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4. Some Sermons on the Passion of Jesus Christ and on Solomon's Song; 5. A Version of the Canticles, in lyric verse; 6. A French tragi-comedy, intitled, The Sacrifice of Abraham; and many other works. A splendid facsimile of the celebrated M. S. transmitted by Beza to the university of Cambridge was published by Dr. Kipling (now dean of Peterborough), under the title of Codex Theodori Bez Cantabrigiensis, a Thoma Kipling, S. T. P. &c. Cant. 1793.

BEZANS, cotton cloths, which come from Bengal; some are white, and others striped with several colours.

BEZANT, in heraldry, represents round flat pieces of gold.

BEZANTIC, in heraldry, is when the fluid is powdered with bezants, or when crests, &c. are strewed with them.

BEZEL. BEʼZIL. s. That part of a ring in which the stone is fixed.

BEZIERS, a town of France, in the department of Herault. It was lately an episcopal see, and the inhabitants exceed 17,000. This is a very ancient place. Lat. 43. 22 N. Lon. 3. 18 E.

BEZOAR. (of doubtful origin, but probably from the Hebrew, a besor. the concealed parts of an animal; or the Persian pazahar, an antidote or destroyer of poison.) Bezoard. A peculiar concretion found in the bodies of certain Asiatic and South American animals chiefly in those of cloven feet and possessed of horns. In Asia the animals that chiefly yield it are the gazelle or antelope, and the goat. In South America it is mostly found in the pard, and chamois or Peruvian goat. It has nevertheless been obtained from the porcupine, wild-boar, tortoise, horse, mule, dog, castor, rhinoceros, elephant, and even man himself, and in masses of various size.

Bezoards are distinguished from the quarters from which they are procured, into oriental and eccidental. The ordinary bezoard is obtained from the common domestic goat. According to Bomare, these animal concretions are composed of concentric strata, which are not all of the same colour or thickness: the savour is urinous, they are glutinous and slightly tinge the saliva. At the centre of the bezoard, some foreign body is almost always found, as straw, hair, grains of corn, wood, nuts, &c.; and these bodies have served as a nucleus or point for the formation of the strata. Sometimes they rattle on being shaken; which is owing to the central hard body being detached from the surrounding strata.

The stones found at times in different parts of almost all animals, as the stomach, intestines, gall-bladder, and kidneys, may be regarded as only variations of the bezoard, and

are entitled to this name.

Several of these kinds of substances were formerly celebrated for their medicinal virtues, and distinguished by the names of the countries whence they came, or the animal in which they were found. They were considered as high alexipharinics, in so much so, that other medicines, possessed, or supposed to be

possessed of alexipharmic powers, were called bezoardics. These virtues, however, are in the present day justly denied them, as they produce no other effects than those common to the saline particles which they contain, and which may be procured to greater advantage from other sources.

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BEZOAR OCCIDENTALE. Occidental bezoar. This concretion is said to be found in the stomach of an animal of the stag kind, a native of Peru, &c. It is of a larger size thau the oriental bezoar, and sometimes as large as a hen's egg: its surface is rough, and the colour green, greyish, or brown. For its virtues, see BEZOAR.

BEZOAR ORIENTALE. Lapis bezoar orientalis. Oriental bezoar stone. This concre tion is said to be found in the pylorus, or fourth stomach of the gazelle, an animal of the antelope kind, which inhabits the mountains of Persia. It is generally about the size of a kidney bean, of a roundish or oblong figure, smooth, and of a shining olive or dark greenish colour. For its virtues, see BEZOAR.

BEZOAR MICROCOSMICUM. See CAL

CULUS HUMANUS.

BEZOAR PORCINUM. Lapis porcinus. Lapis malacensis. Bezoar hystricis. Pedro del porco. Porcupine bezoar. This concretion, of a roundish figure, pale purplish colour, soft consistence, and slippery to the touch, is said to be found in the gall-bladder of an Indian porcupine, in the province of Malacca. But it is probable that in this assertion there is a mistake of the gall-bladder for some part of the intestines of the animal. For its virtues, see BEZOAR.

BEZOAR SIMIÆ. Lapis simiæ. Bezoar of the monkey. This species is about the size of a hazel nut, and of a very dark green colour. It is found in the stomach of certain monkeys common in the Brazils. For its virtues, see BEZOAR.

