almost in the shape of a sugar-loaf, wherein the salt is put to drain.

BARROW (Isaac), a very extraordinary mathematician and divine, was born in London, in 1630, He was first placed in the Charterhouse, and afterwards removed to a school at Felsted in Essex, from whence he was sent to Cambridge, where he entered of Trinity college. In 1647 he was chosen a scholar of the house, and subscribed the engagement; but afterwards repenting what he had done, he went back and struck out his name from the list. In 1649 he was chosen fellow of his college, and applied himself to physic, with a view of making it his profession; but, by the advice of his uncle, he forsook that study, and devoted himself to theology, joining with it the study of the mathematics. In 1655 he went abroad, passing through France, Italy, and part of Turkey. At Constantinople he read over the works of St. Chrysostom, whom he ever after preferred to all the other fathers. On his return home he was episcopally ordain ed, and in 1660 was chosen Greek professor at Cambridge. In 1662 he was appointed Gresham professor of geometry; and the year following he was elected fellow of the Royal Society. In 1664 he resigned his Gresham professorship, on being appointed Lucasian professor of mathematics at Cambridge; which chair he resigned in 1669 to his illustrious pupil Mr. Isaac Newton. In 1670 he was created D.D. and two years afterwards he was appointed master of Trinity college; on which occasion the king said, that he had given it to the most learned man in England." In 1675 he was chosen vice-chancellor of the university. The doctor's works are very numerous, and such as do honour to the English nation. They are, 1. Euclid's Elements. Euclid's Data. 3. Optical Lectures, read in the public school of Cambridge. 4. Thirteen Geometrical Lectures. 5. The Works of Archimedes, the four Books of Apollonius's Conic Sections, and Theodosius's Spherics explained in a new Method. 6. A Lecture, in which Archimedes's Theorems of the Sphere and Cylinder are investigated and briefly demonstrated. 7, Mathematical Lectures, read in the public schools of the university of Cambridge. The above were all printed in Latin; and as to his English works, they are printed together in four volumes folio. The name of Dr. Barrow (says the reverend and learned Mr. Granger) will ever be illustrious for a strength of mind and a compass of knowledge that did honour to his country. He was unrivalled in mathematical learning, and especially in the sublime geometry; in which he has been excelled only by one man, and that was his pupil, the great sir Isaac Newton. The same genius that seemned to be born only to bring hidden truths to light, to rise to the heights or descend to the depths of science, would some times amuse itself in the flowery paths of poetry, and he composed verses both in Greek

2.

Latin. He at length gave himself up y to divinity; and particularly to the

most useful part of it, that which has a tendency to make men wiser and better. He has, in his excellent sermons on the Creed, solved every difficulty and removed every obstacle that opposed itself to our faith, and made divine revelation as clear as the demonstrations in his own Euclid. In his sermons he knew not how to leave off writing till he had exhausted his subject: his admirable Discourse on the Duty and Reward of Bounty to the Poor took him up three hours and a half in preaching. This excellent person, who was a bright example of Christian virtue, as well as a prodigy of learning, died on the fourth of May 1677, in the 47th year of his age;” and was interred in Westminster abbey, where a monument, adorned with his bust, was soon after erected at the expence of his friends and relations,

The style of Barrow, though very nervous, is sometimes involved and intricate, such as would never be imitated by any elegant writer of the present day. But, the solidity of his reasonings, the copious flow of his conceptions, the richness and variety of his illustrations, the capaciousness and profundity of his thoughts, and the almost irresistible tendency of his discourses to enlarge the understanding, to affect the heart, and to impel to upright and holy conduct, entitles him to the character of the most splendid and impressive eloquence. Indeed, the Prefatory Oration to his Mathematical Lectures, and his Sermons on the Pleasantness of Religion, the Duty of Thanksgiving, the Profitableness of Godliness, and on Submission to the Will of God, contain some as brilliant passages as can be found in any modern, if not in any ancient, author.-As a preacher Dr. Barrow had nothing in his person or external appearance that was likely to command attention and respect. He was of a low stature, of a meagre pale aspect; and was singularly negligent with regard to dress. Pope, his biographer, mentions a circumstance to this purpose, which shows the effect of his inattention to outward appearance. Being engaged to preach for Dr. Wilkins at St. Lawrence Jury in London, his slovenly and awkward gait and meagre aspect prepossessed the congregation so much against him, that, when he mounted the pulpit, many persons withdrew, and he was left almost alone in the church. Mr. Richard Baxter, however, the celebrated nonconformist divine, was one of the few that remained; and his testimony was highly honourable to the preacher; for he declared that he had never heard a better sermon, and that he could with pleasure have listened all day to such preaching: upon which those persons who complained to Dr. Wilkins of his substitute, were ashamed of their conduct in deserting the church, and acknowledged that their prejudice was solely the result of his uncouth appearance.

