Loans-Mortgage Corpora- ations-Bonds-Assignment of Mortgages-Satisfaction of Mortgages-Foreclosure of Mortgages-Extension of Mort- |