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§ 55. Liability of accommodation party. An accommodation party is one who has signed the instrument as maker, drawer, acceptor or indorser, without receiving value therefor, and for the purpose of lending his name to some other person. Such a person is liable on the instrument to a holder for value, notwithstanding such holder at the time of taking the instrument knew him to be only an accommodation party.

Rice v. Grange, 131 N. Y. 149, 30 N. E. 46; Park Bank v. G. A. Co., 116 N. Y. 281, 5 L. R. A. 673, 22 N. E. 567; Fox v. Rural Home Co., 90 Hun, 365, 35 N. Y. Supp. 896; Benjamin v. Rogers, 126 N. Y. 60, 26 N. E. 970.

ARTICLE 5.

NEGOTIATION.

SECTION 60. What constitutes negotiation.

61. Indorsement; how made.

62. Indorsement must be of entire instrument.

63. Kinds of indorsement.

64. Special indorsement; indorsement in blank.

65. Blank indorsement; how changed to special indorsement.
66. When indorsement restrictive.

67. Effect of restrictive indorsement; rights of indorsee.
68. Qualified indorsement.

69. Conditional indorsement.

70. Indorsement of instrument payable to bearer.

71. Indorsement where payable to two or more persons.

72. Effect of instrument drawn or indorsed to a person as cashier. 73. Indorsement where name is wrongly designated or misspelled. 74. Indorsement in representative capacity.

75. Time of indorsement; presumption.

76. Place of indorsement; presumption.
77. Continuation of negotiable character.

78. Striking out indorsement.

79. Transfer without indorsement; effect of.

80. When prior party may negotiate instrument.

§ 60. What constitutes negotiation. An instrument is negotiated when it is transferred from one person to another in such manner as to constitute the transferee the holder thereof. If payable to bearer it is negotiated by delivery; if payable to order it is negotiated by the indorsement of the holder completed by delivery.

Higgins v. Ridgway, 153 N. Y. 130, 47 N. E. 32; Simmons v. Thompson, 29 App. Div. 559, 51 N. Y. Supp. 1018; Persons v. Hawkins, 41 App. Div. 171, 58 N. Y. Supp. 831.

As to transfer of title to note by indorsement in form of guaranty, see editorial note to Dunham r. Peterson, 36 L. R. A. 232, collating the cases on that subject.

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§ 61. Indorsement; how made. The indorsement must be written on the instrument itself or upon a paper attached thereto. The signature of the indorser, without additional words, is a sufficient indorsement.

As to power of agents to indorse negotiable paper, see editorial note to Gate City Bldg. & L. Assoc. v. Nat. Bank of Commerce, 27 L. R. A. 401, presenting the authorities on that question.

§ 62. Indorsement must be of entire instrument. The indorsement must be an indorsement of the entire instrument. An indorsement, which purports to transfer to the indorsee a part only of the amount payable, or which purports to transfer the instrument to two or more indorsees severally, does not operate as a negotiation of the instrument. But where the instrument has been paid in part, may be indorsed as to the residue.

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§ 63. Kinds of indorsement. An indorsement may be either special or in blank; and it may also be either restrictive or qualified, or conditional.

§ 64. Special indorsement; indorsement in blank. - A special indorsement specifies the person to whom, or to whose order the instrument is to be payable; and the indorsement of such indorsee is necessary to the further negotiation of the instrument. An indorsement in blank specifies no indorsee, and an instrument so indorsed is payable to bearer, and may be negotiated by delivery.

§ 65. Blank indorsement; how changed to special indorsement. The holder may convert a blank indorsement into a special indorsement by writing over the signature of the indorser in blank any contract consistent with the character of the indorsement.

§ 66. When indorsement restrictive. tive, which either:

An indorsement is restric

1. Prohibits the further negotiation of the instrument; or

2. Constitutes the indorsee the agent of the indorser; or

3. Vests the title in the indorsee in trust for or to the use of some

other person.

But the mere absence of words implying power to negotiate does not make an indorsement restrictive.