BARROW, a river of Ireland, which rises in the northern part of Queen's county, and runs into Waterford bay.

BARROW (Le), a river of Ireland, which

runs into the Barrow: about four miles E. Portarlington.

BARROWS, in ancient topography, artificial hillocks or mounts, met with in many parts of the world, intended as repositories for the dead, and formed either of stones heaped up, or else of earth. For the former, more generalknown by the name of cairns, see CAIRNS. Dr. Plott takes notice of two sorts in Oxfordshire: one placed on the military ways; the other in the fields, meadows, or woods; the first sort doubtless of Roman erection, the other more probably erected by the Britons or Danes. We have an examination of the barrows in Cornwall by Dr. Williams, in the Phil. Trans. No. 458, from whose observations we find that they are composed of foreign or adventitious earth; that is, such as does not rise on the place, but is fetched from some distance.-Monuments of this kind are also very frequent in Scotland. On digging into the barrows, urns have been found in some of them, made of calcined earth, and containing burnt bones and ashes; in others, stone chests containing bones entire; in others, bones neither lodged in chests nor deposited in urns, These tumuli are round, not greatly elevated, and generally at their basis surrounded with a foss. They are of different sizes; in proporLan, it is supposed, to the greatness, rank, and power, of the deceased person. The links or sands of Skail, in Sandwich, one of the Orkneys, abound in round barrows. Some are formed of earth alone, others of stone covered with earth. In the former was found a coffin, made of six flat stones. They are too short to receive a body at full length: the skeletons found in them lie with the knees pressed to the breast, and the legs doubled along the thighs. A bag made of rushes has been found at the feet of some of these skeletons, containing the bones, most probably, of another of the family. Ancient Greece and Latium concurred in the practice of raising barrows with the natives of the British Isles. Patroclus among the Greeks, and Hector among the Trojans, received but the same funeral honours with our Caledonian heroes;

"High in the midst they heap the swelling bed

Of rising earth, memorial of the dead.”

ILIAD, Xxiii. 319. The ashes of Dercennus the Laurentine monarch had the same simple protection. Bartows are also found, in great numbers, in America. A curious account of these is given by Mr. Jefferson in his Notes on the State of Virginia, p. 156. &c.

BARROWISTS, more usually termed BROW ISTS, a religious sect, which sprung out of the Puritans, toward the close of the 10th century: their leader, Robert Brown, who wrote several books in their behalf, was a man of good parts, and learning. He was born of a good family in Rutlandshire, and related to the ford-treasurer Burleigh. He had been educated at Cambridge; but first began to speak

openly against the discipline and ceremonies of the church at Norwich, in the year 1580, from which time he underwent divers persecutions from the bishops; insomuch that he boasted he had been committed to no less than 32 prisons, in some of which he could not see his hand at noon-day. At length, with his congregation, he left the kingdoin, and settled at Middleburgh in Zealand; where they obtained leave of the states to worship God in their own way, and form a church according to their own model; which they had not long done before this handful of men, just delivered from the severities of the bishops, began to differ among themselves, and crumble into so many parties, that Brown their pastor grew weary of his office; and, returning to England in 1589, renounced his principles of separation, and was preferred to the rectory of a church in Northamptonshire, and died in 1630, after leading a very idle and dissolute life.

The revolt of Brown was attended with the dissolution of the church at Middleburgh, but the seeds of Brownisin, which he had sown in England, were so far from being destroyed, that sir Walter Raleigh, in a speech in 1592, computes no less than 20,000 followers of it. The occasion of their separation was not any fault they found with the faith, but only with the discipline and form of government of the other churches in England. They equally charged corruption on the episcopal form, and on that of the presbyterians, by consistories, classes, and synods: nor would they join with any other reformed church, because they were not assured of the sanctity and regeneration of the members that composed it; on account of the toleration of sinners, with whom they maintained it an impicty to communicate. They condemned the solemn celebration of marriages in the church; maintaining, that matrimony being a political contract, the confirmation thereof ought to come from the civil magistrate. They would not allow any children to be baptized of such as were not members of the church, or of such as did not take sufficient care of those baptized before. They rejected all forms of prayer: and held that the Lord's prayer was not to be recited as a prayer, being only given for a rule or model whereon all our prayers are to be formed. The form of church-government which they established was democratical. When a church was to be gathered, such as desired to be members of it made a confession of it, and signed a covenant, by which they obliged themselves to walk together in the order of the gospel. The whole power of admitting and excluding members, with the decision of all controversies, was lodged in the brotherhood. Their church-officers were chosen from among themselves, for preaching the word, and taking care of the poor, and separated to their several offices by fasting, prayer, and imposition of hands of some of the brethren. But they did not allow the priesthood to be any distinct order, or to give any indelible character. As the vote of the brotherhood made a man a minister, and

