and skulls, pickled and salted, the monks kneel and lie prostrate, covered with filth and dust." The mystery of iniquity worked like leaven, and, to use the words of Coleridge, "the pastors of the church had gradually changed the life and light of the superstitions they were commissioned to disperse, and thus paganized Christianity in order to christen Paganism." Dr. Cumming remarks that "the great multitude consisted of embryo Papists; and what we call Puseyism in the nineteenth century was the predominating religion of the fourth." Milner says that, "while there was much outward religion, the true doctrine of justification was scarcely seen." All of this Dr. Duffield does not hesitate to affirm was the genuine offspring of the allegorical system and platonic philosophy of Origen, who made the church on earth the mystic kingdom of heaven. Vigilantius," says Elliot," remained true, and was the Protestant of his times;" but Jerome, remarks Dr. Cumming, "became utterly corrupted," and Augustine, as Elliott has shown, scarcely escaped the universal contagion. Eusebius said, "The church of the fourth century looked like the very image of the kingdom of Christ," but it was not the Millennium, as he dreamed, says Cumming, but the mystery of iniquity, ripening and maturing. It rapidly approached its predicted maturity, and Antichrist loomed into view.-Voice of the Church.

ISLAMISM AND ROMANISM.

ONE can scarce fail to be struck with the great appropriateness of the syrabols made use of in the book of the Apocalypse to represent the two leading superstitions of the modern world-Islamism and Romanism. The one is symbolized by "a smoke out of the pit, as the smoke of a great furnace ;" the other by a wild beast which rises out of the abyss, bearing on its form the unmistakable characters of ferocity and cruelty. In all their essential elements these two superstitions are alike, and hence a common origin is assigned them. Both ascend out of the abyss. Very much alike, too, as might have been inferred from the symbols by which they are foreshadowed, has been their action on the world. Both have operated injuriously; but each has operated after its own way. A smoke, especially if charged with mephitic or pestilential particles, will work as fearful havoc as the sword of war or the beast of prey; but its operation is more slow and gradual. The wild beast surprises his victim with a spring, and with overmastering violence rends him in pieces. With the indications of the inspired symbols agree most thoroughly the whole history of Islamism and Romanism. The former has been no such ferocious persecutor as the latter. It may have been as destructive within its own territory, but not nearly so much so beyond it. "The sun and the air were darkened by reason of the smoke of the pit." There ensued a thorough obfuscation of both the political and spiritual heavens. The faculties of men were benumbed and stupified. The great lights of religion, of science, of government, were barely visible through the thick haze; and at last they went out altogether, overwhelming the East in unnatural and portentous night. The green rust of ruin began to cover all things. And now, what, at this day, is the condition of this region of the world? The blighted earth, the mouldering cities, the livid face of man, bespeak a region long shut out from the wholesome air and light, and long exposed to the mephitic influence of "the smoke from the pit." It has been otherwise with Romanism, as its symbol indicated it should be. It burst upon the world like a wild beast, and its progress may be tracked by its ravages. In all periods of its existence it has been animated by an intensely bitter and bloodthirsty malignity, if we except a few brief intervals of dormancy, during which it has retired, like the gorged wolf, to its lair.-Hugh Miller.

PAUL AT SEA.

1. He did not go for pleasure, or for his health, or to make money. He went because he was sent. He appealed from an unjust condemnation to Caesar, and was sent a prisoner ocean-wise to Rome.

2. Heathenism paid his expenses. It is not often that a godly preacher gets transferred from one part of the field to another and a pagan treasury foots the bill.

3. Satan did himself a bad job by driving Paul into this voyage. He had a hand in it. He blew the bellows by which the first fires of persecution raged and drove Paul from Palestine. But this, so far from stopping the preacher's voice as Satan designed, only gave him a new and nobler field. Instead of blowing the gospel trumpet in the outskirts, he now went to blow it in the capital. And Satan's friends carried him for nothing.

4. Paul did good service at sea. He did not coil himself up in his berth and snooze away the voyage. Nor did he, as one in bonds, go fretting in discontent at his lot, setting everybody else a-grumbling. He was cheerful and full of animation, as a good man ought to be anywhere. He was handy as Jack himself when the sea called for him. Now he helps pitch the cargo of the labouring vessel into the sea, and now he makes all ring fore and aft with a voice that roused and encouraged the dispirited sailor, and now gives the captain a hint that saved the lives of all on board.

5. Paul took his religion with him to sea. Some leave theirs behind, and it is not heard of off soundings. But our voyager was not ashamed to have all know who was the God he served, giving thanks for the food provided, and praying for the welfare of all on board.

6. Paul had a taste of a shipwreck, but he went through its perils like a man of sense and a Christian man, and did more for the safety of all his shipmates than any and all others on board.

Paul on the land, or Paul on the sea, is a most noble specimen of a Christian man. Happy for land and sea when, upon both, the number of such men shall have been multiplied ten thousandfold.-Puritan Recorder.

THE ELEMENT OF COLOUR.

