deprives it of the use of those very powers which fortune had left it. Consid. sur les Caus. de la Grand. des Rom. c. iv. p. 39.

Drawing up an Army for Battle, is called embattelling; the rules and method for which are furnished by the science called by the ancients tactics.

Battle (Order of), the disposition of the squadrons and battalions of an army in one or more lines, according to the conditions of the ground, either in order to engage the enemy, or to be reviewed by the general.

Battle (Field of), the ground on which the two armies engage. The Greeks notified the places of their battles and victories by adding the word Nx; whence Nicodemia, Nicopolis, Thessalonica, &e. The ancient Britons did the like by adding the word Mais; whence Maisseveth, Malmaisbury, &c. The English by the word field.

The Romans had their particular days, called præliares dies, wherein alone it was lawful to join battle; and others wherein it was unlawful, called dies atri.

The Athenians, by the ancient laws of their country, were not to draw out their forces for battle till after the seventh day of the month. And Lucian relates of the Lacedæmonians, that, by the laws of Lycurgus, they were not to fight before full moon. Among the Germans, it was reputed an impiety to fight in the wane of the moon; and Cæsar tells us, that Ariovistus was beaten by him, because, contrary to the laws of his country, he had fought when the moon was in her wane. The German soldiers were intimidated with the ap prehension, and afforded Cæsar an easy victory; acie commissa impeditos religione hoste vicit. De Bell. Gall. lib. ii.

Battle array, denotes the order in which an army is drawn up at a review, or for engage ment; more frequently called line of battle.

Battle (Pitched or set), that wherein both armies have room and time to range themselves in good order. The first pitched battle, of which we have any distinct account, is that between Croesus and Cyrus, described by Xenophon, concerning which we have a dissertation by M. Freret, wherein several points of the ancient tactics are well explained. Cyropæd. lib. vi. and vii. Mem. Acad. Inser. tom. ix. p. 209.

Battle was also formerly used for a body of forces drawn up in order of battle. This amounts to the same with what is otherwise called battalion. In this sense, we meet with the length or depth of the battle; the front, rear, and flanks of the battle.

Battle (Length of the), is the number of men in a rank, or the space from the left flank to the right flank.

Battle (Depth of the), is the extent of a file, or the number of men from the front to the rear.

BATTLE, in a naval sense, denotes an engagement between two fleets, squadrons, or even single ships. This is more frequently distinguished by the name of sea-fight. Of

late it has been the practice for fleets to be ranged in line of battle, like land armies, and fight much after the same order; to the expediency of which some objections may be made.

The ancients had many forms in their naval order of battle; as the half-moon, circle, and forceps. In all these, not only the ships engaged each other, and by their beaks and prows, and sometimes their sterns, endeavoured to dash in pieces, or overset and sink each other, but the soldiers also annoyed the enemy with darts and slings, and, on their nearer approach, with swords and spears, boarding each other by laying bridges between the ships. By way of preparation, they took down their sails, lowered their masts, and secured whatever might expose them to the wind, choosing rather to be governed by their oars.

It is observable, that the ancient and usual way of fighting in our fleets was board and board, yard-arm and yard-arm, through and through; and not at a distance in a line or half-moon, as is ow done: which practice our old sailors say they were strangers to.--For this reason our guns are shorter, and of larger bore, than those of the French, which are adapted to the method of fighting in line of battle; as being longer, and carrying farther. So that we engage with them in this way at a disadvantage.

To BATTLE. v. n. (battailler, French.) To contend in fight (Prior).

BATTLE-ARRA'Y. s. Array, or order of battle (Addison).

BATTLE AXE, a kind of halbert, formerly used by the infantry, and first introduced into England by the Danes.

BATTLEDOOR. s. (door and battle.) An instrument with a round handle and a flat blade, used to strike a shuttlecock (Locke).

BATTLEMENTS, in architecture, are indentures or notches in the top of a wall or other building, in the form of embrasures, made for the sake of looking through them.

BATTOLOGY, (from Berk, battus, babbler, and xw, I speak,) in grammar, a multiplying of words without occasion, or a needless and superfluous repetition of the same words, or expressions.

