of his fellow-man, no language yet invented can adequately express. A hundred years ago man was the slave of Nature and of man. He lived like one imprisoned in the midst of paradise-confined in a land filled with treasures and magic sources of delight, but with no instruments or knowledge to unlock the doors or move aside the heavy curtains of his cage, or open the treasure-houses fastened with Nature's secret combinations. But one great century has changed all this. To her favorite epoch Nature has revealed her cunning fastenings, so that curtain after curtain has been drawn, and many all-important doors and avenues, with teeming harvests, blossoming orchards, healing fountains, picture galleries, power plants, and treasure vaults are open to our use.

It is difficult even to imagine the difference of conditions now and in the early years of the century. Only an actual and sudden transfer in full maturity of faculty from one life to the other could give a really vivid sense of the change -a transition worthy the pen of a brilliant novelist, but far beyond the reach of common English. A Stevenson, a Howells, a Doyle, a Twain, or a Bellamy might do justice to the theme, but no mild scientific or historic sketch can give more than a faint conception of the marvelous transformation wrought by the intellectual and material development of the nineteenth century. Perhaps the nearest approach to a realization of the change without the novelist's aid may be attained by taking a list of all the inventions and discoveries--scientific, educational, moral, political, industrial, and social achievements of the century, and then devote a month or two to picturing in our thought with due intensity the condition of things if all these discoveries and achievements were swept into oblivion. Think what life would be without the railroad-only the stage-coach to carry our letters and ourselves across the country! Think of pulling oranges from Florida or California to Boston stores by team! Think of a city without a street-car or a bicycle, a cooking stove or a furnace, a gas jet or electric light, or even a kerosene lamp! Think of a land without photographs or photogravures,

Christmas cards or color prints! Think of striking a flint and steel, whenever you want a light, till a robust spark may condescend to touch the tinder and ignite it! A match that fails to light at the first or second stroke is a cause of profanity now-of what stern stuff was morality made in those old days of flint! No wonder Washington could not tell a lie, living in an age of stone, with little or nothing to lie about, and no sensational papers to corrupt his veracity and provoke the habit of deception by the daily impact of untruth'

How times have changed! Science and invention have harnessed steam and electricity to do the world's work and developed hundreds of utilities and comforts to deepen and broaden modern life. ( George Washington never rode in a trolley-car or even a horse-car, or talked through a telephone, or ate rolled oats, or saw a locomotive, or a steamboat, or an elevator, or an arc light, or a department store, or a pile driver, or an asphalt road, or a phonograph, or a moving picture, or even an inactive photograph. Ben Franklin, one of the wisest men of the olden time, wrote his letters with a quill and blew on the ink to dry it. He did not know enough to use a blotter, and never dreamed of a fountain pen or a typewriter, or even a pen of steel. He never rode a bicycle, or wore a pair of rubbers, or had his trousers made on a sewing-machine, or lit his candle with a match. He never heard of a bath-room or furnace or electric launch, or liquid air, or a barbed-wire fence, or smelled chloroform or listerine, or had a rebellious tooth pulled without pain by the aid of laughing gas or cocaine. Even Napoleon could not send a telegram or ship his troops by rail, or secure breech-loaders or smokeless powder or submarine ships, or take kodak views of his battles, or get a chromo for his greatest victory, or quell an insurrection in his appendix by having it cut out without danger from the nervous shock or from blood poisoning. Hundreds of thousands of lives could have been saved in Napoleon's wars if the use of anesthetics and antiseptics had been known-yes, millions if the anesthetics had been used at the proper time and in sufficient quantity on Bonaparte himself!)

The development of industrial power and time and labor saving machinery is one of the principal facts of the century. In raising wheat, from breaking the ground to sacking the grain, one hour with modern machinery will accomplish as much as twenty-two hours with the old-time plow, sickles, flails, etc. Four men with the aid of machinery can plant, raise, harvest, mill, and carry to market wheat enough to supply with bread one thousand people for a year. To shell 60 bushels of corn by hand takes 95 hours of labor time; with machinery 1 hour is enough. To make a plow by hand took 118 hours, with a labor cost of $5.34; with machinery now a plow is made in 334 hours, at a labor cost of 79 cents. To build a standard platform road-wagon with two movable seats and a leather dashboard takes 531⁄2 hours of labor time with machinery, against 2044 hours with the old hand tools, and the labor cost with machinery is $8.48 against $43.07 with hand work.

In sawing lumber by machinery, the saving of labor time is 375 to 1 and the saving of muscular exertion much greater still. One man with a double-surface planer will smooth as many boards in a day as 40 carpenters with hand planes. To make 2 hardwood bedsteads now takes 41 hours and 64 minutes, against 571 hours by hand, or 14 to 1 in favor of machinery. The labor cost by hand was $141.90 and by machinery $6.06. One woman with a sewing-machine can do as much as 12 to 20 women with needle and thread. The sewing of 100 yards of Wilton carpet takes. 14 hours by machinery and 27 hours by hand. The making of 100 lbs. of 6-oz. carpet tacks requires 8 hours to-day, against 810 with the old hand tools-100 to 1 in favor of modern methods. In the making of hammers a man can do as much in a day with machinery as in 14 days without it. By machinery now one man can make as many 4-penny steel cut nails in a day as 130 men could make in 1813 (23,000 nails in 2 hours, against 260 hours to make that many nails in the olden time). The making of a bar of soap in the early years of the century took twenty-fold the labor time that is required to-day. The labor cost of making 25,000 lbs. of laundry soap is $3.25 now, against $43.20 in former years. A McKay machine enables one workman to sole 300 to 600 pairs of shoes a day, while he could handle but five or six pairs in a day by former methods. The ruling of 100 reams of single-cap writing paper with faint lines on both sides required 4,800 hours with ruler and quill in 1819, while with the modern ruling machine the work is more accurately and uniformly done in 21⁄2 hours with full allowance for foreman's time, etc.-a ratio of 1,920 to 1 in favor of the modern method.