IN the one department, for instance, that of the beautiful,-the element of colour, though there are writers who deny the fact, forms a very important one. The common sense of mankind as certainly testifies that there is beauty in colour as that there is beauty in sound; and it no more militates against the existence of the one element that there are men who, though they see clearly, are affected by colour-blindness, than it does against the other element that there are men who, though they hear distinctly, have, in common language, "no ear," i. e. are musically deaf. Colour is an element of the beautiful; nay, its harmonies possess a curiously-constructed gamut, the integrity of which, unlike that of the musical one, can be scientifically demonstrated. Newton stated, among his many other hard sayings, that "light had sides," and for an age or two the philosophers failed to understand him. But he is understood now. Light is found to have both its sides and poles, and that, by turning it round, it may be untwisted, just as a cord may be untwisted by a similar process, and thus not only its general components seen, but also the particular strands ascertained that nature invariably twists together. And from the comparatively new ability of polarizing light has our knowledge of those invariable strands, or what are known as the complementary colours, arisen. We turn round the polarizing instrument,-a Nicol-prism, attached to our microscope, mayhap,- and see the crystal beneath changing colour from purple to yellow, or from red to green, or from blue to orange, always in a determinate order, shade always answering to shade, and each two complements merging where they unite,

exactly as the half-turn is completed, into that strange compound, white,—that apparent want of colour,-which is, in reality, only colour well mixed. And, after marking the wonderful harmony of this gamut of shade and hue noted down by the Lord of the Creation himself, we always feel inclined to look rather curiously at the men who affirm that there exists no such gamut. There are few more beautiful objects in nature than a siliceous petrifaction of wood when viewed under the polarizing prism and largely magnified. Each minute quartz crystal locked" up in the vegetable cells takes a different prismatic hue, which passes, as the instrument revolves, through all the comple mentary shades; and the effect of the whole is that of a finished piece of colour-music, played simultaneously in parts. Now, it is a curious fact that the colours of the richest flowers of our parterres and meadows are arranged on the principles of this complementary gamut; nay, that their very leaves and stems manifest the same harmony.-Hugh Miller.

THE GENTLEMAN AT CHURCH.

He may be known by the following marks:

1. Comes in good season, so as neither to interrupt the pastor nor congregation by a late arrival.

2. Does not stop upon the steps or in the portico, either to gape at the ladies, salute his friends, or display his colloquial powers.

3. Opens and shuts the door gently, and walks deliberately up the aisle or gallery-stairs, and gets to his seat as quietly, and by making as few people remove, as possible.

4. Takes his seat either in the back part of the pew, or steps out in the aisle when any one wishes to pass in, and never thinks of such a thing as making people crowd past him while keeping his place in the pew.

5. Is always attentive to strangers, and gives up his seat to such, seeking another for himself.

6. Never thinks of defiling the house of God with tobacco-spittle, or annoying those who sit near him by chewing that nauseous weed in church.

7. Never, unless in case of illness, gets up and goes out in time of service. But, if necessity compels him to do so, goes so quietly that his very manner is an apology for the act.

8. Does not engage in conversation before commencement of service.

9. Does not whisper, or laugh, or eat fruit, in the house of God, or lounge. 10. Does not rush out of church like a tramping horse the moment the benediction is pronounced, but retires slowly, in a noiseless, quiet manner. 11. Does all he can, by precept and example, to promote decorum in others. -Exchange Paper.

DR. DUFF'S FAREWELL TO SCOTLAND.

AND now, this my home-work being for the present finished, while exigencies of a peculiar kind appear to call me back again to the Indian field, I cheerfully obey the summons; and, despite its manifold ties and attractions, I now feel as if in fulness of heart I can say farewell to Scotland!-to Scotland, honoured by ancient memories and associations of undying glory and renown!-Scotland, on whose soil were fought some of the mightiest battles for civil and religious liberty!-Scotland, thou country and home of the bravest among undaunted Reformers!-Scotland, thou chosen abode and last restingplace of the ashes of most heroic and daring martyrs!-yet farewell, Scotland! Farewell to all that is in thee! Farewell, from peculiarity of natural temperament, I am prepared to say, Farewell ye mountains and hills, with your exhilarating breezes, where the soul has at times risen to the elevation of the