BEZOAR MINERAL, BEZOARDIUM MINERALE, is an oxyd of antimony, in the form of a powder, prepared by mixing nitric acid with an equal quantity of butter (i. e. sublimated muriat) of antimony, evaporating the precipitate, and repeating the process two or three times. The product is then subjected to a moderately red heat, which reduces it to a mass, white at the surface, and rose coloured beneath; the colours are blended by grinding in a mortar. It is probable that the oxyd contains, in solution, a small portion of the acid.

BEZOUT (Stephen), a celebrated French mathematician, member of the Academies of Sciences and the Marine, and examiner of the Guards of the Marine and of the Eleves of Artillery, was born at Nemours the 31st of March 1730. In the course of his studies he met with some books of geometry, which gave him a taste for that science; and the Floges of Fontenelle, which shewed him the honours attendant on talent and the love of the sciences. His father in vain opposed the strong attachment of young Bezout to the mathematical sciences. April 8, 1758, he was named ad

joint-mechanician in the French Academy of Sciences; having before that sent them two ingenious memoirs on the integral calculus, and given other proofs of his proficiency in the sciences. In 1763, he was named to the new vifice of examiner to the marine, and appoint ed to compose a Course of Mathematics for their use; and in 1768, on the death of M. Camus, he succeeded as examiner of the artillery eleves. In this employment he was much respected and beloved, and he exhibited many fine traits of justice, of kindness, and of zeal in the discharge of his duties. He died in September 1783, in the 54th year of his age; leaving behind, besides several useful works, that inestimable treasure "a good name." The books published by him were: 1. Course of Mathematics, for the Use of the Marine, with a Treatise of Navigation, 6 vols. 8vo. 1764. 2. Course of Mathematics for the Corps of Artillery, 4 vols. 8vo. 1770. General Theory of Algebraic Equations, 1779 3. He had, likewise, several papers printed in the Mem. Acad. Sciences. The courses of mathematics were incorporated into one, comprising ail the knowledge necessary for admission into the Polytechnic School, by M. Peyrard, in

1800.

B FLAT. The flat seventh of the natural key, C, in music.

BIA, in commerce, a name given by the Siamese to those small shells which are called cowries throughout almost all the other parts of the East Indies.

BLÆUM, Star, in rhetoric, denotes a kind of counter-argunient, whereby something alleged for the adversary is retorted against him, and made to conclude a different way: for instance, "You killed the person, because you were found standing by his body.-Biæum, Rather I did not kill him, because I was found standing by his body; since, in the other case, I should have fled away."

BLUM, in Grecian laws, an action brought against those who ravished women, or used violence to any man's person. It is also the name for a certain wine diluted with sea water, used by the Grecians.

BIAFARA, the capital of a kingdom of the same name in Negroland, scated on the river Las-Camarones. Lat. 6. 10 N. Lon. 17.40 E. BIAFORA, in the customs of the middle age, a form of cry, or alarm to arms; on the hearing whereof, the inhabitants of towns or villages were to issue forth, and attend their prince.

BIANA, a town of Mogulstan, in Asia, remarkable for excellent Indigo. Lat. 26. 30 N. Lon. 80. 50 E.

BIANCHINI (Francis), one of the most learned men of his time, was born at Verona in 1002, of a noble and ancient family. His taste for natural philosophy and mathematics induced him to establish the academy of Aletosili, at Verona. He went to Rome in 1684; and was made librarian to cardinal Ottoboni, who was afterwards pope under the name of Alexander VIII. He also became canon of VOL. II.

BIB

St. Mary de la Rotonda, and at length of St. Lawrence in Damaso. He was esteemed by the learned; and published several ingenious dissertations, &c. The research concerning the parallax and the spots of Venus occupied him a long time; but his most remarkable discovery is that of the parallelism of the axis of Venus in her orbit. He proposed to trace a meridian line through the whole extent of Italy. He was admitted a foreign associate in the Paris Academy of Sciences, in 1706; and he had many astronomical dissertations inserted in their Memoirs, particularly in those of the years 1702, 1703, 1704, 1706, 1707, 1708, 1713, and 1718.—Bianchini died the 2d of March 1729, in the 67th year of his age.

a.

(from binus and angulus, Lat.) Having two BIANGULATED. BIANGULOUS. corners or angles.