gave him authority to preach the word and administer the sacraments among them, so the same power could discharge him from his office, and reduce him to a mere layman again, And as they maintained the bounds of a church to be no greater than what could meet together in one place and join in one communion, so the power of these officers was prescribed within the same limits. The minister or pastor of one church could not administer the Lord's supper to another, nor baptize the children of any but those of his own society. Any lay-brother was allowed the liberty of prophesying, or of giving a word of exhortation to The people; and it was usual for some of them, after sermon, to ask questions, and reason upon the doctrines that had been preached. In a word, every church on the Brownists model is a body-corporate, having full power to do every thing which the good of the society requires, without being accountable to any classis, synod, convocation, or other jurisdiction whatever. Most of their discipline has been adopted by the Independents, a party which afterwards arose from among the Brownists. The laws were executed with great severity on the Brownists; their books were prohibited by queen Elizabeth, and their persons imprisoned, and many of them were hanged. The ecclesiastical commission and the star-chamber, in fine, distressed them to such a degree, that they resolved to quit their country. Accordingly, many families retired and settled at Amsterdam, where they formed a church, and chose Mr. John on their pastor; and after him Mr. Ainsworth, author of the learned commentary on the Pentateuch. Their church flourished near 100 years. See INDEPENDENTS.

BARRULET, in heraldry, the fourth part of the bar, or the one half of the closset: an usual bearing in coat-armour.

BARRULY, in heraldry, is when the field is divided bar-ways, that is, across from side to side, into several parts.

BARRY, in heraldry, is when an escutcheon is divided bar-ways, that is, across from side to side, into an even number of partitions, consisting of two or more tinctures, interchange ably disposed.

BARRY-BENDY is when an escutcheon is divided evenly, bar and bend-ways, by lines drawn transverse and diagonal, interchangeably varying the tinctures of which it consists. BARRY-PILY is when a coat is divided by several lines drawn obliquely from side to side, where they form acute angles.

BARS, in music. See BAR. BARSALLI, a kingdom of Africa, bordering on the river Gambia, inhabited by a tribe of Negroes called Jaloffs.

BAR-SHOT, two half bullets joined together by an iron bar.

BARTER, or TRUCK, is the exchanging of one commodity for another, and forms a rule in the commercial part of arithmetic, by which the commodities are properly calculated and equalled, by computing first the value of the commodity which is given, and then the

quantity of the other which will amount to the same sum. The word comes from the Spanish barator, to deceive or circumvent in bargaining, perhaps because those who deal this way usually endeavour to over-reach one another.

To BARTER. v. n. (harrater, Fr.) To traffick by exchanging one commodity for another (Collier). TO BARTER. v. a. To give any thing in exchange for something else (Prior). BARTERER. s. (from banter.) He that trafficks by exchange of commodities. BARTERY. s. (from barter.) Exchange of commodities (Camden).

BARTH, a warm place, or pasture, for calves and lambs.

Here he

BARTHELEMI (Jean Jacques), the Nestor of French literature, was a man so eminent for his knowledge of antiquities, that every classical reader must be interested in his fate. He was born, we believe, at Paris, about the latter end of the year 1715 : and being educated for the service of the church, he became prior of Courcay, keeper of the medals and antiques in the French king's cabinet, and in 1747 was elected a member of the Academy of Inscriptions. From that period his life was wholly devoted to letters. He was a member of the most distinguished scientific societies abroad, as well as those of his own country. He wrote a great number of papers chiefly ou medallic subjects, in the collection of the Academy of Inscriptions, and in the Journal des Scavans. The intimate acquaintance which he had cultivated with classical antiquity enabled him, in the close of a long life, to compose that chef d'oeuvre, the Travels of the younger Anacharsis into Greece. takes occasion to interweave very curious and instructive details on the laws, religion, manners, customs, and general spirit of a great nation, as well as its progress in arts and sciences. He has chosen the period combining the times of Pericles and Alexander. In this diversified undertaking, the abbé is frequently more brilliant than solid: still, however, it is a work that must call forth the admiration of all who read it. The abbé united with his profound and various learning an equal portion of modesty, simplicity, and good nature. Such, however, was the man whom the French government, during the reign of terror, detained in prison for months, and released on the fall of Robespierre. As he concurred in the revolution, we know of no cause for his imprisonment but the mildness of his disposition, and the jealousy of that tyrant, which pursued, with relentless cruelty, every man suspected of being a friend to peace. Of the persecution of Barthelemi, in the extremity of old age, the convention itself seemed to be ashamed; for it unanimously voted him a pension as some recompence for his sufferings. But, alas! the recompence came too late the old man lived but a few months after his liberation, having died at Paris on the 4th of May 1795. There has lately been published, A Description of Italy, in a series of letters from