Rock of ages, and looked to the hill whence alone aid can come. Farewell, ye rivers and murmuring brooks, along whose shady banks it has often been my lot to roam, enjoying in your solitude the sweetest society! Farewell, ye rocky and rugged strands, where I have so often stood and gazed at the foaming billows as they dashed and surged everlastingly at your feet! Farewell, ye churches and halls throughout this land, where it has been so often my privilege to plead the cause of a perishing world; and where, in so doing, I have had such precious glimpses of the King in his beauty, wielding the sceptre of grace over awakened, quickened, and ransomed souls. Farewell, ye abodes of the righteous, whether manses or ordinary dwellings, in which this weary, pilgrimed body has often found sweet rest and shelter, and this wearied spirit the most genial Christian fellowship. Farewell, too, ye homes of earliest youth, linked to my soul by associations of endearment which time can never efface. Ay, and farewell, ye graves of my fathers, never likely to receive my mortal remains! And welcome, India! Welcome, India, with thy benighted, perishing millions; because, in the vision of faith, I see the renovating process that is to elevate them from the lowest depths of debasement and shame to the noblest heights of celestial glory. Welcome, you majestic hills, the loftiest on this our globe! for, though cold be your summits and clothed with the drapery of eternal winter, in the vision of faith I can go beyond and behold the mountain of the Lord's house established on the top of the mountains, with the innumerable multitudes of India's adoring worshippers joyously thronging towards it. Welcome, too, ye mighty, stupendous fabrics of a dark, lowering idolatry, because in the vision of faith I can see in your certain downfall, and in the beauteous temples of Christianity reared over your ruins, one of the mightiest monuments to the triumph and glory of our adored Immanuel! Welcome, too, thou majestic Ganges, in whose waters, through every age, such countless multitudes have been engulfed, in the vain hope of obtaining thereby a sure passport to immortality, because in the vision of faith I behold the myriads of thy deluded votaries forsaking thy turbid though sacred waters, and learning to wash their robes and make them white in the blood of the Lamb! Welcome--if the Lord so wills it-welcome, sooner or later, a quiet resting-place on thy sunny banks, amid the Hindu people, for whose deliverance from the tyrannic sway of the foulest and cruelest idolatries on earth I have groaned and travailed in soul-agony!

Fare ye well, then, reverend fathers and beloved brethren and sisters in the Lord,-fare ye well in time! fare ye well through all eternity! And, in the view of that bright and glorious eternity, welcome, thrice welcome, thou resurrection-morn, when the graves of every clime and of every age, from the time of righteous Abel down to the period of the last trumpet-sound, will give up their dead, and the ransomed myriads of the Lord, ascending on high, shall enter the mansions of glory-the palaces of light-in Immanuel's land; and there together, in indissoluble and blissful harmony, celebrate the jubilee of a once groaning but then renovated universe! Farewell! farewell!

THE SWORD AND THE PRESS.

THE following beautiful extract, illustrating in a powerful manner the advantages of printing to mankind, is from an essay by Thomas Carlyle, in the British Review, published nearly twenty years ago, when the somewhat noted writer clothed his ideas in plain English, and his works could be read without an insight into the mysteries of Transcendentalism :

"When Tamerlane had finished building his pyramid of seventy thousand human skulls, and was seen standing at the gate of Damascus, glittering in his steel, with his battleaxe on his shoulder, till his fierce hosts filed out to new victories and new carnage, the pale looker-on might have fancied that nature was in her death-throes; for havoc and despair had taken possession

of the earth; the sun of manhood seemed setting in a sea of blood. Yet it might be on that very gala-day of Tamerlane that a little boy was playing nine-pins in the streets of Mentz, whose history was more important than that of twenty Tamerlanes. The khan, with his shaggy demons of the wilderness, "passed away like a whirlwind," to be forgotten forever; and that German artisan has wrought a benefit which is yet immeasurably expanding itself, and will continue to expand itself, through all countries and all times. What are the conquests and the expeditions of the whole multitudes of captains, from Walter the Penniless to Napoleon Bonaparte, compared with those movable types of Faust? Truly, it is a mortifying thing for your conqueror to reflect how perishable is the metal with which he hammers with such violence; how the kind earth will soon shroud up his bloody footprints, and all that he achieved and skilfully piled together will be but like his own canvass city of a camp-this evening loud with life, to-morrow all struck and vanished

a few pits and heaps of straw.' For here, as always, it continues true that the deepest force is the stillest; that, as in the fable, the mild shining of the sun shall silently accomplish what the fierce blustering of the tempest in vain essayed. Above all, it is well ever to keep in mind that not by material but by moral power men and their actions are governed. How noiseless is thought! No rolling of drums, no tramp of squadrons, no immeasurable tumult of innumerable baggage-wagons, attend its movements. In what obscure and sequestered places may the head be meditating which is one day to be crowned with more than imperial authority! for kings and emperors will be among its ministering servants; it will rule not over, but in, all heads, and, with these solitary combinations of ideas and with magic formulas, bend the world to its will. The time may come when Napoleon himself will be better known for his laws than his battles, and the victory of Waterloo prove less momentous than the opening of the first Mechanics' Institute.

A SPIRITUAL MIND FROM GOD.

THE Spirit shall breathe on all thy powers, and thou shalt have a

SPIRITUAL MIND.

A PERCEPTION which shall perceive my glory in all things.

A CONCEPTION, So as to put all thy perceptions before thy mind, and conceive something of my wondrous greatness.

A MEMORY, to remember my daily mercies.

An IMAGINATION, to imagine "the height and depth, and length and breadth, of the love of Jesus."

A COMPARISON, that thou mayest compare the littleness of the world below with the vastness of the world above.

A JUDGMENT, to think of all thy actions, and judge whether they are right or wrong.

A REASON, which shall think of cause and effect, and tell thee that because of these wonderful works working together for good, there must be a Spirit of goodness, a great GOD. And, lastly,

A LANGUAGE, that, when thou art able to perceive, conceive, imagine, remember, compare, and understand these things, thou mayest tell them to all the world; singing, "Glory to God in the highest, peace on earth, good-will towards men."