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83 84

All sorts of dangers, exposures, difficulties, hardships, disappointments, and trials were encountered in this novel expedition; nothing perhaps that was too much for a stout heart and a plucky purpose, but a good deal before which some adventurers would quail.

ure that remains a little etherial, but a sweet the book, the reproduction of old historic creation for all her vagueness. maps of the region, the between forty and Boone Stallard it is, certainly, for whose fifty excellent half-tones, and the seven sake this book was written. The other chapters of the narrative, present the subNo. 6 characters but serve to enlighten his. His ject to the reader's eye and understanding is the pioneer spirit. Striking out from his in a most effective way. poor, dim surroundings, he cuts a path toward the light for himself and for his people; and he partakes of the light, but 83 alone, for those who were born in it do not 83 know him, and his people tarry behind. It is the doing what lies before him for its own sake that carries him through and sustains him. In what he accomplishes he is unique rather than a type of the average Kentucky 85 mountaineer, but his characteristics are still those which possessed the old pioneer set86 tlers, and live muffled in their descendants 86 of the hills today—a type of the possibilities, perhaps, which lie in these people. 86 They have need to be reached and understood, for remote as are their lives from the business of the world, they are an element in the life of Kentucky, and to be considered. So much for the motive.

85

85

85

86

86

86

87

Take for instance the saw-grass:

This is a great barrier to Everglade travel; it pays better to go twenty-five miles around than half a mile through. What makes this grass so formidable and so much to be dreaded is the saw-like edge with which it is armed on three sides. If you get a blade between your hand jagged gash that takes long to heal. The nose and the pole, it will cut you to the bone, with a and face suffer much [p. 110].

Then there were mosquitoes, and such mosquitoes! Shall we say that you could hear them a mile away, or that their rapierlike thrusts were almost sufficient to sink a boat? There were crocodiles and alligators ad infinitum. There were moccasin snakes and all other kinds of snakes. There were suffering from hunger, and losing of the

91 are very pleasing, and of these we quote: way, and loneliness, and accidents, and mis

91

92

A little stream of water tinkled down the rahaps innumerable. For example, just as 92 vine like a child prattling to itself, and tinkled Mr. Willoughby was once diving for a drowsily on through dark shadows into the sunlight. A bluebird fluttered across it, and high above them a cardinal drew a sinuous line of scarlet through the green gloom, and dropped 92 with a splutter of fire into a cool pool.

92

MISCELLANY

The illustrations, by W. T. Smedley, are as good as any Mr. Smedley has done.

THE FLORIDA EVERGLADES.*

THE

HE author of this book is an ex-Lieutenant of the Rhode Island Naval Reserve. He has been a student of two years in the United States Naval War College. The private expedition which this book records was undertaken in the interest of the is an interesting study in contrasts that University of Pennsylvania. The field of one gets in John Fox's The Kentuckians. the expedition is that remote, untracked, virThe principal characters are three: the tually unknown expanse at the tip end of mountaineer, Boone Stallard, offset against Florida, "one hundred and thirty miles long the blue-grass Marshall and Anne Brue; and seventy miles wide, that is as much unthe one fighting to rise above the condi- known to the white man as the heart of tions of his home and breeding, the others Africa." products of generations of refinement and progress. Between the two men, representatives in the capital city of their respective sections of the State, there is the clash of aspiration with conservatism, the antagonism of the cultured to the uncouth, the strife growing quickly deeper till it reaches the bed-rock of character in each, till it uproots the divergent growths of many years, till it reveals the essential foundations to be identical. Anne Brue is the friend of each of the two men, the noble sympathizer with the mountaineer, Marshall's lode-star

This was the terra incognita which, in 1896, Mr. Willoughby determined to traverse, and in a book of a little less than two hundred pages he has given us the decidedly uncommon and striking story of his experior voyage. -was conducted from the West to the East by means of a sail-boat and canoe, and the details of it are presented in this volume with the minuteness of a daily journal, and the unsparing help of the portable camera. The sketch map folded in at the beginning of