BATTORY, a name given by the Hans Towns to their magazines or factories abroad; as at Archangel, Novogrod, &c.

BATTUTA, in the Italian music, the motion of the hand or foot in keeping or beating time, BATTY. a. (from bat.) Belonging to a bat (Shakspeare).

BATZ, or BATZEN, a copper coin mixed with some silver, and current at different rates, according to the quantity of alloy, in many parts of Germany and Switzerland.

B. AV. See CHARACTER.

BAVARIA, a duchy and electorate in Germany. It is the most considerable part of the circle of Bavaria, and is bounded on the north by the palatinate of Bavaria, Bohemia, and the duchy of Neuburg, on the west by Suabia, on the south by Tyrol, and on the east by the

archbishopric of Saltsburg, the bishopric of Passau, and Austria. This electorate is about one hundred and twenty miles from east to west, and one hundred and five from north to south. It is watered by a great number of rivers, whereof the principal are the Inn, the Iser, and the Lech. It contains thirty-five cities, ninety-four market towns, eight bishoprs, seventy-five convents, eleven thousand and seventy-four villages, and twenty-eight thousand seven hundred and nine churches. The air is healthy and temperate; the soil produces a little wine, some corn, and good pastares. There are likewise some mines. It was raised to the dignity of an electorate in 1023. This electorate is divided into two general parts, High Bavaria, on the west, which comprehends the governments of Munich and Ingolstadt: Lower Bavaria, on the east, which contains the governments of Straubing, Landshut, and Burckausen. The Upper Platinate, or the Palatinate of Bavaria,' is bounded on the north by Franconia and Bohemia; the first bounds it likewise on the west, and the latter on the east: on the south it is terminated by the duchies of Neuburg, Bavaria, and the bishopric of Passau. It is about eighty miles long, and eighty miles broad. It is well peopled, and the soil is fertile, but it has little ade. The principal places are Amberg, the capital, and Hochstett, famous for the duke of Marlborough's victory over the French, in

1704.

The rapid and important changes which have taken place on the continent of Europe during the last 20 years in consequence of the French revolution, render it very difficult to state with precision the real territories of almost any European state, and necessarily make the geographical part of our work very defective. Bavaria has experienced its mutations, and probably may experience more.

By the plan of indemnities, agreed upon between the first consul of France and the emperor of Russia, in pursuance of the 7th article of the treaty of Luneville, it was agreed to propose that the indemnities to the arch-duke, grand duke, should be for Tuscany and its dependencies, the archbishopric of Saltzburg, the provostship of Berchtolsgaden, the bishopric of Trent, that of Brixen, and part of that of Passau, situate beyond the Iltz and the Inn, on the side of Austria, except the suburbs of Passau, with a radius of 500 toises, and the abbeys, chapters, and convents situated in the abovementioned dioceses. These principalities were to be taken out of the circle of Bavaria, and incorporated in the circle of Austria; and their ecclesiastical jurisdictions, both metropolitan and diocesan, were to be also separated by the limits of the two circles; Muhldorf to be united to Bavaria, and its equivalent in revenue taken from those of Freisengen. To the elector palatine of Bavaria were to be assigned, for the duchy of Deux-Ponts the duchy of Juliers, the palatinate of the Rhine, the marquisate of Berg-op-room, the seignory of Ravenstein and

others situate in Belgium and Alsace; the bishoprics of Passau, with the reservation of the part of the arch-duke; of Waltzbourgh, with the reservations herein after mentioned; of Bamberg, of Aughsted, of Freisingen, and of Augsburg; the provostship of Kempten; the imperial cities of Rothenbourg, Weissenbourg, Windsheim, Schweinfort, Gochscheim, Sennefelt, Allthousen, Kempten, Hausberen, Memmingen, Dinkelsbuhl, Nordingen, Ulm, Bossingen, Buchorn, Waugen, Leutkirch, Ravensbourgh, and Allschausen; the abbeys of St. Ulrick, Itsee, Wengen, Soeflingen, Elchingen, Ursberg, Rochenbourg, Weltenhausen, Öttobeuren, and Kaisersheim.

