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83 84

THE LOWELL MEMORIAL. With a portrait
NEW YORK LETTER. John D. Barry

NOTES AND QUERIES. 10

FOREIGN NOTES

NEWS AND NOTES

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED

THE KENTUCKIANS.*

All sorts of dangers, exposures, difficulties, hardships, disappointments, and trials were encountered in this novel expedition; nothing perhaps that was too much for a stout heart and a plucky purpose, but a good deal before which some adventurers would quail.

ure that remains a little etherial, but a sweet the book, the reproduction of old historic creation for all her vagueness. maps of the region, the between forty and Boone Stallard it is, certainly, for whose fifty excellent half-tones, and the seven sake this book was written. The other chapters of the narrative, present the subNo. 6 characters but serve to enlighten his. His ject to the reader's eye and understanding is the pioneer spirit. Striking out from his in a most effective way. poor, dim surroundings, he cuts a path toward the light for himself and for his people; and he partakes of the light, but 83 alone, for those who were born in it do not 83 know him, and his people tarry behind. It is the doing what lies before him for its own sake that carries him through and sustains him. In what he accomplishes he is unique rather than a type of the average Kentucky 85 mountaineer, but his characteristics are still those which possessed the old pioneer set86 tlers, and live muffled in their descendants 86 of the hills today - a type of the possibil-sides. If you get a blade between your hand ities, perhaps, which lie in these people. 86 They have need to be reached and understood, for remote as are their lives from the business of the world, they are an element in the life of Kentucky, and to be considered.

85

85

85

86

888

86

86

87

87

So much for the motive.

The author has really something to say, and says it simply and directly-on occagr sion, even powerfully. There are one or two passages descriptive of scenery, that

91

92

Take for instance the saw-grass:

This is a great barrier to Everglade travel; it pays better to go twenty-five miles around than formidable and so much to be dreaded is the half a mile through. What makes this grass so saw-like edge with which it is armed on three

jagged gash that takes long to heal. The nose and the pole, it will cut you to the bone, with a and face suffer much [p. 110].

Then there were mosquitoes, and such mosquitoes! Sha!l we say that you could hear them a mile away, or that their rapierlike thrusts were almost sufficient to sink a boat? There were crocodiles and alligators ad infinitum. There were moccasin snakes and all other kinds of snakes. There were suffering from hunger, and losing of the

91 are very pleasing, and of these we quote: way, and loneliness, and accidents, and mis-
A little stream of water tinkled down the rahaps innumerable. For example, just as
92 vine like a child prattling to itself, and tinkled Mr. Willoughby was once diving for a
drowsily on through dark shadows into the sun-
light. A bluebird fluttered across it, and high
above them a cardinal drew a sinuous line of
scarlet through the green gloom, and dropped
92 with a splutter of fire into a cool pool.

92

The illustrations, by W. T. Smedley, are as 93 good as any Mr. Smedley has done.

89

90

93

93

94

94

THE FLORIDA EVERGLADES.*

THE

sponge, his feet slipped on the deck of the boat; he struck bottom right where a sharp piece of coral was sticking up, and it cut half way through the bone of his nose as with the blow of a knife. This called for prompt and efficient surgery, which was performed under difficulties one hundred miles away from a doctor.

Thanks for every such book, which takes one away from the feverish and artificial society atmosphere of the great cities, and the hot-house stimulus of modern fiction, into the cool, fresh, exhilarating contact with nature in an out-of-the-way corner of the world, such as this personal narrative affords.