BIARCHUS, an officer in the court of the emperors of Constantinople, intrusted with the soldiery. care and inspection of the provisions of the

on one side of a bowl, which turns it from the BIÁS. s. (liais, Fr.) 1. The weight lodged straight line (Shakspeare). 2. Any thing which turns a man to a particular course (Dryden). 3. Propension: inclination (Dryden).

To BIAS. v. a. (from the noun.) To incline to some side; to balance one way (Watts). BIAS. ad. Wrong (Shakspeare).

flourished about 608 before Christ. He was BIAS, one of the seven sages of Greece, mind to wish for impossible things." During accustomed to say, "It is a sickness of the the siege of Priena, his native city, being asked why he was the only one who retired from the place without carrying any thing with him, he replied, That he carried his all with him; meaning, that his knowledge and virtue were the only blessings that were peculiarly his own, since they could not be taken from him. He friends. expired while pleading in behalf of one of his

BIATHANATI, in antiquity, self-murder

ers.

BIB, In ichthyology. See GADUS.

breasts of children over their clothes (Addis.).
BIB. S. A small piece of linen put upon the
(Camden).
To BIB. v. n. (bibo, Lat.) To tipple; to sip

to drinking.
BIBA'CIOUS. a. (bibar, Lat.) Addicted

BIBBER. s. (from to bib.) A tippler.
BIBERACH, a free town of Suabia, in
tians. Lat. 48. 10 N. Lon. 10. 2 E.
Germany. It has a large manufacture in fus-

BIBIO. In the entomology of Fabricius a
MUSCA.
tribe or family of the genus musca, or fly. See

from bibo, to drink; because by drawing the
BIBITORIUS, (bibitorius, sc. musculus;
eve inwards towards the nose, it causes those
who drink to look into the cup.) See RECTUS
INTERNUS OCULI.

applied by Christians by way of eminence to
BIBLE (in Greek BB, the book,) a name
the collection of sacred writings, or the holy

K

scriptures of the Old and New Testaments; known also by various other appellations, es, the Sacred Book, Holy Writ, Inspired Writings, &c. The Jews styled the Old Testament Mikra; which signifies lesson or lecture.

The sacred volume, including the Old and New Testaments, is justly looked upon as the foundation of the Jewish as well as the christian religion. The Jews, it is free, acknowledged only the scriptures of the Old Testament, the correcting and publishing of which is unanimously ascribed, both by the Jews and Christiaus, to Ezra. Some of the ancient fathers, on no other foundation than that fabulon, and apocryphal book, the second book of Fedras, pretend, that the scriptures were entirely lost and destroyed at the Babylonish captivity, and that Ezra restored them all again by divine revelation. What is certain is, that in the reign of Josiah there was no other book of the law extant besides that found in the temple by Hilkiah; from which original, by order of that pious king, copies were immediately written out, and search made for all the other parts of the scriptures (2 Kings xxii.); by which means copies of the whole became multiplied among the people, who carried them with them into their captivity. After the return of the Jews from the Babylonish captivity, Ezra got together as many copies as he could of the sacred writings, and out of them all prepared a correct edition, disposing the several books in their proper order, and settling the canon of scripture for his time. These books he divided into three parts, viz. 1. The Law. 2. The Prophets. 3. The Cetubim or Hagiographia, that is to say, The Holy Writings.

I. The Law contains-1. Genesis. 2. Exodus. 3. Leviticus. 4. Numbers. 5. Deuteronomy. II. The writings of the prophets are, 1. Joshua. 2. Judges, with Ruth. 3. Samuel. 4. Kings. 5. Isaiah. 6. Jeremiah, with his Lamentations. 7. Ezekiel. 8. Daniel. 9. The twelve minor Prophets. 10. Job. 1. Ezra. 12. Nehemiah. 13. Esther. III. The Hagiographia consists of, 1. Tire Psalms. 2. The Proverbs. 3. Ecclesiastes. 4. The Song of Solomon. This division was made for the sake of reducing the number of the sacred books to the number of the letters in their alphabet, which amount to 22. At present, the Jews reckon 24 books in their canon of scripture, in disposing of which the law stands as it did in the former division, and the prophets are distributed into the former and latter prophets.

The former prophets are, Joshua, Judges, Samuel, Kings. The latter prophets are, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and the 12 minor prophets. And the hagiographia consists of the Psalms, the Proverbs, Job, the Song of Solomon, Ruth, the Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, Esther, Daniel, Ezra, the Chronicles.-Under the name of Ezra they comprehend Nehemiah. It is true this order has not always been observed, but the variations from it are of little consequence.