BA'VAROY. s. A kind of cloak (Gay). BAVAY, a small town of France, in the departnient of the North, and late province of Hainault. Lat. 50. 16 N. Lon. 3. 52 E.

BA'UBEE. s. A half-penny (Bramston). BAUCIS, in fabulous history, an old woman who lived with Philemon her husband in a cottage in Phrygia. Jupiter and Mercury, travelling over that country, were well received by them, after having been refused entertainment by every body else. To punish the people for their inhumanity, these gods laid the country waste with water; but took Baucis and Philemon with them to the top of a mountain, where they saw the deluge, and their own little hut above the waters, turned into a temple. Having a wish granted them, they desired to officiate in this temple as priest and priestess, and also that they might die both together; which was granted them.

BAUDEKIN, in our old writers, curiously embroidered cloth.

BAUERA. In botany, a genus of the class polyandria, order monagynia. Calyx eight leaved; petals eight; capsule two-celled, twovalved, many-seeded. One species only: a shrub of New Holland, branchy with red flowers.

BAUHIN (John), a great botanist, was born about the middle of the 16th century. He took his doctor's degree in physic, in 1562; and afterwards became principal physician to Frederick duke of Wirtemberg. The most considerable of his works is his Universal History of Plants.

BAUHIN (Caspar, or Gaspar), younger brother to the preceding, was born at Basil, 1550; and distinguished himself by his skill in anatomy and botany. In 1580, he was chosen first professor of these sciences at Basil; and in 1614 was made first professor of physic, and first physician of that city, which he held till his death, which happened in 1623, at the age of sixty-three. He wrote, 1. Anatomical Institutions; 2. Prodromus Theatri Botanici; and other works.

BAUHINIA. (So named by Plumier in honour of John and Caspar Bauhin.) Mountain-ebony. In botany, a genus of the class decandria, order monogynia. Calyx five-cleft, deciduous; petals spreading, oblong, with claws; the upper claw more distant; all of

them inserted on calyx. Fifteen species, all natives of the Indies or South America, excepting b. rubescens, which is an African plant. BA'VIN. s. A stick like those bound up in faggots; a piece of waste wood (Mortimer). BAULDMONEY. See MEUM ATHA

MANTICUM.

BAUM. In botany. See MELISSA. BAUM (Bastard). See MELITTIS. BAUM (Molucca). See MoLUCELLA. BAUM (Turkey). See DRACOCEPHALUM. BAUME LES NONES, a town of France, in the department of Doubs, and late province of Franche Compte. Lat. 47. 24 N. Lon. 6. 24 E.

BAURAC. (baurak, Arab.) 1. Nitre, or rather natron; mineral alkali. 2. Borax.

BAUSKE, a small but strong town of the duchy of Courland, on the frontiers of Poland. It was taken by the Swedes in 1625, and by the Russians in 1705. Lat. 56. 30 N. Lon. 23. 56 E.

BAUTRY, or BAWTRY, a town in the W. Riding of Yorkshire, with a market on Wednesdays. Lat. 53. 27 N. Lon. 1. 10 W.

BAUTZEN, or BUDISSEN, a town of Upper Lu-atia, in Germany, where protestants, as well as papists, have the free exercise of their religion. Lat. 51. 10 N. Lon. 14. 42 E. BA'WBLE. s. (baubellum, barbarous Latin.) A gewgaw: a trifling piece of finery (Prior). BA'WBLING. a. (from bawble.) Trifling; contemptible (Shakspeare).

BAWCOCK. s. A fine fellow (Shakspeare.) BAWD. s. (baude, old Fr.) A procurer or

gence.

To BAWL. v. n. (balo, Latin.) 1. To hoot; to cry with great vehemence (Smith). 2. To cry as a froward child (L'Estrange).

To BAWL. v. a. To proclaim as a crier (Swift).

BA WREL. s. A kind of kawk.
BA'WSIN. s. A badger.