Across the Everglades. A Canoe Journey of Explor*The Kentuckians. By John Fox, Jr. Harper & Broth-ation. By Hugh L. Willoughby. Illustrated from Photoers. $1.25. graphs. J. P. Lippincott Co. $2.00.

sponge, his feet slipped on the deck of the boat; he struck bottom right where a sharp piece of coral was sticking up, and it cut half way through the bone of his nose as with the blow of a knife. This called for prompt and efficient surgery, which was performed under difficulties one hundred miles away from a doctor.

All visitors to and residents of Florida, all canoeists, all persons in love with the Adirondacks and the Maine woods, all idlehour people, not to speak of boys of an intelligent and aggressive turn of mind, will find Mr. Willoughby's book most entertaining.

Thanks for every such book, which takes one away from the feverish and artificial society atmosphere of the great cities, and the hot-house stimulus of modern fiction, into the cool, fresh, exhilarating contact with nature in an out-of-the-way corner of the world, such as this personal narrative

the preface by explicitly warning the reader of the early believers, pastors of local
of the "expansion" of the term "to cover churches, diocesan episcopacy developing
creeds and doctrine, as well as organization later as an extension of this office, and not
and ritual." The main divisions of the originating from localization of the aposto-
work are: Church organization, Catholic late. It would lead us too far to try to
creeds and development of doctrine, Chris- show in what manner, in view of this hy-
tian worship. Each has several chapters, pothesis of the expansion of the local pas-
with separate titles and brief topical index torate, he handles the Anglican theory that
of contents at the head, by examining which diocesan episcopacy is shown even in the
the reader can get a clear idea of the scope New Testament in the cases of Timothy and
and the method of the treatise.
Titus, and the clear presentation by St.
Professor Allen has a pleasing style, as Ignatius, about the year 112, of the single
nearly conversational, perhaps, as the na- bishop in a quite regal authority over sur-
ture of his subjects renders fit, dispassion- rounding presbyters, though both these
ate in tone, and, in comparison with many topics are interestingly considered and of
theological works, clear. There are through-importance in the dicussion.
out wealth of material and fullness of treat-
ment.

Much is said about monasticism. The
most striking thoughts advanced may be
On the earliest of the three chief divisions, that in the Roman obedience the monastic
the constitution of the Christian ministry, orders have afforded liberty and scope for
the abundant and impartial citation of an individualism such as in Protestantism has
cient Christian authorities seems likely at been reached by the formation of differing
first reading to suggest the idea that the denominations, among which curious com-
form and mode of authorization of the parisons are suggested to some of the medi-
primitive ministry cannot now be known æval religious orders most nearly like each
an idea strengthened by the diversity of in general spirit; that in monasteries the
belief and practice as to church government presbyterate, as represented in the abbot,
among modern Christians. Closer consid-
eration may, however, substitute for this
the thought that perhaps the ancient Church
had elements of various modern systems.
This conception, if it should become gen-
erally adopted, would offer encouragement
to a scheme for Church unity based on
some combination of the three forms that
embrace so large a part of the world, the
Episcopal, the Presbyterian, and the Inde- In our consideration of the catholic creeds
pendent. Our author's conclusion from the it is a little curious to notice that all three
testimony adduced may be said to be that are inaccurately named, that called Nicene
in the Church of New Testament times and especially. The history of the various
a very few years following there were two forms of the creed is interestingly traced.
kinds of ministry: first, the itinerating, con- Some fine and probably original thought
sisting of apostles, prophets, and teachers; occurs in the presentation of the doctrine
second, the settled or local, consisting of of the threefold unity of God, as the key-

has been exalted, while in the general or
so-called secular Church the episcopate, this
characteristic probably having had its effect
on the non-episcopal organization of much
of Protestantism; as have also the services
of the monastic hours upon its modes of
worship, displacing to
extent the
celebration of the eucharistic sacrament
from its position of chief honor.