A good compositor will set 6 or 8 thousand ems in a ten-hour day by hand, while with a linotype he will set 50,000 to 70,000 ems in the same time. A modern printing-press with the help of 5 men will do the work of 3,000 to 4,000 persons. Franklin printed his paper on a little press with a big lever pulled down by hand for each impression, and making 60 or 70 impressions an hour. What would he think if he could see one of our giant steam cylinder presses printing, folding, cutting, pasting, and counting 70,000 or 80,000 papers an hour? Two persons with modern machinery print, fold, and gather the sheets for 1,000 pamphlets of 32 pages each in 7.6 minutes, while with a hand-press and bone folder 25 hours were needed-197 to 1 in favor of modern machinery. The total time consumed in making and printing the pamphlets was 21 times as great by former methods as at present. The labor cost of printing and binding 1,000 32-page pamphlets with the aid of modern machinery is 14 cents, against $7.10 by former methods.

To make 12 dozen pairs of trousers with machinery takes 148% hours of labor time, against 1,440 hours by hand, with labor costs of $24 and $72 respectively. For a dozen pairs of seamless half-hose, cotton, the labor cost is 9 cents with modern machinery, against $1.30 by former methods-with labor time 80 to 1 in favor of modern machinery. With the old spinning-wheel, one man could spin 5 hanks of No. 32 twist in a week; now 55,098 hanks are made in the same time-or 11,000 times as much for one man with the aid of two small boys. A girl in a cotton mill can turn out calico enough in a year to clothe 1,200 persons, more or less, depending somewhat on the size of the persons and the number of changes of cotton they have.

The railway, motor-car, bicycle, and automobile are fast relieving the horse of his ancient burdens and transforming him into a leisured aristocrat. A first-class locomotive will pull as much as 1,800 horses or 10,000 men, and a day of labor with the railway (ie., ten hours of labor for one man in connection with the railway service) will move as many tons of freight ten miles as 200 days with a two-horse wagon and driver. We cross the ocean in 5 days instead of 25 or 30, and go from Boston to San Francisco in less time than it took our great-great-grandfathers to go from Boston to Philadelphia. We travel a mile a minute in place of ten miles an hour, as in Franklin's day. The news from South Africa, China, and Europe is flashed round the world every day, so that our papers each morning print yesterday's news for the globe. When Washington died the fact was not known in Boston for two weeks after the event. In 1870, if A in New York wished to hold a conversation with B in Chicago, he must travel 800 miles to do it; now he can go to his telephone or round the corner to a public station and talk to B by electricity, which is able to fly many thousands of miles a second.

Illustrations of the enormous increase of power and saving of time and labor achieved in "The Wonderful Century" might be indefinitely extended. Further facts from the data accu

mulated by Carroll D. Wright, as Labor Commissioner for the United States, will be given in a later article on "Industrial Development." The total mechanical and horse power of the country is equal to the labor power of half a billion willing slaves, or an average of 20 to each human worker. Before the twentieth century ends we may have the equivalent of 50 or 60 slaves per man, or more than 100, perhaps, for every family. A family with 100 tireless slaves, or even the 30 or so we have on the average now, need not labor very hard, and if the benefits of power and mechanical development were fairly distributed among the people a few hours' easy work every day on the part of each able adult would enable all to live in comfort. If the principles of equality that have entered so strongly into political life in the nineteenth century, changing absolutism into constitutional government based on universal suffrage, should enter with equal strength into industrial life in the years to come, the result would be a far nobler civilization based on universal comfort-the principle of equality or copartnership, in unison with vast industrial power, labor-saving machinery, and thorough organization, would make this world a paradise in comparison with which old Eden would fade into insignificance. There were not people enough in Eden to make it interesting for any great length of time, and there were too many wild beasts in the immediate neighborhood. No chance to have a fine house. filled with beautiful pictures and handsome furniture, or to take a Pullman to Niagara or Yosemite, or to see Julia Marlowe, or Joe Jefferson, or Irving, or Sherlock Holmes. No chance to hear Sousa's band, or the Symphony Orchestra. No telegrams, telephones, phonographs, or biographs; no libraries or schools; not a single book or newspaper, nor even a chance to cook a decent meal of victuals; nothing but gooseberries, plums, and crab-apples that made the eater thereof desire to leave the premises. I would rather live in America now with all its imperfections than with Eve in the ancient garden; the means of life are greater, infinitely greater, and only their fair diffusion is needed to fill the world with happiness.