The negroes' average shows the maximum pull to be 7.6 pounds, and the minimum 5.2 pounds, the difference being the rate of fatigue, which is small. The students' rate of fatigue is less than this, and the white criminals' slightly greater. There is one peculiarity of the criminals, and noticeably among the whites-that they exhausted their energy with a sharp pull, instead of pulling the scales regularly and easily. When the scales are sent up with a sudden jerk they cannot be held at that point as steadily. Untrained, uneducated persons perform much of their labor and enter into their recreations by these bursts of energy, instead of by constant, steady work.

A so-called quality test was given the negroes, similar to that in the Northern investigations; but it was a failure. This failure was the most significant result possible. The following words were chosen: principle, honor, truth, justice, right, ambition, courage, love, pride, purity, nobility, sympathy, friendship, virtue, sincerity, and patience. From this list they were asked to select five which they wished to possess for themselves or their friends. It was found that some of the words held no meaning for them, and they could not comprehend the meaning under the most patient explanation. Love, friendship, truth, sympathy, and sincerity they had some conception of; for purity, only the religious concept could be seen, not the personal one; principle and honor were recognized in only a few instances; justice had no meaning, except in relation to their crime and punishment, and they could only dimly apply it in their relations to one another. There were exceptions, but the understanding was so deficient that the results can only be used to show this. Among the white criminals one fact is significant-the extent to which the softer qualities, as love, friendship, purity, etc., are ruled out. Friendship, sympathy, and sincerity are at the bottom of the list; and in lives so ruled by competition, harshness, and deception this result is inevitable.

There were two tests made with the kymograph. This is an instrument having a base that contains a clock-work. To an upright arm is adjusted a brass drum, which is revolved by

the clock-work. Upon this drum is fastened a strip of smoked paper. As the drum revolves slowly the subject is required to hold a quill or fine brush, as steadily as possible, at arms' length. As the drum revolves a line is drawn which shows the steadiness of the subject. In most of the cases this line showed no neurotic conditions, but there were a few showing this condition. Wherever the subject was frightened she was given other trials, so that as nearly as possible this element was eliminated. From this and other observations, the tendency seems clear that criminal negro women are not neurotics to the extent which the white criminal women are.

The second test was that of the respiration. A small hollow drum, filled with rubber ends to which are fastened threads, is tied about the chest. To this is attached a rubber tube, which is fastened to a tambour upon a standard. The pointer of the tambour rests against the smoked paper, and is so arranged that when the subject breathes this pointer is moved up and down. As the drum does not remain stationary, the line has a wave-like form. So long as the spaces and height of the lines remain the same the breathing is normal. Now, the object is to determine the amount of emotional reaction to a given stimulus. A sheet of paper will hold from eight to ten of these curved lines. The subject is placed with her back to the instrument, and during the first time around is told to think of nothing. This is impossible, and is only designed to keep out disturbing elements, for the changes in thought change the breathing curve. During the second time around, a block is suddenly dropped back of the subject. This acts as a surprise, and the result is shown in the sharp rise in the curve and in its unsteadiness until the subject recovers her composure. The second stimulus is that for pain. This is given by sharply pricking the subject. The change here is usually a sharp depression, as where the breath is caught and held. In order to test the effect of odors, a bottle of perfume was held to the nostrils. The curve showed a deep and continued depression. The odor was pleasant, and they continued inhaling and were reluctant to exhale. With ammonia, the

result was the contrary. It was unpleasant, and the curve became almost a straight line, as the breath was held until the obnoxious odor was removed. A curve was also taken while the subject was reading to herself. This gives a good normal curve with which to compare variations, for the thought is centered upon a subject designed only to hold the attention but not to arouse intense thought.

Some changes in curves were obtained by suggestion and others by accident. In the former, for instance, while the line was being made, the suggestion was given that the subject think of those she loved or hated, and of her desire to get out of prison. In many cases she followed the suggestion, and marked changes resulted. A mirror held before her with the request that she look at herself brought good reactions, and when asked what she was thinking she gave answers such as: "If I was at home, I would primp;" "Am getting old and ugly." Vanity was the emotion touched here. Fear was secured in this way: Placing an ordinary steel tube against the temple, she was told it was electricity, and if she remained still it would not hurt her much. Fear is shown in two ways: by a straight line where the breath was held in apprehension, or by a jagged line when the subject became nervous. changes secured by accident were in this way: Sometimes the kymograph would run quietly for some time, and no stimulus was given. If there was a decided change in the curve, the instrument was stopped and the thought asked for. In many instances the subject gave a thought that seemed the true one. In other instances results were secured for which no questions were necessary. In this way curves were obtained while the subjects dropped asleep, or cried while I was talking about their release from prison-or sighed, coughed, or laughed. These were all spontaneous, and could not have been secured by request.

The

The results secured through the use of the kymograph simply demonstrate that there is the possibilty that the emotions can be pictured accurately, and that assertions regarding the comparative emotional life of criminals and normal individuals

can be based upon data other than the impressions of the observer.

The psychological tests suggest ways in which individuals and classes can be studied more accurately, and show that, while the criminal class is probably inferior to the educated class, the negro criminals fall so nearly within the same range that many theories of their limitations must have some doubt cast over them. The results of these tests are high or low, very much in proportion to the degree and kind of training and culture. There are not defects among the negroes which show idiocy or degeneracy so much as they show diverted and undeveloped capabilities. The perspective and range of ideas of the negroes are very narrow, as is also knowledge of the principle of adjustment to social forces; but nowhere do these results show that they have had either the length of time or opportunity required for these. The facility with which they comprehended what was required in the tests shows them to be capable of instruction.

The University of Chicago.

FRANCES A. KELLOR.

AN ARTIST WITH TWENTIETH CENTURY

IDEALS.
I.

"Art for art's sake may be very fine, but art for progress is finer still. To dream of castles in Spain is well; to dream of Utopia is better. Some pure lovers of art discard the formula, 'Art for Progress,' the Beautiful Useful, fearing lest the useful should deform the beautiful. They tremble to see the drudge's hand attached to the muse's arm. According to them the ideal may become perverted by too much contact with reality. They are solicitous for the sublime if it descends as far as to humanity. Ah! they are in error. The useful, far from circumscribing the sublime, enlarges it. Is Aurora less splendid, clad less in purple and emerald; suffers she any diminution of majesty and of radiant grace-because, foreseeing an insect's thirst, she carefully secretes in the flower the dewdrop needed by the bee?"-"WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE," by Victor Hugo.

HE needs of the people are greater and more complex to

day than at any previous period in history. A full stomach no longer suffices for the toiler. Thanks to the printing-press and the freedom inaugurated by the Reformation. and carried forward by the great revolutions of the last one hundred and twenty-five years, the millions now demand food for the imagination and for the intellect. The higher side of life must be ministered to-not of a life, not of the life of a class or of a privileged few, but of all the people.

In earlier periods the vast majority of all nations were pitifully ignorant. Their narrow little lives were lived out much as are those of the lower animals. The great masters in art, music, and literature were usually the pensioners of the Crown, of rich nobles, or of an opulent Church; but for the millions the rare pleasure that comes from an awakened imagination and a schooled brain was unknown. Now all is changed Education has become widely diffused throughout Western civilization. Contact with music, art, the drama, and literature has quickened the dull imagination of millions of toilers, who now hunger for more than bread; and with this broadening of the intellectual vision, this awakening of the soul, and this