The five books of the law are divided into

54 sections, which many of the Jews hold to have been appointed by Moses himself; though others, with more probability, ascribe i to Ezra. The design of this division was, that one of these sections might be read in their synagogues every sabbath-day. The number was 54, because in their intercalated years a mouth being then added, there were 54 sabbaths. In other years, they reduced them to 52, by twice joining together two short sections. Till the persecution of Antiochus Epiphanes, they reid only the law; but the reading of it being then prohibited, they substituted in the room of it 54 sections out of the prophets; and when the reading of the law was restored by the Maccabees, the section which was read every sabbath out of the law served for their first lesson, and the section out of the prophets for their second. These sections were divided into verses, of which division, if Ezra were not the author, it was introduced not long after him, and seems to have been designed for the use of the Targumusts or Chaldee interpreters: for after the return of the Jews from the Babylonish captivity, when the Hebrew language ceased to be their mother tongue, and the Chaldee grew into use instead of it, the custom was that the law should be first read in the original Hebrew, and then interpreted to the people in the Chaldee language, to which purpose these shorter sections or periods were very well adapted.

The division of the scriptures into chapters, as we at present have them, is of much later date. Some attribute it to Stephen Langton, archbishop of Canterbury, in the reigns of John and Henry III. But the true author of the scheme was Hugo de Sancto Caro, com monly called Hugo Cardinalis, because he was the first Dominican that ever was raised to the degree of cardinal. This Hugo flourished about the year 1240. He wrote a comment on the scriptures, and projected the first concordance, which is that of the vulgar Latin Bible. The aim of this work being for the more easy finding out any word or passage in the scriptures, he found it necessary to divide the book into sections, and the sections into subdivisions; for till that time the vulgar Latin Bibles were without any divisions at all. These sections are the chapters into which the Bible has ever since been divided. But the subdivision of the chapters was not then into verses as it is Hugo's method of subdividing them was by the letters A, B, C, D, E, F, G, placed in the margin at an equal distance from each other, according to the length of the chapters. The subdivision of the chapters into verses, as they now stand in our Bibles, had its origin from a famous Jewish rabbi, named Mordecai Nathan, about the year 1445. This rabbi, in imitation of Hugo Cardinalis, drew up a concordance to the Hebrew Bible, for the use of the Jews. But though he followed Hugo in his division of the books into chapters, he re fined upon his invention as to the subdivision, and contrived that by verses: this being found to be a much more convenient method, it has

now.

been ever since followed. And thus, as the Jews borrowed the division of the books of the holy scriptures into chapters from the Christus, in like manner the Christians borrowed that of the chapters into verses from the Jews. The order and division of the books of the Bible, as well of the Old as the New Testament, according to the disposition made by the Council of Trent, by decree I. session iv. are as follow: but in this enumeration it is to be observed, that those books to which asterisms are prefixed, are rejected by the Protestants as apocryphal.

Genesis-Exodus-Leviticus-Numbers

made additions in several parts of the Bible, where any thing appeared necessary for illustrat ing, connecting, or completing the work; in which he appears to have been assisted by the same spirit in which they were first written. Among such additions are to be reckoned the last chapter of Deuteronomy, wherein Moses seems to give an account of his own death and burial, and the succession of Joshua after him. To the same cause our learned author thinks are to be attributed many other interpolations in the Bible, which created difficulties and objections to the authenticity of the sacred text, no ways to be solved without allowing them. Ezra changed the names of several places which were grown obsolete, and instead of them put their new names, by which they were then called in the text. Thus it is that Abraham is said to have pursued the kings who carried Lot away captive, as far as Dan; whereas that place in Moses's time was called Laish; the name Dan being unknown till the Danites, long after the death of Moses, became masters of it.