HE author of this book is an ex-LieuAll visitors to and residents of Florida, tenant of the Rhode Island Naval Re- all canoeists, all persons in love with the serve. He has been a student of two years Adirondacks and the Maine woods, all idlein the United States Naval War College. hour people, not to speak of boys of an The private expedition which this book re-intelligent and aggressive turn of mind, cords was undertaken in the interest of the will find Mr. Willoughby's book most enIT T is an interesting study in contrasts that University of Pennsylvania. The field of tertaining. one gets in John Fox's The Kentuckians. the expedition is that remote, untracked, virThe principal characters are three: the tually unknown expanse at the tip end of mountaineer, Boone Stallard, offset against Florida, "one hundred and thirty miles long the blue-grass Marshall and Anne Brue; and seventy miles wide, that is as much unthe one fighting to rise above the condi-known to the white man as the heart of tions of his home and breeding, the others Africa." products of generations of refinement and progress. Between the two men, representatives in the capital city of their respective sections of the State, there is the clash of aspiration with conservatism, the antagonism of the cultured to the uncouth, the strife growing quickly deeper till it reaches the bed-rock of character in each, till it uproots the divergent growths of many years, till it reveals the essential foundations to be identical. Anne Brue is the friend of each of the two men, the noble sympathizer with the mountaineer, Marshall's lode-star — a fig

This was the terra incognita which, in 1896, Mr. Willoughby determined to traverse, and in a book of a little less than two hundred pages he has given us the decidedly uncommon and striking story of his experiences. His march or voyage-was conducted from the West to the East by means of a sail-boat and canoe, and the details of it are presented in this volume with the minuteness of a daily journal, and the unsparing help of the portable camera. The sketch map folded in at the beginning of

*Across the Everglades. A Canoe Journey of Explor*The Kentuckians. By John Fox, Jr. Harper & Broth-ation. By Hugh L. Willoughby. Illustrated from Photoers. $1.25. graphs. J. P. Lippincott Co. $2.00.

formula which He had prescribed; possibly other things in connection with sacraments, as for instance the identification of the earliest eucharist with the agape.

writers.

the preface by explicitly warning the reader of the early believers, pastors of local of the "expansion" of the term "to cover churches, diocesan episcopacy developing creeds and doctrine, as well as organization later as an extension of this office, and not and ritual." The main divisions of the originating from localization of the apostowork are: Church organization, Catholic late. It would lead us too far to try to A topical table of contents precedes creeds and development of doctrine, Chris-show in what manner, in view of this hy- the text, and an alphabetical index foltian worship. Each has several chapters, pothesis of the expansion of the local pas- lows. There are many references to other with separate titles and brief topical index torate, he handles the Anglican theory that of contents at the head, by examining which diocesan episcopacy is shown even in the the reader can get a clear idea of the scope New Testament in the cases of Timothy and and the method of the treatise. Titus, and the clear presentation by St. Professor Allen has a pleasing style, as Ignatius, about the year 112, of the single nearly conversational, perhaps, as the na- bishop in a quite regal authority over surture of his subjects renders fit, dispassion- rounding presbyters, though both these ate in tone, and, in comparison with many topics are interestingly considered and of theological works, clear. There are through-importance in the dicussion. out wealth of material and fullness of treatment.

worship, displacing to some extent the
celebration of the eucharistic sacrament
from its position of chief honor.

In our consideration of the catholic creeds
it is a little curious to notice that all three
are inaccurately named, that called Nicene
especially. The history of the various
forms of the creed is interestingly traced.
Some fine and probably original thought
occurs in the presentation of the doctrine
of the threefold unity of God, as the key-
note of Christian faith, and as correspond-
ing to modes of thought in other religious
history.

Many of Professor Allen's views, and some of his historical interpretations, will meet with sharp dissent from representatives of opposing schools; but into their field of controversy it is no part of our present duty to enter.

HINDU MANNERS AND CUSTOMS.*
[The Abbé Dubois, the author of the French original of

this interesting and valuable work, died fifty years ago. He
was born in 1765. As a Christian missionary he labored
for more than thirty years in India. Little is known of his
life, except as the thoroughness of it, the devotion of it,
the scientific spirit and method of it, are seen through the
pages of these remarkable and fascinating volumes.
was ordained in 1792, at the age of twenty-seven, and left
France in the same year.

