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office of the recorder in the county in which the property is situated, shall have the same effect against third persons as mortgages upon real estate. Cited, State ex rel. Title Co. v. Grimes, 29 Nev. 57.

1091. Mining rules.

SEC. 77. This act shall not be so construed as to interfere or conflict with the lawful mining rules, regulations, or customs in regard to the locating, holding, or forfeiture of claims, but, in all cases of mortgages of mining interests under this act, the mortgagee shall have the right to perform the same acts that the mortgageor might have performed for the purpose of preventing a forfeiture of the same under the said rules, regulations, or customs of mines, and shall be allowed such compensation therefor as shall be deemed just and equitable by the court ordering the sale upon a foreclosure; provided, that such compensation shall, in no case, exceed the amount realized from the claim by a foreclosure and sale.

The mining laws have been given the force and binding obligation of legislative enactment. Mallett v. Uncle Sam M. Co., I Nev. 203.

1092. Limitation of leases.

SEC. 78. No lands within this territory shall hereafter be conveyed by lease, or otherwise, except in fee and perpetual succession, for a longer period than ten years; nor shall any town or city lots, or other real property, be so conveyed for a longer time than twenty years. All leases hereafter made,

contrary to the provisions of this act, shall be void.

An Act supplementary to an act concerning conveyances.

Approved December 17, 1862, 29

1093. County records impart notice.

SECTION 1. All instruments of writing now copied into the proper books of record of the office of the county recorders of the several counties of this territory, shall, after the passage of this act be deemed to impart to subsequent purchasers and incumbrancers, and all other persons whomsoever, notice of all deeds, mortgages, powers of attorney, contracts, conveyances, or other instruments, notwithstanding any defect, omission, or informality existing in the execution, acknowledgment, or certificate of recording the same; provided, that nothing herein contained shall be construed to affect any rights heretofore acquired in the hands of subsequent grantees or assignees.

Cited, State ex rel. Title Co. v. Grimes, 29 Nev. 57.

1094. Certified copies.

SEC. 2. Duly certified copies of such instruments as are embraced in section one of this act may be read in evidence, under the same circumstances and rules as are now or may hereafter be provided by law for using copies of instruments duly executed and recorded; provided, that proof shall be first made that the instruments, copies of which it is proposed to use, were genuine instruments, and were in truth executed by the grantor or grantors therein named.

An Act to provide for the omission of the word "seal," the letters "L. S.," and other words, letters, or characters of like import on instruments in writing.

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SECTION 1. The word "seal," and the initial letters "L. S.," and other words, letters, or characters of like import, opposite the name of the signer of any instrument in writing, are hereby declared unnecessary to give such instrument legal effect, and any omission to use them by the signer of any instrument shall not be construed to impair the validity of such instrument.

An Act concerning conveyances executed without the state.

Approved February 13, 1871, 54

1096. Acknowledgments taken out of the state.

SECTION 1. The proof or acknowlegment of every conveyance affecting any real estate, taken without this state, but within the United States, shall be taken by some one of the following officers: A judge or clerk of a court having a seal, or some notary public or justice of the peace, or by any commissioner appointed by the governor of this state, for that purpose; provided, that when the acknowledgment is taken by a justice of the peace, the same shall be accompanied with the certificate of the clerk of a court of record of the county having a seal as to the official character of the justice and the authenticity of his signature.

See, also, sec. 1020; commissioner of deeds, secs. 1000–1004.

1097. Record valid.

SEC. 2. All acknowledgments of proofs heretofore taken of the execution of any instrument authorized by law to be recorded, acknowledged or proven and certified, or which may have been certified in the manner hereinabove provided, the record thereof now or hereafter made shall be valid and of like force and effect as if proven before the officer and certified to in the manner heretofore required by law; provided, that nothing herein shall affect any right of a bona fide purchaser, or any right acquired by operation of law, prior to the passage of this act.

See secs. 1021, 1053, 1054

An Act to provide for preserving the evidence of the official acts of officers taking acknowledgments, etc.

Approved February 20, 1869, 72

1098. Officers required to keep record.

SECTION 1. Each officer authorized by law to take the proof or acknowledgment of the execution of conveyances of real estate, or other instrument required by law to be proved or acknowledged, shall keep a record of all his official acts in relation thereto in a book to be provided by him for that purpose, in which shall be entered the date of the proof or acknowledgment thereof, the date of the instrument, the name or character of the instrument proved or acknowledged, and the names of each of the parties thereto, as grantor, grantee, or otherwise. Said record shall, during business hours, be open to public inspection without fee or reward.

Cited, State ex rel. Title Co. v. Grimes, 29 Nev. 57.