BAXTER (Richard), a very noted divine among the nonconformists, was born at Rowton in Shropshire, November 12, 1615; and distinguished himself by his exemplary life, his pacific and red rate principles, and his numesous writings I was remarkable for his piety ven when he was very young. Upon the opening of the long parliament, he was

chosen vicar of Kidderminster. In the heat of the civil wars he withdrew from that town to Coventry, and preached to the garrison and inhabitants. When Oliver Cromwell was made protector, he would by no means comply with his measures, though he preached once before him. He came to London just before the deposing of Richard Cromwell, and preached before the parliament the day before they voted the return of king Charles II., who, upon his restoration, appointed him one of his chaplains in ordinary. He assisted at the conference in the Savoy, as one of the commissioners for stating the fundamentals in religion, and then drew up a reformed liturgy. He was offered the bishopric of Hereford, which he refused, affecting no higher preferment than the liberty of continuing minister of Kidderminster; which he could not obtain, for he was not permitted to preach there above twice or thrice after the restoration. Whereupon he returned to London, and preached occasionally about the city, till the act of uniformity took place. In 1662, Mr. Baxter was married to Margaret Charleton, daughter to Francis Charleton, esq. of the county of Salop, who was esteemed one of the best justices of the peace in that county. She was a woman of great piety, and entered thoroughly into her husband's views concerning religion. During the plague in 1665 he retired into Buckinghamshire; but he afterwards returned to Acton, where he stayed till the act against conventicles expired; and then his auditory was so large that he wanted room. Upon this he was committed to prison; but procuring an habeas corpus, he was discharged. After the indulgence in 1672, he returned to London; and in 1682 he was seized for coming within five miles of a corporation. In 1684 he was seized again; and in the reign of king James II. was committed prisoner to the king's bench, and tried before the lord chief justice Jefferies for his Paraphrase on the New Testament, which was called a scandalous and seditious book against the government. He continued in prison two years; from whence he was at last discharged, and had his fine remitted by the king. He died December the 8th, 1691; and was buried in Christ-church.

Mr. Baxter's person is thus described by Mr. Sylvester: He was tall and slender, and stooped much his countenance composed and grave, somewhat inclining to smile. He had a piercing eye, a very articulate speech, and deportment rather plain than complimental." There is an original portrait of him at Dr. Williams's library, founded for the use of protestant dissenting ministers, in Red-crossstreet. Mr. Sylvester also says, that "he had a great command over his thoughts. He had that happy faculty, so as to answer the character that was given of him by a learned man dissenting from him, after discourse with him; which was, that he could say what he would, and he could prove what he said. He was honoured with the friendship of some of the greatest and best men in the kingdom, as the

earl of Lauderdale, the earl of Balcarras, lord chief justice Hales, Dr. Tillotson, &c., and held correspondence with some of the most eminent foreign divines.—He wrote above 120 books, and had above 60 written against him. The former, however, it should seem, were greatly preferable to the latter; since Dr. Barrow, an excellent judge, says, that "his practical writings were never mended, his controversial seldom confuted."

The character given of him by Mr. Granger is too striking to be passed over. "Richard Baxter was a man famous for weakness of body and strength of mind; for having the strongest sense of religion himself, and exciting a sense of it in the thoughtless and profligate; for preaching more sermons, engaging in more controversies, and writing more books, than any other nonconformist of his age. He oke, disputed, and wrote with ease; and discovered the same intrepidity when he reproved Cromwell and expostulated with Charles 1. as when he preached to a congregation of mechanics. His zeal for religion was extraordinary; but it seems never to have prompted him to faction, or carried him to enthusiasm. This champion of the Presbyterians was the common butt of men of every other religion, and of those who were of no religion at all. But this had very little effect upon him: his presence and his firmness of mind on no occasion forsook him. He was just the same man before he went into a prison, while he was in it, and when he came out of it; and he maintained an uniformity of character to the last period of life. His enemies have placed him in hell; but every man who has not ten times the bigotry that Mr. Baxter himself had, must conclude that he is in a better place. This is a very faint and imperfect sketch of Mr. Baxter's character: men of his size are not to be drawn in miniature. His portrait, in full proportion, is in his Narrative of his own Life and Times; which, though a rhapsody, composed in the manner of a diary, contains a great variety of memorable things, and is itself, as far as it goes, a history of nonconformity."-Among his most famous works were, 1. The Saints' Everlasting Rest. 2. Call to the Unconverted, of which 20,000 were sold in one year; and it was translated not only into all the European languages, but into the Indian tongue. 3. Poor Man's Family Book. 4. Dying Thoughts; and 5. A Paraphrase on the New Testament. His practical works have been included in four folio volumes. BAXTER (Andrew), a very ingenious metaphysician and philosopher, was born in 1687, at Old Aberdeen; and educated in King's college there. In 1741 he went abroad with a young gentleman to whom he was tutor: among other places he visited-Utrecht, and fixed his residence there for some years. While abroad he formed an acquaintance with the celebrated John Wilkes. He returned to Scotbad in 1747, and retired to Whittingham in East Lothian, where he died in 1750, after

