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European and negro groups rank very much below the American children and those of North European stock. The rank-order of the various nationality-groups corresponds very closely to that found by means of other intelligence tests. (See the list above.) The coefficient of variability is highest for the negroes and lowest for the Jewish children. The high variability of the negroes is probably due to the mulattoes The comparative homogeneity of the Jewish group may be due either to the effects of selective immigration (these are all California cases) or to the alleged ethnological "purity" of the Jewish race.

There is no reason for thinking these children to be other than fairly representative of their several racial groups as found in this country, except in the case of the American children. In order to be absolutely fair to the foreign groups, it was decided not to include any schools from superior residential districts in these distributions. The population of such schools is, as a rule, made up almost entirely of American children whose intelligence is, on the average, distinctly above that of the American children residing in foreign sections, who make up the bulk of the cases included under this group in Table II.

SUMMARY

1. Children of different racial groups have been found to differ greatly in their performance on a primary group-test designed to measure intellectual capacity. Since the test used is entirely non-verbal, these differences cannot be explained on the basis of a linguistic handicap.

2. Although the test is completely independent of language, the rank-orders of the various racial groups correspond very closely to the results of other investigators using verbal

tests.

REFERENCES

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9. DICKSON, V. E. The relation of mental testing to school administration, with special reference to children entering school, Master's Thesis, Stanford University. The mental capacity of savages, Amer. J. Soc., 1918, 23, 603-619. The psychology of the negro, Arch. of Psychol., 1916, no. 36, 138. The results of some tests on full and mixed blood indians, J. Appl. Psychol., 1921, 5, 359–372.

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ANOSMIA AND ITS EFFECTS UPON TASTE

PERCEPTIONS

BY H. R. CROSLAND, M. GOODMAN, AND A. HOCKETT

University of Oregon

Injuries to the nasal membranes, or injuries involving the axones of the olfactory receptors in regions superior to these membranes, very frequently prove fatal to smell. The high frequency of this fatality is believed by Mercier-Bellevue (16) to arise from the fact that only one neurone, the receptor itself, leads from the lining of the nostrils to the olfactory bulb and that the cell-body of this neurone is imbedded in this lining exposing it unduly to fatal injury or to pathological involvement. Gilliland has described in this JOURNAL (1921, 4, 318–326) the taste sensitivity of an anosmic subject; and Singer (22) has reported a case of ageusia and anosmia resulting from a probable lesion of the cerebral cortex due to a fall from an automobile truck, the ageusia slowly disappearing while the anosmia permanently remained but was accompanied by an olfactory hallucination. The literature very probably contains descriptions of a great many cases, although the writers have chanced upon only these two instances of total anosmia. The senior writer, however, knows personally of four cases of anosmia, one of which is the subject of the investigation here reported.

The subject, Mr. Y, was a student in the University of Oregon of about twenty years. He was in excellent health and seemed to have no ascertainable physical ailment which could account for his loss of smell. According to his own report, his smell was normal until the summer of 1924. A week or so following an automobile accident (August, 1924) he was made aware rather suddenly of his inability to smell. Whether this loss of sensitivity was incurred by a physical injury, or was due to shock, could not be learned (X-ray photographs of his skull were not taken); although he had

learned of no injury which he may have sustained in the accident. He had not been ill previous to the accident, nor had he been engaged in any occupation calculated to injure his olfactory organs. Although at the time of our investigation he was quite certain of his inability to smell, he was just as certain that he could command olfactory images of smells which had antedated the accident.

The facts suggested the following inquiries; Was Y's anosmia complete? If smell was entirely gone, was taste sensitivity in any way impaired which might be discoverable by investigation of the thresholds of taste? If taste was not impaired, did it, by a heightened sensitivity, compensate for the loss of smell? Were the oral perceptions, as determined by his ability to judge correctly the nature of food and other substances placed in his mouth, below or above normal? And, finally, what-if any-was the difference between him and normal subjects in the use of secondary criteria, such as pressures, temperatures, pains, and kinæstheses in oral perceptions?

Acting as control subjects, Messrs. Goodman and Hockett, experimenting one upon the other, blindfolded themselves and without knowledge determined that they could easily and intensely smell the olfactory substances presently to be enumerated. When a small uncorked vial was placed in the nasal opening (the neck of the vial just filling the orifice) the subject reported whether or not he experienced the odor. These control subjects reported that they smelt bromine, ammonium hydroxide, asafetida, oil of rose, oil of peppermint, camphor, ammonium valerinate, acetic acid, burning sulphur, iodine, oil of wintergreen, each in a concentrated solution; but Subject Y was unable to smell these substances even with deep inhalation or by sniffing. As a result of the application of bromine, acetic acid, burning sulphur, ammonium hydroxide and iodine, Subject Y experienced a strong burning in the mucus of the nasal cavities and the throat. When the stimuli were oil of wintergreen, oil of peppermint, oil of rose and asafetida, sensations of a tingling quality, somewhat pleasing, were localized in the mucus of the back of the mouth

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