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sentiment which forbids any man to stand aloof in the conceit of self-importance, and holds up geniality and good fellowship as almost the first of social virtues. I do not mean that a man consciously suppresses his impulses to selfishness or gruffness because he knows that his faults will be ill regarded; but that, having grown up in a society which is infinitely powerful as compared with the most powerful person in it, he has learnt to realize his individual insignificance, as members of the upper class in Europe never do, and has become permeated by the feeling which this society entertains — that each one's duty is not only to accept equality, but also to relish equality, and to make himself pleasant to his equals. Thus the habit is formed even in natures of no special sweetness, and men become kindly by doing kindly acts.- BRYCE, American Commonwealth, Vol. II, pp. 664-667.

How to Group Facts.

9. In grouping the facts for a composition and putting the facts in order, every writer instinctively, if not consciously, tries to observe some principle of arrangement. He brings together certain topics (1) because they are closely associated in thought, or (2) because they are contrasted one with another, or (3) because they are related as cause and effect. These three principles we shall now consider in their order.

Grouping by Association.

10. Often in setting down notes for a plan, we bring two topics together simply because one suggests the other; the topics seem to touch each other as we think about them. This principle of arrangement is by association, or, as it is sometimes called, contiguity.

Arrangement by association is most obvious when the topics are events. Here we adopt the time order, because in that order the events are naturally connected. But the order of association appears almost as plainly when we are preparing to write about objects in space. Here we plan to take up the objects one after another as they are seen by the spectator: first the most conspicuous objects in the order of their nearness to one another, with the details of each; then the less conspicuous, in the same order, with the details of each. The details that are near one another will be brought in so as to indicate their nearness.

In like manner ideas, as well as objects and events, are often arranged on the principle of association because they are felt to be near one another. One's first notes of an article on the character of John Quincy Adams might include remarks upon : (1) his industry, (2) his political heroism, (3) his conscientiousness, (4) his energy. In rearranging these before writing, one would be almost certain to exchange the places of 2 and 4, so as to bring the topics, industry and energy, close together. They are felt to be closer to each other in thought than they are to the other two topics.

Grouping by Contrast or Antithesis.

11. A second principle of arrangement is used when ideas are in contrast or antithesis. One about to discuss some of the characters of Scott's Talisman, and having made note of (1) Richard's frankness, nobility, impulsiveness, impatience, haughtiness, (2) Berengaria's childishness, capriciousness, (3) Saladin's reserve, shrewdness, de

liberateness, patience, humility, (4) Edith's maturity, firmness would in all probability see the advantage of adopting an order that would bring into relief the striking contrast between Richard and Saladin and between Berengaria and Edith, as well as the contrasted characteristics of each person; thus:

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(a) Impulsiveness, impatience, haughtiness.
(b) Frankness, nobility.

2. Saladin

(a) Deliberation, patience, humility.
(b) Reserve, shrewdness.

B. The two women contrasted:

1. Berengaria

(a) Capriciousness.
(b) Childishness.

2. Edith

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(a) Firmness.

(b) Maturity.

Grouping by Cause and Effect.

12. When two topics are related to one another as cause and effect, it is well to bring them near together in the plan. Suppose, for example, that a pupil, about to write a composition on The Future of Aëroplanes, sets down the following notes:

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1. Aëroplanes necessarily made of fragile materials. 2. Cannot take the place of passenger trains. 3. Easily destroyed in time of war by explosive shells. 4. Large percentage of aviators killed or injured. 5. Passenger capacity

very limited. 6. Cannot carry large guns. 7. Unable to make headway against storms. 8. Of little use in war.

On looking over these notes, the writer sees readily that 1 and 4 belong together because the fragile character of the materials is the main cause of accidents. He sees also that 5 and 7 should precede or follow 2 because 2 is the consequence of 5 and 7. also a natural conclusion from 3 and 6.

Number 8 is
Rearranged

in accordance with these ideas, the notes will read as follows:

1. Aëroplanes cannot take the place of passenger trains. 2. They are made of fragile materials. 3. Accidents are frequent. 4. Their carrying capacity is small. 5. They are unable to make headway against storms. 6. They are of little use in time of war. 7. They cannot carry large guns. 8. They are easily destroyed by explosive shells.

From these notes an outline in which the headings are, in the main, grouped on the principle of cause and effect, can easily be constructed. The following will serve as an example :

The Future of Aëroplanes.

A. Aëroplanes cannot take the place of passenger trains. 1. They are too fragile.

2. There are too many accidents.

3. Their carrying capacity is too limited.

4. Their schedule would be too much disturbed by storms.

B. Aëroplanes will be of little use in war.

1. They cannot carry large guns.

2. They are easily destroyed by explosive shells.

Climax.

13. Whether topics are arranged by association, contrast, or cause and effect, the writer will also introduce climax into the arrangement wherever this is possible. The general order of topics will be from the less important to the more important.

For instance, in the arrangement of topics in the outline below, the first topic is put first because it is considered to be of least weight in the argument; the last topic is put last because it is considered to be of most weight. The other topics are also in the order of their supposed importance.

Uses of Novel Reading.

1. It affords relaxation and entertainment.

2. It is a valuable aid to the study of history and geography.

3. It gives us information about various classes of society. 4. It brings about reforms in law, education, politics,

etc.

5. It sharpens our insight into human character.

An opportunity for introducing climax was missed by the pupil whose plan for an essay on the persecution of the Jews was arranged as follows: (1) Bodily persecutions, including burning and massacre; (2) Banishment; (3) Deprivation of property, by confiscation and by destruction. These topics should have been arranged in the reverse order to bring out the natural climax based on the severity of the persecutions.

This order, however, will not be allowed in any way to interfere with the arrangement by association, con

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