great sufferings from the gout and dropsy, which he bore with exemplary patience.

In 1730 he published in 4to, An Enquiry into the Nature of the Human Soul, wherein its Immateriality is evinced from Reason and Philosophy. This was afterwards printed in 8vo, with additions, and replies to some objections. Soon after this he published Matho: sive Cosmotheoria puerilis, Dialogus. In quo prima Elementa de Mundi ordine et ornatu Proponuntur, &c. This work he translated into English, and enlarged, in 1740, when it appeared in 2 vols. 8vo. A little time before Mr. Baxter's death he published an Appendix to the first part of the Enquiry into the Nature of the Human Soul; in which he combated some objections, and vindicated the government of the Deity in the material world. Bishop Warburton speaking of the book on the soul, says "He who would see the justest and precisest notions of God and the soul may read this book; one of the most finished of the kind, in my humble opinion, that the present times, greatly advanced in true philosophy, have produced." In this work the reasoning is in general profound, yet clear, and (except that in one or two instances he has pushed his principles to conclusions which do not entirely command the assent) it is generally satis factory. His Matho is a very ingenious and useful work, though, on account of an unlucky blunder in the astronomical part, it does not appear to have obtained so much celebrity and public favour as it actually deserves. Mr. Baxter's learning was extensive, and his reasoning powers strong and acute: as a mathematician, he was far above mediocrity; but, as a metaphysician, he has not often been equalled, and seldom indeed excelled: as a man he was beloved and admired. Though very studious, he was of a cheerful and sociable disposition: he was modest and unassuming; disinterested benevolence actuated his conduct; and he was impressed with the most reverential sentiments towards the Deity.

BAXTERIANS, in ecclesiastical history, those who adopt the doctrinal sentiments of Richard Baxter. The opinions maintained by this excellent man were conciliatory, and have since his time been embraced by many moderate and candid men, of different sects and parties. Baxter's system was formed not to inflame the passions and widen the breaches, but to heal those wounds of the church under which she had long languished. Some controversialists, however, were much displeased with Baxter's attempt; and we have heard of a piece in which supposed inconsistencies in his doctrines are set in a kind of battle ar each other;-it is entitled Richard Baxter.

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The Baxterian strikes into a middl path, between Arminianism and Calvinism, and thus endeavours to unite both schemes. With the Calvinist, he professes to believe that a certain number, determined upon in the divine councils, will be infallibly saved; and with

the Arminian he joins in rejecting the doctrine of reprobation as absurd and impious; admits that Christ, in a certain sense, died for all, and supposes that such a portion of grace is allotted to every man as renders it his own fault if he doth not attain to eternal life.

BAY. a. (badius, Latin.) A bay horse is what is inclining to a chesnut. All bay horses have black manes (Farrier's Dict.).

BAY. S. (baye, Dutch.) An opening into the land, where the water is shut in on all sides, except the entrance, as the bay of Biscay, Hudson's bay, &c.

BAY. s. (abboi, French.) 1. The state of any thing surrounded by enemies (Denham.) 2. Distance beyond which no approach could be made (Dryden).

BAY, in building, any opening in walls, as for a door, a window, and the like.