Deuteronomy-Joshua-Judges and Ruth1 Samuel, or 1 Kings-2 Samuel, or 2 Kings -1 Kings, otherwise called 3 Kings-2 Kings, otherwise called 4 Kings 1 Chronicles-2 Chronicles-1 Esdras (as the LXX and Vulgate call it), or the book of Ezra-2 Esdras, or (as we have it) the book of Nehemiah-Tobit - Judith--Esther-Job-Psalms-Proverbs -Ecclesiastes Song of Solomon-The book of Wisdom- Ecclesiasticus-Isaiah-Jeremiah and Baruch-Ezekiel-Daniel-Ho- But though the Jewish canon of Scripture sea-Joel Amos Obadiah-Nahum, which was then settled by Ezra, yet several variations we place immediately after Micah, before Ha- have since been made in it. Malachi, for inbakkuk.-Jonah, which we place immediately stance, could not be put into the Bible by him, fter Obadiah.-Micah-Habakkuk-Zepha- because that prophet is allowed to have lived mah-Haggai Zechariah--Malachi--* 1 after Ezra; nor could Nehemiah be there, Maccabees- 2 Maccabees. mention being made, in that book, of Jaddus, as high priest, and of Darius Codomannus, as king of Persia, who were at least 100 years later than Ezra. It may be added, that in the first book of Chronicles, the genealogy of the sons of Zerubbabel is carried down for so many generations as must necessarily bring it to the time of Alexander, and consequently this book could not be in the canon in Ezra's days. It is probable, the two books of Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther, and Malachi, were adopted into the Bible in the time of Simon the Just, the last of the men of the great synagogue.

The books of the New Testament are,-
The Gospel of St. Matthew-St. Mark-St.
Luke-St. John.-Acts of the Apostles.
The Epistle of St. Paul to the Romans-the 1
Corinthians-the 2 Corinthians-the Gala-
tians-the Ephesians-the Philippians-the
Colossians-the 1 Thessalonians-the 2 Thes-
salonians 1 Timothy-2 Timothy-Titus-
Philemon-the Hebrews.-The general Epistle
of St. James-St. Peter, I.-St. Peter, II.
St. John, I.-St. John, II.-St. John, III.
St. Jude.-The Revelation of St. John.

The apocryphal books of the Old Testament, according to the Romanists, are, the book of Enoch (see Jude 14), the third and fourth books of Esdras, the third and fourth books of Maccabees, the prayer of Manasseh, the Testament of the twelve Patriarchs, the Psalter of Solomon, and some other pieces of the same kind. The apocryphal books of the New Testament are, the epistle of St. Barnabas, the pretended epistle of St. Paul to the Loadiccans, several spurious gospels, Acts of the Apostles, and Revelations; the book of Hermas, intitled the Shepherd, Jesus Christ's Letter to Abgarus, the epistles of St. Paul to Seneca, and several other pieces of the like nature, as may be seen in the collection of the apocryphal writings of the New Testament made by Fabricius.

It is the opinion of most learned men, that Eara published the scriptures in the Chaldee character, for that language being grown wholly into use among the Jews, he thought proper to change the old Hebrew character for it, which hath since that time been retained only by the Samaritans, among whom it is preserved to this day. Prideaux is of opinion that Ezra

In fact, the Jews were at first very reserved in communicating their scripture to strangers. Despising and shunning the Gentiles, they would not disclose to them any of the treasures concealed in the Bible. We may add, that the people bordering on the Jews, as the Egyptians, Phoenicians, Arabs, &c., were not very curious to know the laws or history of a people, whom in their turn they hated and despised. Their first acquaintance with these books was not till after the several captivities of the Jews, when the singularity of the Hebrew laws and ceremonies induced several to desire a more particular knowledge of them. Josephus seems surprised to find such slight footsteps of the scripture-history interspersed in the Egyptian, Chaldean, Phoenician, and Grecian history; and accounts for it hence, that the sacred books were not as yet translated into Greek or other languages, and consequently not known to the writers of those countries.

The first version of the Bible was that of

the Septuagint into Greek, in the time of Ptolemy Philadelphus; though some maintain

that the whole was not then translated, but only the Pentateuch; between which and the other books in the version called of the Seventy, the critics find a great diversity in point of style and expression, as well as with regard to

correctness.

Hebrew Bibles, are either manuscript or printed. The best manuscript Bibles are those copied by the Jews of Spain. Those copied by the Jews of Germany are less exact, but more cominon. The two kinds are easily distinguished from each other; the former being in beautiful characters, like the Hebrew Bibles of Bomberg, Stephens, and Platin; the latter in characters like those of Munster and Gryphius.

