is seated in front of this, and with a continuous free-arm swing from the shoulder is required to strike the center as nearly as she can. A pencil is held in the hand, and every time it strikes, it leaves its record in the form of a dot. The striking is done upon regular time, so that all subjects work at the same rate. Among the negroes, 45 per cent. made dots outside the inner circle, which was 3/4 of an inch in diameter. Both students and white criminals were more accurate than the negroes, although the individual blanks show that the white criminals are more nervous. Thus there were fewer dots outside the inner circle, but they were further from the center. To secure the contrast, a few dots were made with the subject's eyes closed. Some of these were without the outer circle of the target, which was seven inches in diameter, and none of them were within the inner circle. Both of these tests show that the criminals average below the normal; but that they can do as well and as poorly individually is indicated by the range.

The next test is perhaps the most interesting and certainly the most suggestive. This is called association of ideas. A word is given the subject and she is requested to write down whatever she thinks. Instead of writing the whole idea, she puts down one word for each idea, and her train of thought is then represented by a column of words, as "dog, cat, lawn, dark, rain, party, disagreeable," meaning that a dog suggested chasing a cat across the lawn; that cats howl at night, when it is dark; it rains when it is dark, and it is disagreeable going to a party in the rain. Here is a definite train of thought represented in a test of words. This test was the most difficult for the criminals to grasp, for they would put in such words as "of" and "the," or write sentences.

Three series of associations were given, the first for the purpose of determining the strength of the various sense organs in memory. Thus the subject closed her eyes and at a given signal a color was shown her. She wrote all the thought which followed that, starting with the idea of the color. One minute is allowed for each word, and the subject

can think of anything she chooses, whether connected with the word or idea given or not. For hearing, a whistle is blown, and she records her thought, starting with this idea; for taste, she is given a drop of quinine solution; for smell, camphor or perfume; for touch, a sharp pin prick. Starting with the idea of each of the sensations, the object is to see how long each persists. Each series of associations is carefully analyzed with the subject's aid, so that each idea is as clearly defined as possible. The results show that the visual persists the longest, the auditory second, tactual third, and gustatory and olfactory about the same. Thus, where a color was shown all the associations were of the eye, and rarely involved the others, as where all the other colors were named or where pictures were recalled of persons, places, or things.

The second series was given for the purpose of determining the rate and route of association and for the content of the mind. The rate of association shows the capacity for associative thought under a given stimulus in a given time. For this series the words marriage, religion, habit, value, and mind were used, and work and punishment were added, where the subject failed to associate with these. The meaning of the words must be within the grasp of the subject or no thought is aroused. The rate shows that the students' average is about ten associations per minute, the white criminals 5.2 and the negroes about 7.6 associations. reason why the white criminals' rate is so low is because of their difficulty in writing. Sometimes it was so slow and labored that only a few associations could be given. If the associations had been written by the experimenter as with the negroes, the two would not have been radically divergent in rate.

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Again, among the white criminals the workhouse class are more degenerate, physically, from excessive bad habits than are the penitentiary classes; and this lowers the rate. Among the negroes there are not the extreme and varied excesses found among the whites. On the whole, they are in better physical condition. Another reason why the negroes' rate

is high is because their associations are elementary. The better educated persons show more complex associations, as will be seen later.

One other reason for the difference in rate is that the deficient mental training of the criminals prevents concentration, and this is essential in association work. In subjects of low mental caliber and in feeble-minded persons the associations were broken, sometimes no link being found with preceding or succeeding words. The criminals, more than the students, suppress their thought, often unconsciously, for they are constantly on the defensive and suppress ideas that are immoral or detrimental to themselves. This was revealed in the analysis of the ideas.

