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ARTICLE 9.

NOTICE OF DISHONOR.

SECTION 160. To whom notice of dishonor must be given.

161. By whom given.

162. Notice given by agent.

163. Effect of notice given on behalf of holder.

164. Effect where notice is given by party entitled thereto.
165. When agent may give notice.

166. When notice sufficient.

167. Form of notice.

168. To whom notice may be given.
169. Notice where party is dead.

170. Notice to partners.

171. Notice to persons jointly liable.

172. Notice to bankrupt.

173. Time within which notice must be given,

174. Where parties reside in same place.

175. Where parties reside in different places.

176. When sender deemed to have given due notice.
177. Deposit in post-office; what constitutes.

178. Notice to antecedent party; time of.

179. Where notice must be sent.

180. Waiver of notice.

181. *Whom affected by waiver.

182. Waiver of protest.

183. When notice dispensed with.

184. Delay in giving notice; how excused.

185. When notice need not be given to drawer.

186. When notice need not be given to indorser.
187. Notice of non-payment where acceptance refused.
188. Effect of omission to give notice of non-acceptance.
189. When protest need not be made; when must be made.

Except as

§ 160. To whom notice of dishonor must be given. herein otherwise provided, when a negotiable instrument has been dishonored by non-acceptance or non-payment, notice of dishonor must be given to the drawer and to each indorser, and any drawer or indorser to whom such notice is not given is discharged.

§ 161. By whom given. The notice may be given by or on behalf of the holder, or by or on behalf of any party to the instrument who might be compelled to pay it to the holder, and who, upon taking So in original.

it up, would have a right to reimbursement from the party to whom the notice is given.

§ 162. Notice given by agent. -Notice of dishonor may be given by an agent either in his own name or in the name of any party entitled to give notice, whether that party be his principal or not.

§ 163. Effect of notice given on behalf of holder. Where notice is given by or on behalf of the holder, it inures for the benefit of all subsequent holders and all prior parties who have a right of recourse against the party to whom it is given.

§ 164. Effect where notice is given by party entitled thereto. Where notice is given by or on behalf of a party entitled to give notice, it inures for the benefit of the holder and all parties subsequent to the party to whom notice is given.

§ 165. When agent may give notice. Where the instrument has been dishonored in the hands of an agent, he may either himself give notice to the parties liable thereon, or he may give notice to his principal. If he give notice to his principal, he must do so within the same time as if he were the holder, and the principal upon the receipt of such notice has himself the same time for giving notice as if the agent had been an independent holder.

§ 166. When notice sufficient. A written notice need not be signed and an insufficient written notice may be supplemented and validated by verbal communication. A misdescription of the instrument does not vitiate the notice unless the party to whom the notice is given is in fact misled thereby.

§ 167. Form of notice. The notice may be in writing or merely oral and may be given in any terms which sufficiently identify the instrument, and indicate that it has been dishonored by non-acceptance or non-payment. It may in all cases be given by delivering it personally or through the mails.

§ 168. To whom notice may be given.

Notice of dishonor may be given either to the party himself or to his agent in that behalf.

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§ 169. Notice where party is dead. When any party is dead, and his death is known to the party giving notice, the notice must be

given to a personal representative, if there be one, and if with reasonable diligence, he can be found. If there be no personal representa tive, notice may be sent to the last residence or last place of business of the deceased.

§ 170. Notice to partners. Where the parties to be notified are partners notice to any one partner is notice to the firm even though there has been a dissolution.

§ 171. Notice to persons jointly liable. Notice to joint parties. who are not partners must be given to each of them, unless one of them has authority to receive such notice for the others.

§ 172. Notice to bankrupt. -Where a party has been adjudged a bankrupt or an insolvent, or has made an assignment for the benefit of creditors, notice may be given either to the party himself or to his trustee or assignee.