BAY, in botany. (from Baios, the spadix of the palm, whence in Latin it is called spadiceus.) A well known colour common to various plants, deriving its name from a resemblance to this part of the palm.

BAY, in botany. See LAURUS.
BAY (Loblolly). See GORDONIA.
BAY (Rose). See NERIUM.

BAY (Dwarf rose). See RHODODEN

DRUM.

BAY (Mountain rose). See RHODODEN

DRUM.

BAY (Sweet flowering). See MAGNOLIA. BAY (Plum). See PSIDUM.

BAY, a colour in horses, so called from its resembling the colour of a dried bay-leaf. There are various degrees of this colour from the lightest bay to the dark, which approaches nearly to the brown, but is always more gay and shining. The bright bay is an exceedingly beautiful colour, because the bright bay horse has generally a reddish hue, with a gilded aspect, his mane and tail black, with a black or dark list down his back. The middle colours of bay have also frequently the black list, with black mane and tail. And the dark bays have almost always their knees and pasterns black; and we meet with several sorts of bays that have their whole limbs black from their knees and hocks downwards. The bays that have no list on their backs are, for the most part, black over their reins, which goes off by an imperceptible gradation from dark to light towards the belly and flanks. Some of these incline to a brown, and are more or less dappled. The bay is one of the best colours, and horses of all the different kinds of bay are commonly good, unless when accidents happen to spoil them while they are colts.

BAY, in the sporting art, is a term applied to stags and foxes. When a stag has been so long pursued that, finding his speed or strength nearly exhausted, he turns round (having some protection of building or paling in his rear), and facing the hounds, resolutely defends himself with his antlers, he is said to keep the hounds at bay. It is the law of the sport in this case that the sportsmen, as soon as they

arrive, should immediately assist in drawing off the hounds, and save the life of the deer. When the deer takes soil (that is, takes to the water), he will defend himself, and keep the hounds a long time at bay, provided he fathoms the lake or river so as to keep the hounds swimming, and yet not go out of his own depth; if he lose which, and be obliged to swim at the time that he is exhausted, he is inevitably drowned by his numerous and determined foes, in opposition to every exertion that can be made to save him.

In fox-hunting, when the fox is supposed to have gone to earth, the fact can only be ascertained in many cases by the excellence of the terrier attending the pack, who has in general strength and speed sufficient to keep him from being far behind. Upon entering the earth, discovery is soon made of the certainty of the fox's retreat, by the terrier's "laying well at him," provided the fox has not turned in the earth: if he have so done, and they are face to face, they are both baying or keeping each other at bay till the controver sy ends in digging out the fox, and letting in the hounds for their share of the entertainment, when the animal is soon dispatched among them.

To BAY. v. n. (abbaier, French.) 1. To bark, as a dog at a thief (Spenser). 2. To shut in (Shakspeare).

To BAY. v. a. To follow with barking (Shakspeare.)

BAYA, in ornithology, Indian grosbeak or loxia Indica.

BAYEN (Peter), a celebrated chemist, was born at Chalons in the department of la Marne, in 1725. He was educated at the college of Troyes, which he left with a tolerable stock of knowledge, and repaired to Paris, where he resided with an eminent apothecary, a friend of the celebrated Chasras. Here he was treated with great liberality and kindness by the apothecary: under his auspices he applied for several years to all the labours of pharmacy, and acquired so much skill, that before he was 30 years of age he was appointed chief apothecary to the army in Germany. After the peace he returned to Paris, and was employed in conjunction with Veneu to make an analysis of all the mineral waters in France: the greater part of this business devolved upon Bayen; he, therefore, applied to it with great assiduity, and successively published various works containing very extensive information respecting these mineral waters. Bayen was one of the first who doubted of the existence of Stahl's element of phlogiston after much examination and enquiry, he found that every thing called metallic oxyd is indebted for the excess of its weight, its colour, and its state, only to the absorption of one of the constituent parts of atmospheric air. Lavoisier repeated and improved the experiments of Bayen, and at length overturned the theory of Stahl: thus was Bayen instrumental in establishing a memorable epoch in chemistry. He likewise made