The routes of the association are three. All the ideas may go back to the original word, as under habits, where all kinds are named. Thus the idea of "habit" is carried to the end; this is called reverting association. The second is where the original idea is completely lost, as in the following: color"blue, pretty, dress, baby, my own, wish to see." Here the idea of blue is lost entirely. This is progressive association, and is most common to the educated classes, as whole scenes are often presented. The third is a mixture of the two. Wherever criminals of good education have been tested, the tendency has been toward progressive and mixed associations.

The third and perhaps most important datum is the nature of the thought-mental and moral. On the mental side the following facts are revealed: the criminals' associations were almost invariably within their own experience or feeling. Among students and educated criminals there were associations of general knowledge, as books read, or of general facts. The range of ideas with the criminals was necessarily smaller, narrowing as the intelligence and education decreased. This is shown through the repetitions and elementary associations and through the breaks in the continuity of thought. This is also shown by the limited number of associations which they gave upon abstract words, such as value and mind. The spelling and chirography in the cases where they could write, and

the difficulty with which they made their meaning clear in the analysis, further revealed this. The conversations developed by this analysis, in which they were asked to tell their thoughts, gave much light upon the mental scope. This mental scope is more limited in the negro than in the white criminal.

The moral tone of the subject's thought is revealed chiefly through the associations upon marriage, religion, habits, and value. As most of the students were not married, the first word brought forth theoretical associations, as their ideas about it. The criminals showed clearly the nature of the domestic life. A few had been happy, but the words "fighting," "divorce," "unhappy," and "not marry again," occur very frequently. Religion secured some good results. Among the students there was often included the ethical side of religion, while the criminals confined their thought to the form. This was especially true of the white criminals. The following is an illustration: Students-"prayer, heaven, peace, contentment, happiness;" "beautiful, good, safe, nun." Criminals— "sacrament, singing, choir, organ;" "heaven, home, dress, holiday, good time." Among the negroes the expression is more emotional, as "shouting, preaching, get religion, hallelujah.” This favors the statement that criminals are often religious but not moral. Sometimes they would cry while giving their association, and then would pray for strength to "down" an enemy when they "got out." The associations show that their religion is a matter of the soul, and has but little application in improved daily living.

Under habits, the criminals almost always included the bad ones, and there were often whole lists made up of such words as lying, stealing, cheating, killing, snuff, whisky, etc. It was only occasionally that good habits were included, or formed a large part of the association. Value showed more of an economic condition. Some of the things named as valuable, by the criminal, other classes on a higher plane would not notice. They included groceries, articles of dress, furniture, small money, etc. Value in the abstract they did not give at all,

as cost, exchange, etc. Occasionally the value of friends, home, and similar things would be included; but most of the things were material and showed a very limited and simple economic sphere. Wherever well-educated criminals were secured and these were very few, being only three among the whites and one among the negroes-the associations showed clearly the educational and cultural forces mixed with the degraded and immoral.

The third series consisted of constrained association. All of the preceding have been free. Under the present series the subject is allowed to think upon only the subjects given. These were: "Name the kinds of birds you know," and "Give the causes of fire." The time limit and process were the same. For the students the rate is lower than for criminals, when compared with the rate of free associations. The criminals are imitative and think faster on a given subject. They seemed confused by the wide range of free association. Constrained association, by reason of the discrimination required, averaged less than the free. "Causes of fire" was more difficult than naming birds, and in all classes the rate is less in the latter test.

This brief outline of an elaborate test shows clearly the nature and value of the material that may be obtained firsthand from the individual's own thought process, and it throws light upon the actual mental and moral status. This test can be extended to cover many subjects and has been used in this investigation in a suggestive and by no means exhaustive way.

Fatigue tests are, perhaps, familiar to many, by reason of their use in public-school measurements. The method used in these tests is very simple. An ordinary pair of scales, used for weighing small packages, is suspended from a standard. The subject places her first finger upon the hook, the hand and arm resting upon the table. At a given signal she pulls as hard as she can, and then holds the hook as steadily as possible at that point for half a minute. The rate of decrease from the maximum pull shows the rate of fatigue.