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§ 173. Time within which notice must be given. Notice given as soon as the instrument is dishonored; and unless delay is excused as hereinafter provided, must be given within the times fixed by this chapter.

§ 174. Where parties reside in same place. Where the person giving and the person to receive notice reside inthe same place, notice must be given within the following times:

1. If given at the place of business of the person to receive notice, it must be given before the close of business hours on the day fol lowing;

2. If given at his residence, it must be given before the usual hours of rest on the day following;

3. If sent by mail, it must be deposited in the post-office in time to reach him in usual course on the day following.

§ 175. Where parties reside in different places. Where the person giving and the person to receive notice reside in different places, the notice must be given within the following times:

1. If sent by mail, it must be deposited in the post-office in time to go by mail the day following the day of dishonor, or if there be no mail at a convenient hour on that day, by the next mail thereafter.

2. If given otherwise than through the post-office, then within the time that notice would have been received in due course of mail, if it had been deposited in the post-office within the time specified in the last subdivision.

§ 176. When sender deemed to have given due notice. Where notice of dishonor is duly addressed and deposited in the post-office, the sender is deemed to have given due notice, notwithstanding any miscarriage in the mails.

§ 177. Deposit in post-office; what constitutes. Notice is deemed to have been deposited in the post-office when deposited in any branch post-office or in any letter box under the control of the postoffice department.

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§ 178. Notice to antecedent party; time of. Where a party receives notice of dishonor, he has, after the receipt of such notice, the same time for giving notice to antecedent parties that the holder has after the dishonor.

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§ 179. Where notice must be sent. Where a party has added an address to his signature, notice of dishonor must be sent to that address; but if he has not given such address, then the notice must be sent as follows:

1. Either to the post-office nearest to his place of residence, or to the post-office where he is accustomed to receive his letters; or

2. If he live in one place, and have his place of business in another, notice may be sent to either place; or

3. If he is sojourning in another place, notice may be sent to the place where he is so sojourning.

But where the notice is actually received by the party within the time specified in this chapter, it will be sufficient, though not sent in accordance with the requirements of this section.

§ 180. Waiver of notice. Notice of dishonor may be waived, either before the time of giving notice has arrived, or after the omission to give due notice, and the waiver may be express or implied.

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§ 181. *Whom affected by waiver. Where the waiver is embodied in the instrument itself, it is binding upon all parties; but where it is written above the signature of an indorser, it binds him only.

§ 182. Waiver of protest. A waiver of protest, whether in the case of a foreign bill of exchange or other negotiable instrument, is deemed to be a waiver not only of a formal protest, but also of presentment and notice of dishonor.

§ 183. When notice dispensed with. Notice of dishonor is dispensed with when, after the exercise of reasonable diligence, it can not be given to or does not reach the parties sought to be charged.

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§ 184. Delay in giving notice; how excused. ——— - Delay in giving notice of dishonor is excused when the delay is caused by circumstances beyond the control of the holder and not imputable to his default, misconduct or negligence. When the cause of delay ceases to operate, notice must be given with reasonable diligence.

§ 185. When notice need not be given to drawer. - Notice of dishonor is not required to be given to the drawer in either of the following cases:

1. Where the drawer and drawee are the same person;

2. Where the drawee is a fictitious person or a person not having capacity to contract;

3. Where the drawer is the person to whom the instrument is presented for payment;

4. Where the drawer has no right to expect or require that the drawee or acceptor will honor the instrument;

5. Where the drawer has countermanded payment.

Bacon v. Hanna, 137 N. Y. 379, 20 L. R. A. 495, 33 N. E. 303; Mohlman Co. v. Kane, 60 App. Div. 546, 69 N. Y. Supp. 1046.

§ 186. When notice need not be given to indorser. Notice of dishonor is not required to be given to an indorser in either of the following cases:

1. Where the drawee is a fictitious person or a person not having capacity to contract, and the indorser was aware of the fact at the time he indorsed the instrument;

So in original.

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