some

HINDU MANNERS AND CUSTOMS.*
[The Abbé Dubois, the author of the French original of

He

this interesting and valuable work, died fifty years ago. He
was born in 1765. As a Christian missionary he labored
for more than thirty years in India. Little is known of his
life, except as the thoroughness of it, the devotion of it,
the scientific spirit and method of it, are seen through the
pages of these remarkable and fascinating volumes.
was ordained in 1792, at the age of twenty-seven, and left
France in the same year. His first connection was with the
Pondicherry, Mission; then he was stationed in the Madras
Presidency; then, by invitation of Colonel Wellesley, after-
ward Duke of Wellington, he took up his residence at
Mysore. He met the problem of the poverty of the people
of small-pox by promoting vaccination. From the first he
was a close observer of the people where he lived, and a
keen student of their institutions. He says:

by founding agricultural colonies. He avoided epidemics

"During my long sojourn in India I never let slip any opportunity of collecting materials and particulars of all sorts. My information has been drawn partly from the books which are held in highest estimation among the people of India. But in regard to the majority of the materials which I now offer to the public I am chiefly dependent on my own researches, having lived in close and familiar intercourse with persons of every class and condition of life." [p. xiii.]

The Abbé left India never to return in 1823, with his

passage paid home by the East India Company, and a special

pension settled on him for life in recognition of his distin

guished services in India. On returning to Paris he was at once made director of the Missions Etrangeres. From 1836 to 1839 he was its Superior, and in 1848 died at the patriarchal age of eighty-three.]

THE

HE two volumes of the Abbé Dubois's work on Hindu Manners, Customs, and Ceremonies accumulate an immense mass of information of the most interesting and valuable character with regard to the inner life of India. The Biographical Note prefixed to this article has acquainted the reader with the outlines of the picturesque personality of its author, and conveyed to him some definite idea of the scope of its materials and the method by which they have been brought together. A portrait hangs in the library of the Madras Literary Society and a striking portrait it is — in a conspicuous position above one of the doorways.

bishops, presbyters, and deacons. Dissent-note of Christian faith, and as correspond. ing from the celebrated saying of St. Jerome, ing to modes of thought in other religious to which he often refers, alleging the orig-history. inal equality of bishops and presbyters, he The doctrine of the atonement is treated, holds that the two offices were never the as are the other topics, historically; this same; and for this dissent he gives his part of the work being from its abstruse reasons: the bishops, however, having been nature, perhaps, the hardest to follow. chosen from the presbyters, and the latter The chapter on "The Person of Christ" title partly from its application, according - viewed especially as teacher with His to derivation, to elderly men-being es- wonderful insight into character and beautiteemed quite as honorable. The bishop's ful presentation of love-constitutes, perearliest functions he holds to have been haps, the most eloquent writing in the direction of public worship, especially pre-book. siding at the holy eucharist, and financial The third division, on the sacraments, as management, in which last duty they were expressive of the consecration of matter, assisted by the deacons, whence the asso- with prescribed form, to convey divine ciation in the New Testament of the names grace or influence, and on the correspondbishops and deacons; the presbyters' earli- ing consecration of time in the Christian est functions to have been witnessing to the week and year, traces the history of these faith, in times before collection of the writ- subjects somewhat particularly. Some poten canon of the Christian Holy Scriptures, sitions taken are open to controversy: notand instruction of the young. With Pres- ably the supposition that baptism "in the Abbé J. A. Dubois. Translated from the author's French MS. and edited by Henry K. Beauchamp. 2 vols. Oxbyterians he holds that bishops were pri- name of the Lord Jesus" was by invocation ford: The Clarendon Press. London: Henry Frowde. marily, and indeed for several generations of this name only, and not in the threefold | $6.50.