1099. Penalty for refusal or neglect.

SEC. 2. Any officer aforesaid refusing or neglecting to comply with the requirements of this act shall be deemed and held guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction thereof, fined before any court of competent jurisdiction in any sum not less than fifty nor more than five hundred dollars, and shall, in addition, be liable on his official bond in damages to any person injured by such refusal or neglect to the extent of the injury sustained by reason of the refusal or neglect mentioned in this section.

An Act to provide for the conveyance of mining claims.

Approved December 12, 1862, 12

1100. Conveyance of mining claim.

SECTION 1. Conveyance of mining claims shall hereafter require the same formalities and be subject to the same rules of construction as the transfers and conveyances of other real estate.

When a person conveys a lode of ore, we have only to ascertain by the best means in our power what lode he meant; and if we can do so, it makes no difference that he has called it by a name illegitimately acquired by or applied to it. Phillpotts v. Blasdel, 8 Nev. 61.

The words "mining ground," when used in a deed, have a technical meaning. They refer to that interest which a mere occupant of the mine has in the same. They are not the words used when a fee simple or leasehold interest in real estate is to be conveyed. Hale & Norcross G. and S. M. Co. v. Storey Co., 1 Nev. 105.

1101. Former conveyances construed. SEC. 2. All conveyances of mining claims heretofore made by bills of sale or other instruments in writing, with or without seals, recorded or unrecorded, shall be construed in accordance with the lawful local rules, regulations, and customs of the miners in the several mining districts of this territory; and if heretofore regarded valid and binding in such districts, shall have the same force and effect between the parties thereto, as prima facie evidence of sale, as if such conveyances had been made by deed under seal.

1102. How proved.

SEC. 3. The location and transfers of mining claims heretofore made shall be established and proved in contestation before courts, by the local rules, regulations, or customs of the miners in the several mining districts of the territory in which such location and transfers were made.

An Act concerning conveyances of mining locations and claims by minors.

Approved February 27, 1869, 96

1103. Deed of minor held valid-Suits pending.

SECTION 1. In all cases in this state, since the first day of July, A. D. eighteen hundred and sixty-seven, where minors over the age of eighteen years have sold interests acquired by them in mining claims or locations by virtue of their having located such claims, or having been located therein by others, and have executed deeds purporting to convey such interests, such deeds, if otherwise sufficient in law, shall be held valid and sufficient to convey such interest fully and completely, notwithstanding the minority of the grantor, and without any power or right of subsequent revocation; provided, that this section shall not apply to cases where any fraud was practiced upon such minor, or any undue or improper advantage was taken by his purchaser or any other person to induce such minor to execute such deed; and, provided further, that this section shall not apply to or affect any suits which may now be pending in any courts of this state, in which the legality or validity of such deeds may be involved.

1104. Minors empowered to sell or convey.

SEC. 2. All minors in this state, over the age of eighteen years, are hereby authorized and empowered to sell and convey by deed such interests as they may have acquired, or may hereafter acquire, in mining claims or mining locations within this state, by virtue of locating the same, or being located therein, and such deed shall, if otherwise sufficient in law, be held valid and sufficient to convey such interest fully and completely, and without the right of subsequent revocation, notwithstanding the minority of the grantor, subject, however, to the same provisions and limitations contained in the first section of this act.

CORPORATIONS

General incorporation law, sections 1105–1215.

To enable mining corporations to consolidate, sections 1216-1218.

General corporation law (old act), sections 1219–1241.

Formation of corporations for transacting business as sureties, sections 1242-1248. For incorporation, operation and management of cooperative associations, sections 1249-1260.

Franchises for furnishing electric light, heat and power, sections 1261-1264.

To grant certain privileges to gas companies and others, section 1265.

To license and regulate insurance business, sections 1267-1284.

Mutual fire insurance companies, sections 1285-1303.

Relative to re-insurance and transaction of business by fire insurance companies, sections 1304-1309.

Relating to life, health, accident and annuity or endowment insurance, sections 1310–1324.
Mutual life, health and accident insurance of live stock, sections 1325-1326.
Requiring insurance companies to make annual statements, sections 1327-1329.
Requiring mining corporations to file statements, sections 1330-1340.

To encourage construction of cheap transportation lines, sections 1341–1345.

To require foreign corporations to furnish evidence of incorporation and corporate name, sections 1346-1347.

To require foreign corporations to qualify before carrying on business, sections 1348–1350.
Requiring foreign corporations to publish annual statements, sections 1351-1354.

To give foreign corporations benefit of the statute of limitations, section 1355.
Regulation of foreign building and loan societies, sections 1356-1360.

Requiring nonresident joint-stock building and loan associations to furnish security, sections 1361-1364.

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS

May be formed under general laws, section 338.

Formation by special act, except for municipal purposes, prohibited, section 338.

General laws may be altered or repealed, section 338.

