5. Men of great wealth are not all selfish.

6. The demands of labor organizations are frequently received in the wrong spirit.

7. People are too apt to decide that a person accused of crime is guilty before his case is tried.

8. Sometimes the best statesmen do not know what law is needed.

9. Some queer expressions are used by foreigners learning our language.

10. The abolitionist agitators were frequently placed in perilous positions.

By Cause and Effect.

28. In his chapter in the American Commonwealth, on “The Position of Women," Mr. Bryce points out that in America women are much more nearly on an equality with men than they are in Europe. He then asks, "What have been the results on the character and usefulness of women themselves?" and answers:

"They have opened to them a wider life and more variety of career. While the special graces of the feminine character do not appear to have suffered, there has been produced a sort of independence and a capacity for self-help which are increasingly valuable as the number of unmarried women increases. More resources are opened to an American woman who has to lead a solitary life, not merely in the way of employment but for the occupation of her mind and tastes, than to a European spinster or widow; while her education has not rendered the American wife less competent for the discharge of household duties."

This method of developing an idea is often followed in the paragraph. The topic statement having announced

something that may be regarded as a cause, the remaining sentences state the effects, consequences, or conclusions. This method of growth is illustrated in the following:

When the Romans conquered Greece and the East, [Cause] they saw a great many things which they had never seen before; and [Effect] they began to care more about eating and drinking, and building fine houses. [Cause] The Greeks were much cleverer than the Romans, or indeed than any people of the time, for all the best books and statues and pictures of the old world had been made by the Greek writers and artists. [Effect] So the Romans not only learned many new things from the Greeks, but gave up a great many of their own early beliefs. They thought less of their own Roman gods, and altogether they were not so simple or so good as they had been before.

-M. CREIGHTON: History of Rome (History Primers).

The statement of the effect is commonly preceded by some linking word or phrase such as, So, so that, therefore, consequently, accordingly, the result is, it follows, the effect is, and the like.

29. Assignments on Development by Cause and Effect.

A. In the following paragraphs, point out ideas which are related to one another as cause to effect:.

1. The friction in the minute arteries and capillaries presents a considerable resistance to the flow of blood through them into the small veins. In consequence of this resistance, the force of the heart's beat is spent in maintaining the whole of the arterial system in a state of great distention; the arterial walls are put greatly on the stretch by the

pressure of the blood thrust into them by the repeated strokes of the heart; this is the pressure which we spoke of above as blood-pressure. - FOSTER: Physiology, chap. iv.

2. There was a salt marsh that bounded part of the millpond, on the edge of which, at high-water, we used to stand to fish for minnows. By much trampling, we had made it a mere quagmire. My proposal was to build a wharf there fit for us to stand upon, and I showed my comrades a large heap of stones which were intended for a new house near the marsh, and which would very well suit our purpose. Accordingly, in the evening, when the workmen were gone, I assembled a number of my play fellows, and working with them diligently, like so many emmets, sometimes two or three to a stone, we brought them all away and built our little wharf. The next morning the workmen were surprised at missing the stones, which were found in our wharf. Inquiry was made after the removers; we were discovered, and complained of; several of us were corrected by our fathers; and though I pleaded the usefulness of the work, mine convinced me that nothing was useful which was not honest. -FRANKLIN: Autobiography.

3. At court, and in the castles of the great nobles, where the pomp and state of a court were emulated, Norman-French was the only language employed; in courts of law the pleadings and judgments were delivered in the same tongue. In short, French was the language of honor, of chivalry, and even of justice; while the far more manly and expressive Anglo-Saxon was abandoned to the use of rustics and hinds, who knew no other. Still, however, the necessary intercourse between the lords of the soil and those oppressed inferior beings by whom that soil was cultivated occasioned the gradual formation of a dialect compounded betwixt the French and the Anglo-Saxon, in which they could render them

selves mutually intelligible to each other; and from this` necessity arose by degrees the structure of our present English language, in which the speech of the victors and the vanquished have been so happily blended together, and which has since been so richly improved by importations from the classical languages, and from those spoken by the southern nations of Europe. - SCOTT: Ivanhoe, chap. i.

4. The insular form of Great Britain gave it a certain advantage over the continent during the age when the northern tribes were plundering Rome and devastating the countries of southern Europe. As their invasions of England could only be by sea, they were necessarily on a comparatively small scale. They could not at once overrun the whole land, as they did in France, and hence the strife was long maintained by hope of successful resistance; and thus courage and the virtues that depend on courage were kept alive and transmitted.

MONTGOMERY: The Leading Facts of English History, 7.

5. A warm and moist wind, the southwest of the Atlantic, for example, setting from the tropics, comes in contact with the colder air of the temperate regions; its temperature is lowered; it can no longer contain as great a quantity of vapor. A portion of its humidity is immediately condensed into clouds, then falls in rain.

Or the opposite; a wind charged with clouds arrives in a warmer and drier air; comes, for example, from the Mediterranean to the Sahara, as is the case during three-fourths of the year; the burning air of the desert, having a much greater capacity for vapor, dissipates instantly all these clouds, that break up, vanish, and disappoint the excited expectation of the traveller, who hoped for refreshing rains. GUYOT: Earth and Man, 152.

B. These paragraphs as originally written contained a statement of a cause followed by a statement of a result of that cause. Supply the omitted portion.

1. Some tribes, especially those that lived in the neighborhood of the great lakes, made certain tools and implements of copper, which metal, it is said, they had some means of hardening, so that it would cut wood tolerably well. But they had no iron. Accordingly

2. The coming of the Europeans to this country brought new races not only of men, but also of plants and animals, into contact and connection with those previously existing here. The result was

3. Every American boy should learn to run. The English boy is encouraged to run. In fact, at some of the great English public schools, boys of thirteen and fourteen years of age, like Tom Brown and East at Rugby, can cover six and eight miles cross-country in the great hare-and-hounds runs. Every boy is turned out twice a week, out of doors, and made to run, and fill himself full of pure fresh air and sunshine, and gain more strength and life than any amount of weight-pulling or dumb-bell work in stuffy gymnasiums would give him. See the result

4. By the Articles of Confederation the General Government had no power to levy taxes, and yet it had power to incur debts. The result was

5. The relation of trades unions to civilization is much misunderstood, and this misunderstanding has resulted

in

6. Organized labor has for some time been limiting the number of apprentices that may be admitted at any one time to a shop or a factory in order to learn a trade. In some lines of work one boy to four journeymen is the rule;