He

His first connection was with the Pondicherry Mission; then he was stationed in the Madras

Presidency; then, by invitation of Colonel Wellesley, afterward Duke of Wellington, he took up his residence at Mysore. He met the problem of the poverty of the people of small-pox by promoting vaccination. From the first he was a close observer of the people where he lived, and a keen student of their institutions. He says:

by founding agricultural colonies. He avoided epidemics

"During my long sojourn in India I never let slip any opportunity of collecting materials and particulars of all sorts. My information has been drawn partly from the books which are held in highest estimation among the people of India. . . . But in regard to the majority of the materials which I now offer to the public I am chiefly dependent on my own researches, having lived in close and familiar intercourse with persons of every class and condition of life." [p. xiii.]

The Abbé left India never to return in 1823, with his

passage paid home by the East India Company, and a special

pension settled on him for life in recognition of his distin

guished services in India. On returning to Paris he was at once made director of the Missions Etrangeres. From 1836 to 1839 he was its Superior, and in 1848 died at the patriarchal age of eighty-three.]

Much is said about monasticism. The most striking thoughts advanced may be On the earliest of the three chief divisions, that in the Roman obedience the monastic the constitution of the Christian ministry, orders have afforded liberty and scope for the abundant and impartial citation of an- individualism such as in Protestantism has cient Christian authorities seems likely at been reached by the formation of differing first reading to suggest the idea that the denominations, among which curious comform and mode of authorization of the parisons are suggested to some of the mediprimitive ministry cannot now be known æval religious orders most nearly like each —an idea strengthened by the diversity of in general spirit; that in monasteries the belief and practice as to church government presbyterate, as represented in the abbot, among modern Christians. Closer consid- has been exalted, while in the general or eration may, however, substitute for this so-called secular Church the episcopate, this the thought that perhaps the ancient Church characteristic probably having had its effect had elements of various modern systems. on the non-episcopal organization of much This conception, if it should become gen- of Protestantism; as have also the services erally adopted, would offer encouragement of the monastic hours upon its modes of to a scheme for Church unity based on some combination of the three forms that embrace so large a part of the world, the Episcopal, the Presbyterian, and the Independent. Our author's conclusion from the testimony adduced may be said to be that in the Church of New Testament times and a very few years following there were two kinds of ministry: first, the itinerating, consisting of apostles, prophets, and teachers; second, the settled or local, consisting of bishops, presbyters, and deacons. Dissenting from the celebrated saying of St. Jerome, to which he often refers, alleging the original equality of bishops and presbyters, he The doctrine of the atonement is treated, holds that the two offices were never the as are the other topics, historically; this same; and for this dissent he gives his part of the work being from its abstruse reasons: the bishops, however, having been nature, perhaps, the hardest to follow. chosen from the presbyters, and the latter The chapter on "The Person of Christ " title-partly from its application, according-viewed especially as teacher with His to derivation, to elderly men-being es- wonderful insight into character and beautiteemed quite as honorable. The bishop's ful presentation of love-constitutes, perearliest functions he holds to have been haps, the most eloquent writing in the direction of public worship, especially pre- book. siding at the holy eucharist, and financial The third division, on the sacraments, as management, in which last duty they were expressive of the consecration of matter, assisted by the deacons, whence the asso- with prescribed form, to convey divine ciation in the New Testament of the names grace or influence, and on the correspondbishops and deacons; the presbyters' earli- ing consecration of time in the Christian est functions to have been witnessing to the week and year, traces the history of these faith, in times before collection of the writ- subjects somewhat particularly. Some poten canon of the Christian Holy Scriptures, sitions taken are open to controversy: notand instruction of the young. With Pres- ably the supposition that baptism "in the byterians he holds that bishops were pri- name of the Lord Jesus" was by invocation marily, and indeed for several generations of this name only, and not in the threefold $6.50.

THE

HE two volumes of the Abbé Dubois's work on Hindu Manners, Customs, and Ceremonies accumulate an immense mass of information of the most interesting and valuable character with regard to the inner life of India. The Biographical Note prefixed to this article has acquainted the reader with the outlines of the picturesque personality of its author, and conveyed to him some definite idea of the scope of its materials and the method by which they have been brought together. A portrait hangs in the library of the Madras Literary Society and a striking portrait it is — in a conspicuous position above one of the doorways.