Property of, liable to taxation, section 339.

Corporations for charitable, religious or educational purposes may be exempted, section 339.

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Dues from, shall be secured as may be prescribed by law, section 340.

Corporators not individually liable for debts, section 340.

Territorial laws concerning, continued until enactment of new laws, section 341.

May sue and be sued, section 342.

Prohibited from circulating bank notes or paper as money, section 343.

No appropriation of right of way until full compensation first made or secured, section 344. State not to donate or loan money or credit or be stockholder in any corporation except those for educational or charitable purposes, section 346.

Cities prohibited from being stockholders in any corporation, or loan its credit to corporations, except railroads, section 347.

FRATERNAL, BENEVOLENT, LITERARY, RELIGIOUS AND

ELEEMOSYNARY SOCIETIES

For incorporation of religious, charitable, literary, scientific and other associations, sections 1365-1372.

For more effectual prevention of cruelty to animals, sections 1373-1381.

For organization and maintenance of historic, scientific and literary societies, sections 1382-1389.

For incorporation of hospitals or asylums, sections 1390-1397.

For incorporation of rural cemetery associations, sections 1398-1409.

To incorporate the Ancient Order of Hibernians, sections 1410-1415.

To incorporate the Grand Lodge of Knights of Pythias and subordinate lodges, sections 1416-1417.

To incorporate the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons, the Grand Lodge of Independent Order of Odd Fellows and their subordinate lodges, sections 1418-1423.

To extend provisions of above act, section 1424.

For the incorporation of the Protestant Episcopal churches, sections 1425-1433.
To incorporate the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, sections 1434-1439.
Certain acts relating to corporations omitted, section 1440.
Incorporation of banks, see Banks and Banking, sections 616–694.
Incorporation of railroads, see Railroads, sections 3511-3601.

An Act providing a general corporation law.

Approved March 16, 1903, 121

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resident agents.

1120. Maintaining of principal office and appointing agents.

1121. Voting power of stockholders.

1122. Election to be by ballot.

1123. Qualification of directors.

1124. Cumulative voting.

1125. By-laws, how made. 1126. Officers.

1127. Meetings of directors, executive committee Quorum.

1128. Vacancies by failure to elect trustees or to qualify.

1129. Vacancies in board of directors. 1130. Revisory power of court.

1131. Stock personal estate, transfer of. 1132. Payment of subscribed capital stock. 1133. Sale for nonpayment of calls. 1134. When company may buy its stock. 1135. Stockholders liable until subscriptions

are fully paid.

1136. Trustees not personally liable. 1137. Liabilities created by statutes of other states not enforcible.

1138. Conversion of preferred stock into bonds-Issue of bonds convertible into common stock.

1139. Incorporators may amend certificate before payment of capital.

1140. Surviving incorporators may designate others for organization.

1141. Errors and omissions in certificate cured by amendment.

1142. Amendment and changes after organization.

1143. Idem-Any corporation except railroad may amend articles.

1144. Method of decrease of capital stock. 1145. Merger of two or more corporations. 1146. Agreement of mergers.

1147. Payment for stock of dissatisfied stockholders.

1148. Pending actions.

1149. Liability not affected by merger or decrease of capital.

1150. Bonds-Power of consolidated company.

1151. Sale of franchise-New incorporation. 1152. Manner of sale.

1153. Forfeiture of charter for failure to commence business.

1154. Incorporation cannot be attacked collaterally.

1155. May issue stock for labor or real or personal property.

1156. Stock so issued is paid.

1157. Certificate of stock.

1158. Exemption of stock held by nonresidents.

1159. Voting list of stockholders and stock ledger.

1160. Stock ledger to determine who may vote-Proxies to be filed. 1161. Stock held by representatives, how voted.

1162. Pledge of stocks and voting power of pledger.

1163. Treasury stock not to be voted. 1164. Lost certificates.

1165. Proceedings in court to obtain new certificate.

1166. Security on transfer.

1167. Dividends.

1168. Subdividing capital stock.

1169. Capital stock not to be reduced-Pro

viso.

1170. Removal of place of business without amendment.

1171. Filing copy of articles in other counties.

1172. Book for names of members-Stock

ledger.

1173. Information for creditor of stockholder. 1174. Publishing false statements a misde

meanor.

1175. Officers liable for damages caused

thereby.

1176. Penalty for making false entry. 1177. Keeping fraudulent accounts a crime. 1178. Wilful destruction of books-Making false entries.

1179. Removal of directors.

1180. Proceedings for removal of officers in certain cases. 1181. Proceedings to organize such meeting. 1182. Removal of officers or directors in certain cases, and election of new board. 1183. The preceding sections optional with corporations hereafter formed. 1184. Incorporation need not be proven. 1185. Validating defective articles of incorporation.

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