8 67. Effect of restrictive indorsement; rights of indorsee. ristrictive indorsement confers upon the indorsee the right:

1. To receive payment of the instrument;

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2. To bring any action thereon that the indorser could bring; 3. To transfer his rights as such indorsee, where the form of the indorsement authorizes him to do so.

But all subsequent indorsees acquire only the title of the first indorsee under the restrictive indorsement.

Nat. Butchers & Dro. Bank v. Hubbell, 117 N. Y. 384, 7 L. R. A. 852, 15 Am. St. Rep. 515, 22 N. E. 1031; Com. Nat. Bank v. Armstrong, 148 U. S. 50, 37 L. ed. 363, 13 Sup. Ct. Rep. 533.

§ 68. Qualified indorsement. A qualified indorsement constitutes the indorser a mere assignor of the title to the instrument. It may be made by adding to the indorser's signature the words " with out recourse" or any words of similar import. Such an indorsement does not impair the negotiable character of the instrument.

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§ 69. Conditional indorsement. Where an indorsement is conditional, a party required to pay the instrument may disregard the condition, and make payment to the indorsee or his transferee, whether the condition has been fulfilled or not. But any person to whom an instrument so indorsed is negotiated, will hold the same, or the proceeds thereof, subject to the rights of the person indorsing conditionally.

Mad. Sq. Bank v. Pierce, 137 N. Y. 444, 20 L. R. A. 335, 33 Am. St. Rep. 751, 33 N. E. 557.

§ 70. Indorsement of instrument payable to bearer. - Where an instrument, payable to bearer, is indorsed specially, it may nevertheless be further negotiated by delivery; but the person indorsing specially is liable as indorser to only such holders as make title through his indorsement.

§ 71. Indorsement where payable to two or more persons. Where an instrument is payable to the order of two or more payees or indorsees who are not partners, all must indorse, unless the one indorsing has authority to indorse for the others.

§ 72. Effect of instrument drawn or indorsed to a person as cashier. Where an instrument is drawn or indorsed to a person as "cashier" or other fiscal officer of a bank or corporation, it is deemed prima facie to be payable to the bank or corporation of which he is such officer; and may be negotiated by either the indorsement of the bank or corporation, or the indorsement of the officer.

§ 73. Indorsement where name is wrongly designated or misspelled. -Where the name of a payee or indorsee is wrongly designated or misspelled, he may indorse the instrument as therein described, adding, if he think fit, his proper signature.

§ 74. Indorsement in representative capacity. Where any person is under obligation to indorse in a representative capacity, he may indorse in such terms as to negative personal liability.

§ 75. Time of indorsement; presumption. Except where an indorsement bears date after the maturity of the instrument, every negotiation is deemed prima facie to have been effected before the instrument was overdue.

76. Place of indorsement; presumption. — Except where the contrary appears every indorsement is presumed prima facie to have been made at the place where the instrument is dated.

§ 77. Continuation of negotiable character. An instrument negotiable in its origin continues to be negotiable until it has been restrictively indorsed or discharged by payment or otherwise.

8 78. Striking out indorsement. The holder may at any time strike out any indorsement which is not necessary to his title. The indorser whose indorsement is struck out, and all indorsers subsequent to him, are thereby relieved from liability on the instrument.

879. Transfer without indorsement; effect of. Where the holder of an instrument payable to his order transfers it for value without indorsing it, the transfer vests in the transferee such title as the transferrer had therein, and the transferee acquires, in addition, the right to have the indorsement of the transferrer. But for the purpose of determining whether the transferee is a holder in due course, the negotiation takes effect as of the time when the indorsement is actually made.

Goshen Nat. Bank v. Bingham, 118 N. Y. 349, 7 L. R. A. 595, 16 Am. St. Rep. 765, 23 N. E. 180.

80. When prior party may negotiate instrument. Where an instrument is negotiated back to a prior party, such party may, subject to the provisions of this chapter, re-issue and further negotiate the same. But he is not entitled to enforce payment thereof against any intervening party to whom he was personally liable.

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