that of some Hindu, clothed in white, wearing This portrait at a distance one takes to be a white turban, and holding in one hand the bamboo staff that tradition assigns to a Hindu

* Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies. By the

pilgrim. A closer inspection, however, shows and simplicity seems to be here revealed in those lands before and after that time were that in reality it is the portrait of a European, its finest degree.

albeit the face is so tanned, and so furrowed with the lines of age and thought, that the first impression that one receives of it is not easily dispelled. It is a face that literally speaks to you from the canvas. The broad forehead, the well-shaped but somewhat prominent nose, the firm but kindly mouth, and, above all, the marvelously intelligent eyes, all bespeak a man of no common mold." [p. ix.]

ferent work altogether which the author returned to the Government of Madras. The old original English edition, based upon the first draft of the manuscript, was republished some thirty years ago. But it is a verbatim translation of the later, en

RECENT WORKS ON AMERICAN
HISTORY.

Nullification and Secession in the
United States.

secured to the United States is told with full-
ness of detail. Dr. Winsor begins by tracing
the Property Line, by which the seaboard as-
serted its right; takes up the Settlement of the
American Bottom; sets before us in glowing
language Daniel Boone; and discusses at length
the Quebec Bill, which granted territorial ex-
pansion to Quebec and concessions to French
Catholics; the occupancy of lands south of the
Ohio; the diplomacy of Hamilton; the "sinister
purposes" of France; the final occupation of
treaties; Spain's dilemma at the South; Jay's
the Northwest; the slavery clause; St. Clair's
treaty, by which England gave up the Lake
posts; and Pinckney's treaty, that assured the
navigation of the Mississippi to both Spain and
America, the former country being compelled
to vacate all her ports in the United States. In
the use of clear, forcible English Dr. Winsor
has no superior; but it is to be regretted that,
though his paragraphs are frequent, there are
no marginal summaries of them.
calls for close reading and an amount of previ-
ous knowledge which will not render it popular.

The book

But it is so invaluable that it is probable he has
written the final words about this "movement."
[Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $4.00.]
A Student's History of the United States.

The original manuscript of this work has Of many volumes lately issued which lead had a remarkable history, which is recounted towards a better understanding of the South, this by Edward Payson Powell stands foremost. by its translator and editor. It was first brought to the attention of the East India broad lines. Nullification and secession are but He has conceived and executed his purpose on Company in 1806, and purchased by Lord expressions of individualism out of which was William Bentinck, then at Madras, for a born the United States, when the Huguenots sum equivalent to 8,000 rupees. In 1807 it came to the South and the Puritans to the was transmitted to London, and in 1816 an North. Six times, as Mr. Powell shows, nullifi. English translation was actually published cation has been attempted in the United States: under the auspices of the East India Com- (1) the nullification resolutions of 1798, by which pany. After this, the original manuscript, the the States asserted that violations of the constisense of whose value seemed constantly to tution, as in the Alien and Sedition laws, should increase, was sent back to the Abbé for ad- be disregarded, for the Federal party was then ditions and corrections, the sum of which in supremacy; (2) the plot for a Northern Conamounted to almost a complete reconstruc-federacy in 1803-4; (3) Burr's attempt at cleav tion of the whole. It was practically a dif- ing the Union in the Southwest; (4) the New England Nullification in 1812-14; (5) South Carolina Nullification in 1832; and (6) Secession in 1861. These ventures are fully traced, the appendices to each chapter giving historical Few books show so plainly as this the modern letters and documents Mr. Powell is somewhat spirit in teaching. Edward Channing, Professor too severe on Jay's treaty, as he is too eulogistic of History in Harvard University, whose United on the Treaty of Ghent. His characterizations States of America, 1896, was imbued with the of men are brilliant and epigrammatic; Pickering philosophy of history, now appears as a pedis the "meanest man in American history, save agogue, giving a list of books for consultation: one." In speaking of Burr and Hamilton he Special Accounts, paragraphs on Sources, Spesays: "Not in his case only has a shot killed a cific References, Illustrative Material, and Sugman to create a saint." In the final chapter the gestive Questions and Topics. The first chapauthor deplores present tendencies to centralizater treats entertainingly of the "Land and its Retion and selfish interest. Education, electricity sources. Then the reader plunges into a mass (as the motor power by which peoples can be of concise statements, cause and effect following scattered and yet return to the business center in a network of relationship. It is an open quesof a city), with apparently considerable State tion whether or not so many leading strings desocialism, will bring out the "heroic and al-velop tenacity of purpose, though they certainly truistic in our national temperament." Though aid mental mediocrity into higher intelligence. liberty and State individualism are still pitted On the other hand, much of the work laid out against each other, he has faith in our ultimate is beyond the possibility of attempt in either ability as a country to adjust ourselves to social progress. Curiously enough was Mr. Powell led to write this book, by a discussion concerning secession between him and Dr. Cave when they chanced to meet during the Liberal Congress in Chicago in 1894. [G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2.00.]