In the Dissertatio Generalis prefixed to Dr. Kennicot's Hebrew Bible, it is said, that the most ancient manuscripts were written between the years 900 and 1100: but though those that are the most ancient are not more than 800 or 900 years old, they were transcribed from others of a much more ancient date. The manuscript preserved in the Bodleian library is not less than 800 years old. Another manuscript, not less ancient, is preserved in the Cæsarean library at Vienna. The most ancient printed Hebrew Bibles are those published by the Jews of Italy, especially of Pesaro and Bresse. Those of Portugal also printed some parts of the Bible at Lisbon, before their expulsion. This may be observed in the general, that the best Hebrew Bibles are those printed under the inspection of the Jews; there being so many minutia to be observed, that it is scarcely possible for any other description of persons to succeed in it.

In the beginning of the 16th century Dan. Bomberg printed several Hebrew Bibles in folio and quarto, at Venice, most of which are esteemed both by the Jews and Christians: the first in 1517, which is the least exact, and generally goes by the name of Felix Pratensis, the person who revised it. This edition contains the Hebrew text, the targum, and the commentaries of several rabbins. In 1528 the same Bomberg printed the folio Bible of rabbi Benchajim, with his preface, the masoretical divisions, a preface of Aben Ezra, a double masora, and several various readings. The third edition was printed in 1618. From the former editions it was, that Buxtorf, the father, printed his rabbinical Hebrew Bible at Basil in 1618; which, though there are many faults in it, is more correct than any of the former. In 1623 appeared at Venice, a new edition of the rabbinical Bible by Leo of Modena, a rabbin of that city, who pretended to have corrected a great number of faults in the former edition; but, besides that it is much inferior to the other Hebrew Bibles of Venice, with regard to paper and print, it has passed through the hands of the inquisitors, who have altered inany passages.

With regard to Hebrew Bibles in 4to, that of R. Stephens is esteemed for the beauty of the characters; but it is very incorrect. Plantin also printed several beautiful Hebrew Bibles

at Antwerp: one, in eight columns, with a preface by Arias Montanus in 1571, which far exceeds the Complutensian in paper and print, and contents; this is called the Royal Bible, because it was printed at the expense of Philip II. of Spain: another at Geneva in 1619; besides many more of different sizes, with and without points. Manasseh Ben Israel, a learned Portuguese Jew, published two editions of the Hebrew Bible at Amsterdam; the one in 4to, in 1635; the other in 8vo, in 1639: the first has two columns, and for that reason is commodious for the reader. In 1639 R. Jac. Lombroso published a new edition in 4to, at Venice, with small literal notes at the bottom of each page, where he explains the Hebrew words by Spanish words. This Bible is much esteemed by the Jews at Constantinople: in the text they have distinguished between words where the point camets is to be read with a camets-katuph, that is by o, and not an a.

Of all the editions of the Hebrew Bible in 8vo, the most beautiful and correct are the two of Jo. Athias, a Jew of Amsterdam. The first, of 1661, is the best paper; but that of 1667 is the most exact: that, however, published since at Amsterdam by Vander Hooght, in 1705, is preferable to any of them.

After Athias, three Hebraizing Protestants engaged in revising and publishing the Hebrew Bible; viz. Clodius, Jablonski, and Opitius. Clodius's edition was published at Frankfort in 1677, in 4to. At the bottom of the page it has the various readings of the former editions; but the author does not appear sufficiently versed in the accenting, especially in the poetical books; besides, as it was not published under his eye, many faults have crept in. That of Jablonski, in 1699, in 4to, at Berlin, is very beautiful as to letter and print: but, though the editor pretends he made use of the editions of Athias and Clodius, some critics find it scarce in any thing different from the 4to edition of Bomberg. That of Opitius is also in 4to, at Keil, in 1709; the character is large and good, but the paper bad: it is done with a great deal of care; but the editor made use of no manuscripts but those of the German libraries; neglecting the French ones, which is an omission common to all three. They have this advantage, however, that besides the divisions used by the Jews, both general and particular, into paraskes and pesukim, they have also those of the Christians, or of the Latin Bibles, into chapters and verses; the keri ketib, or various readings, Latin summaries, &c., which made them of considerable use with respect to the Latin editions and the concordances.

The little Bible of R. Stephens in 16to, is very much prized for the beauty of the character in which it is printed. There is, however, another edition of Geneva exceedingly like it, excepting that the print is worse, and the text less correct. To these may be added some other Hebrew Bibles without points, in 8vo. and 24to, which are much coveted by the Jews; not that they are more exact, but more

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