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APPENDIX A.

DIRECTIONS FOR WRITTEN WORK.

1. Use only black ink, the blacker the better.

2. Write on one side of the sheet only.

3. Leave the margin blank for the teacher's corrections.

4. Write as legibly as you can, avoiding flourishes and curlicues. 5. Put the title on the first line, and to show what it is, underline it with three straight lines or one wavy line. Leave one blank line between the title and the body of the essay.

6. By taking pains as you write, avoid the necessity of erasures and interlineations. If corrections must be made, make them neatly. To strike out a word draw a horizontal line through it, but do not enclose it in parentheses. In making additions, use the caret.

7. Indent for a paragraph at least one inch. Beware of indenting where no paragraph is intended.

8. Except at the end of a paragraph, avoid a noticeable blank space at the end of a sentence.

9. Leave the sheets of your manuscript flat. Do not fold them; do not fasten them together, or turn down the corners; above all, do not roll them.

10. Write your name and the number of the page in the upper right-hand corner of each sheet.

11. In making an outline, or skeleton, or analysis, follow the form of outline given on page 31 of this book. Do not disfigure the page by using "braces.”

12. Locate your quotations by giving the author's name, the name of the book, the number of the volume, and the page.

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1. The first word of every book, chapter, letter, and paragraph. 2. The first word after a period; and, usually, after the interrogation point and the exclamation point.

3. Divine names; as, God, Jehovah, the Supreme Being.

4. Proper names of persons, places, rivers, oceans, ships; as, Franklin, Chicago, Mississippi, Atlantic, the Monitor.

5. Adjectives derived from the proper names of places; as, English, French, Roman, American.

6. The first word of an exact quotation in a direct form; as, he said, "There will be war."

7. The pronoun I and the interjection O!

8. Terms of great historical importance are usually capitalized; as, the Reformation, the Civil War, the Whigs, the Revolution.

GENERAL RULES FOR PUNCTUATION.

The comma, semicolon, and colon mark the three degrees of separation in the parts of a sentence; the comma the smallest degree, the semicolon a greater degree, and the colon the greatest degree. To illustrate:

Rhetoric is based upon Logic, Grammar, and Æsthetics.

Rhetoric is based upon Logic, which deals with the laws of thought; upon Grammar, which presents the facts and rules of correct language; and upon Esthetics, which investigates the principles of beauty.

Rhetoric is based upon the following sciences: Logic, which deals with the laws of thought; Grammar, which presents the facts and rules of correct language; and Æsthetics, which investigates the principles of beauty.

RULES FOR THE COMMA.

A comma is used in the following instances: —

1. To separate grammatically independent elements from the context; as, "Rejoice, young man!"

2. To separate intermediate, transposed, and parenthetical elements from the context; as, "Even good men, they say, sometimes act like brutes."

3. To separate expressions in apposition from the context; as, "Washington, the first President, served two terms."

4. To separate contrasted words or phrases, and words or phrases in pairs; as, "We live in deeds, not years." "Sink or swim, live or die, survive or perish, I give my hand and my heart to this vote."

5. To mark the omission of words; as, "In war he was warlike; in peace, peaceable.”

6. Before short and informal quotations; as, 'Come in!""

"He shouted,

NOTE. It is quite possible to use the comma too frequently; as, "It is well known, that, when water is cooled, below a certain point, contraction ceases, and expansion begins." Better: "It is well known that when water is cooled below a certain point, contraction ceases and expansion begins."

RULES FOR THE SEMICOLON.

A semicolon is used in the following instances:

1. To separate members of a compound sentence, when they are complex or loosely connected, or when they contain commas. 2. To separate short sentences closely connected in meaning. 3. To introduce an example, before as.

4. To separate clauses having a common dependence. Illustrations of these rules: "Science declares that no particle of matter

can be destroyed; that each atom has its place in the universe; and that, in seeking that place, each obeys certain fixed laws." "When education shall be made a qualification for suffrage; when politicians shall give place to statesmen ; then, and not till then, will the highest development of our country be reached."

RULES FOR THE COLON.

The colon is used in the following instances:

1. To introduce several particulars complex in form, in apposition to a general term, and separated from one another by semicolons. (Already illustrated.)

2. To introduce long formal quotations. If the quotation begins a new paragraph a dash should be used instead of a colon.

RULES FOR THE PERIOD.

The period is used in the following instances:

1. To mark the completion of a declarative sentence. 2. After abbreviations; as, D.D., LL.D., Vt., Ala.

RULES FOR THE INTERROGATION POINT.

The interrogation point is used

"You

1. After every direct question; as, “Will you come?” have been to Niagara?" "When was such a promise made? By

whom?"

2. In parentheses, to express doubt; as, "In the time of Homer, 850 (?) B.C."

RULES FOR THE EXCLAMATION POINT.

The exclamation point is used

1. To express strong emotion; as, "He is dead, the sweet musician!"

2. To express doubt or sarcasm; as, 3. After interjections; as, "Oh!"

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"That man a poet!"

"O my Country!"

APPENDIX C.

COMMON FAULTS, WITH MARKS USED IN CORRECTING THEM.

a. IN THE MS.

The words, clauses, or sentences to which the marginal corrections refer, are indicated by crossing out, by underscoring, or by enclosing in brackets or circles. A caret shows the point at which something is to be supplied. An inverted caret marks the omission of the apostrophe or of quotation marks.

Amb.

b. IN THE MARGIN.

- Ambiguous. Capable of more than one interpretation. (1) Squinting construction.

When a phrase or clause is so placed that it may equally well be understood to refer to what precedes it and to what follows it, it is said to squint.

(2) Participle for clause.

Supplant a participle by a clause whenever more than one interpretation is possible. Example: "Situated only a few miles from St. Paul, Minneapolis has grown with marvellous rapidity." Write either "Because it is situated," or "Although it is situated," according to the meaning intended.

(3) Misrelated participle.

The grammatical relation of the participle to the rest of the sentence should not be left in doubt. Examples: "Having dared to take up the cause of the abolitionists his friends would no longer consort openly with him."

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