larged, and corrected version of the manuscript which is now presented by Mr. Beauchamp, with his own notes and additions. As he says,

With any other people than the Hindus such a work would soon grow out of date; but with them the same ancestral conditions and customs

are followed nowadays that were followed hundreds of years ago, at least by the vast majority of the population.

And we can well assent to the editor's judgment that the Abbé's work is as valuable today as it ever was, in some respects

even more so.

The Westward Movement.

high or normal schools. Yet as a summary of what should be done Dr. Channing's volume takes high rank. Most of the volume is devoted to the period since 1783, and relates chiefly to the victories of peace. Admirable pages, by Anna Boynton Thompson of Thayer Academy, of Suggestions to Teachers, precede the body of the book, in which she emphasizes the need

of "fluent recitations of notebook work and

daily review of the "perspective of history."

[The Macmillan Co. $1.40.]

The work has this outward peculiarity, that the paging is consecutive through the first and the second volumes. After a prefatory note by Max Müller, and an editor's preface, the text proper begins with an author's preface, after which the mass of the work follows in three grand divisions. This ponderous volume, sad to say, is the last Part I presents a general view of society in the public can ever receive from the late Justin India, with details concerning all classes of Winsor, Harvard's librarian, one of America's inhabitants, with special attention to the best scholars, and as knightly a gentleman as caste system. This takes thirty-six chap- ever lived. No more fitting monument to his A School History of the United States. ters. The second part, also in thirty-six critical, impartial spirit, his extreme accuracy, United States histories are as numerous as chapters, is devoted exclusively to the Brah- generous breadth of mind and purpose, and tales of colonial fiction, and most of them as mins, their tenets, traditions, customs, and tireless patience could be erected than the needless. But an exception should be made as other peculiarities. Part III, which is regards this text-book by John Bach McMaster, limited to nine chapters, relates to the which presumably is for high schools. general subject of the religions of India. illustrations, colored maps, diagrams, and tables There are six appendices on special points included in it are almost as fresh in treatment Winsor shows how the sea-to-sea charters had of their subjects as in the text itself, which of interest for the student of racial char-never fulfilled their unknown extent, and how is remarkable for clearness and condensation. the Appalachian East had craved the wilder Causes and results rather than single events and The work is published with all the out- lands of the then West, to be rescued from both battles are noted, as the author aims to preward distinction and beauty that charac- Crown and Indian. From this spirit of longing sent social, industrial, and economic problems. terize the products of the Clarendon Press. after possession rose the indignant patriotism Chapters on the economic struggle and the The combination of typographical elegance which culminated in the Revolution. How statistics since 1880 are especially good. Yet it

acteristics.

series of works he has left concerning the
geographical relations of this country to his-
tory, from its discovery till the beginning of this
century, this being the last in the series. Dr.

The