This portrait at a distance one takes to be that of some Hindu, clothed in white, wearing a white turban, and holding in one hand the bamboo staff that tradition assigns to a Hindu

*Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies. By the

Abbé J. A. Dubois. Translated from the author's French
MS. and edited by Henry K. Beauchamp. 2 vols. Ox-

ford: The Clarendon Press. London: Henry Frowde.

pilgrim. A closer inspection, however, shows and simplicity seems to be here revealed in those lands before and after that time were that in reality it is the portrait of a European, its finest degree. albeit the face is so tanned, and so furrowed with the lines of age and thought, that the first impression that one receives of it is not easily dispelled. It is a face that literally speaks to you from the canvas. The broad forehead, the well-shaped but somewhat prominent nose, the firm but kindly mouth, and, above all, the marvelously intelligent eyes, all bespeak a man of no common mold.” (p. ix.]

RECENT WORKS ON AMERICAN
HISTORY.

Nullification and Secession in the
United States.

The book

secured to the United States is told with fullness of detail. Dr. Winsor begins by tracing the Property Line, by which the seaboard asserted its right; takes up the Settlement of the American Bottom; sets before us in glowing language Daniel Boone; and discusses at length the Quebec Bill, which granted territorial expansion to Quebec and concessions to French The original manuscript of this work has Of many volumes lately issued which lead Catholics; the occupancy of lands south of the had a remarkable history, which is recounted towards a better understanding of the South, Ohio; the diplomacy of Hamilton; the "sinister this by Edward Payson Powell stands foremost. purposes" of France; the final occupation of by its translator and editor. It was first brought to the attention of the East India broad lines. Nullification and secession are but treaties; Spain's dilemma at the South; Jay's He has conceived and executed his purpose on the Northwest; the slavery clause; St. Clair's Company in 1806, and purchased by Lord expressions of individualism out of which was treaty, by which England gave up the Lake William Bentinck, then at Madras, for a born the United States, when the Huguenots posts; and Pinckney's treaty, that assured the sum equivalent to 8,000 rupees. In 1807 it came to the South and the Puritans to the navigation of the Mississippi to both Spain and was transmitted to London, and in 1816 an North. Six times, as Mr. Powell shows, nullifi. America, the former country being compelled English translation was actually published cation has been attempted in the United States: to vacate all her ports in the United States. In under the auspices of the East India Com- (1) the nullification resolutions of 1798, by which the use of clear, forcible English Dr. Winsor pany. After this, the original manuscript, the the States asserted that violations of the consti- has no superior; but it is to be regretted that, sense of whose value seemed constantly to tution, as in the Alien and Sedition laws, should though his paragraphs are frequent, there are increase, was sent back to the Abbé for ad- be disregarded, for the Federal party was then no marginal summaries of them. ditions and corrections, the sum of which in supremacy; (2) the plot for a Northern Con- calls for close reading and an amount of previamounted to almost a complete reconstruc-federacy in 1803-4; (3) Burr's attempt at cleav-ous knowledge which will not render it popular. ing the Union in the Southwest; (4) the New But it is so invaluable that it is probable he has England Nullification in 1812-14; (5) South written the final words about this "movement." Carolina Nullification in 1832; and (6) Seces- [Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $4.00.] sion in 1861. These ventures are fully traced, A Student's History of the United States. the appendices to each chapter giving historical Few books show so plainly as this the modern letters and documents Mr. Powell is somewhat spirit in teaching. Edward Channing, Professor too severe on Jay's treaty, as he is too eulogistic of History in Harvard University, whose United on the Treaty of Ghent. His characterizations States of America, 1896, was imbued with the of men are brilliant and epigrammatic; Pickering philosophy of history, now appears as a pedis the " meanest man in American history, save agogue, giving a list of books for consultation: one." In speaking of Burr and Hamilton he Special Accounts, paragraphs on Sources, Spesays: "Not in his case only has a shot killed a cific References, Illustrative Material, and Sugman to create a saint." In the final chapter the gestive Questions and Topics. The first chapauthor deplores present tendencies to centraliza-ter treats entertainingly of the "Land and its Retion and selfish interest. Education, electricity sources." Then the reader plunges into a mass (as the motor power by which peoples can be of concise statements, cause and effect following scattered and yet return to the business center in a network of relationship. It is an open quesof a city), with apparently considerable State tion whether or not so many leading strings desocialism, will bring out the "heroic and al-velop tenacity of purpose, though they certainly truistic in our national temperament." Though aid mental mediocrity into higher intelligence. liberty and State individualism are still pitted On the other hand, much of the work laid out against each other, he has faith in our ultimate is beyond the possibility of attempt in either ability as a country to adjust ourselves to social high or normal schools. Yet as a summary of progress. Curiously enough was Mr. Powell led to write this book, by a discussion concerning secession between him and Dr. Cave when they chanced to meet during the Liberal Congress in Chicago in 1894. [G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2.00.]

tion of the whole. It was practically a different work altogether which the author returned to the Government of Madras. The old original English edition, based upon the first draft of the manuscript, was republished some thirty years ago. But it is a verbatim translation of the later, en

larged, and corrected version of the manuscript which is now presented by Mr. Beauchamp, with his own notes and additions.

As he says,

With any other people than the Hindus such a work would soon grow out of date; but with are followed nowadays that were followed hundreds of years ago, at least by the vast majority of the population.

them the same ancestral conditions and customs

And we can well assent to the editor's judgment that the Abbé's work is as valuable today as it ever was, in some respects

even more so.

The Westward Movement.

The work has this outward peculiarity, that the paging is consecutive through the first and the second volumes. After a prefatory note by Max Müller, and an editor's preface, the text proper begins with an author's preface, after which the mass of the work follows in three grand divisions. This ponderous volume, sad to say, is the last Part I presents a general view of society in the public can ever receive from the late Justin India, with details concerning all classes of Winsor, Harvard's librarian, one of America's inhabitants, with special attention to the best scholars, and as knightly a gentleman as caste system. This takes thirty-six chap-ever lived. No more fitting monument to his ters. The second part, also in thirty-six critical, impartial spirit, his extreme accuracy, chapters, is devoted exclusively to the Brah- generous breadth of mind and purpose, and mins, their tenets, traditions, customs, and tireless patience could be erected than the other peculiarities. Part III, which is series of works he has left concerning the limited to nine chapters, relates to the geographical relations of this country to hisgeneral subject of the religions of India. tory, from its discovery till the beginning of this There are six appendices on special points century, this being the last in the series. Dr.

of interest for the student of racial characteristics.

what should be done Dr. Channing's volume takes high rank. Most of the volume is devoted to the period since 1783, and relates chiefly to the victories of peace. Admirable pages, by Anna Boynton Thompson of Thayer Academy, of Suggestions to Teachers, precede the body of the book, in which she emphasizes the need of "fluent recitations" of notebook work and daily review of the "perspective of history." [The Macmillan Co. $1.40.]

A School History of the United States. United States histories are as numerous as tales of colonial fiction, and most of them as needless. But an exception should be made as regards this text-book by John Bach McMaster, which presumably is for high schools. illustrations, colored maps, diagrams, and tables included in it are almost as fresh in treatment

The

of their subjects as in the text itself, which is remarkable for clearness and condensation. Causes and results rather than single events and battles are noted, as the author aims to present social, industrial, and economic problems. Chapters on the economic struggle and the How statistics since 1880 are especially good. Yet it

Winsor shows how the sea-to-sea charters had never fulfilled their unknown extent, and how the Appalachian East had craved the wilder The work is published with all the out- lands of the then West, to be rescued from both ward distinction and beauty that charac- Crown and Indian. From this spirit of longing terize the products of the Clarendon Press. after possession rose the indignant patriotism The combination of typographical elegance which culminated in the Revolution.