can be surmounted, it may ultimately be possible to connect Australia with the East Indies and so with Asia.

H. L. COOKE,

HENRY NORRIS RUSSELL

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY

TWO NEW BASE MAPS OF THE
UNITED STATES

AN outline base map of the United States on the Lambert Zenithal equal area projection, scale 1-7,500,000, dimensions 19 inches by 25 inches, price 15 cents, has just been issued by the Coast and Geodetic Survey.

The map covers the whole of the United States, including the northern part of Mexico. Only state names and boundaries, principal rivers, capitals, and largest cities are shown, the chief object being to furnish a base map for political, census, or statistical purposes on a projection in which the property of equivalence of area is one of the essential features. It is the first publication of a projection of this type by the Coast and Geodetic Survey.

The two errors, to one or both of which all map projections are liable, are change of area and distortion, as applying to portions of the earth's surface. Errors of distortion imply deviation from right shape in the graticules or network of meridians and parallels of the map, involving deformation of angles, curvature of meridians, changes of scale, and errors of distance, bearings, or area.

A mere

In the mercator projection as well as in the Lambert Conformal Conic projection, the changes in scale and area can not truly be considered as distortion or as error. alteration of size in the same ratio in all directions is not considered distortion or error. These projections being conformal, both scale and area are correct in any restricted locality when referred to the scale of that locality, but as the scale varies in latitude from point to point large areas are not correctly represented.

In the Lambert Zenithal projection the zenith of the central point of the surface to be represented appears as pole in the center of the map; the azimuth of any point within

the surface, as seen from the central point, is the same as that for the corresponding points of the map; and from the same central point, in all directions, equal great circle distances to points on the earth are represented by equal linear distances on the map. The amount of scale error, as we depart from the center of the map radially, increases (scale becoming smaller), while in a direction at right angles thereto the scale is by the same amount too great.

For a distance from the assumed center of the map equal to 22 degrees of arc of a great circle, an extent embracing the whole of the United States, the maximum scale error is but one and seven eighths per cent. The amount of this error is less than one third of the scale error in a polyconic projection of the same area, while the direction errors (errors of angles and azimuths) are likewise considerably less than in the latter projection.

An outline base map of the United States on the Lambert Conformal Conic projection, scale, 1-5,000,000, dimensions, 25 by 39 inches, price, 25 cents, has also been issued by the Coast and Geodetic Survey. This map is similar to the one on the Zenithal Equal Area projection in general treatment. It is larger in scale, however, but embraces a lesser extent of latitude, being limited to the area of the United States, whereas the zenithal equal area map includes the greater portion of Mexico.

The map is of special interest from the fact that it is based on the same system of projection as that which was employed by the allied forces in the military operations in France.

The term conformal has been defined as follows: If at any point the scale along the meridian and the parallel is the same (not correct, but the same in the two directions) and the parallels and meridians of the map are at right angles to one another, then the shape of any very small area on the map is the same as the shape of the corresponding small area upon the earth. The projection is then called orthomorphic (right shape).

The value of this new outline map can best be realized when it is stated that throughout

the larger and most important part of the United States, that is, between latitudes 30° and 47°, the maximum scale error is only one half of one per cent. Only in southernmost Florida and Texas does this projection attain its maximum scale error of 23 per cent. This implies, however, an error in the areas at these extreme parts equal to the square of the linear distortion, or an error of 5 per

cent.

While this error in area may be accounted for by methods already described, the Zenithal projection on the other hand is free from this inconvenience.

The choice then between the Lambert zenithal and the Lambert conformal for a base map of the United States, disregarding scale and direction errors which are conveniently small in both projections, rests largely upon the choice of equal area as represented by the Zenithal and conformality as represented by the Conformal Conic projection the former property appealing directly to the practical use of the map, the latter property being one of mathematical refinement and symmetry with definite scale factors available, the projection having two parallels of latitude of true scale, the advantages of straight meridians as an element of prime importance, and the possibilities of indefinite east and west extension without increase of scale error.

SPECIAL ARTICLES SUBSTITUTES FOR PHENOLPHTHALEIN AND METHYL ORANGE IN THE TITRATION OF FIXED AND HALF-BOUND CO1 DURING the past year the writer has had occasion to make a great many determinations of sodium carbonate in the presence of the hydrate by the double titration method with phenolphthalein and methyl orange as indicators. The end point with methyl orange was not satisfactory. A number of new indicators were tried with the result that two were found which may be used as substitutes for phenolphthalein and methyl orange.

1 Published by permission of the Secretary of Agriculture.

An added advantage of these two indicators2 is that both have the same color changes. Six drops of one indicator in 75 c.c. of solution gives a fairly deep blue in the presence of sodium hydrate and carbonate and on titration with hydrochloric acid retains this color until the hydrate is all neutralized and the carbonate converted into bicarbonate when it changes at the neutral point to a muddy green and then with a slight excess of acid to a lemon yellow. The addition of three drops of the second indicator will now change the solution to a deep blue, which continues until the bicarbonate has all been destroyed, when the solution shows the same intermediate change as before and becomes a lemon yellow again when a slight excess of acid is present.

These indicators are among the nine recommended by Clark & Lubs3 for the colorimetric determination of hydrogen ion concentration. The first indicator, thymol blue (thymol sulfon phthalein) is prepared by introducing 1 decigram of the substance into a Florence flask and then adding 4.3 c.c. of n/20 sodium hydroxid. The solution is best heated by introducing the flask into hot water and agitating until the indicator is all dissolved. When solution is complete, the volume is made up to 250 c.c. with distilled water.

The substitute for methyl orange is brom phenol blue (tetra bromo phenol sulfon phthalein). This indicator is made up in the same way except that 1 decigram requires only 3.0 c.c. of n/20 sodium hydroxide. F. M. SCALES

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF

ZOOLOGISTS

THE American Society of Zoologists held its seventeenth annual meeting in conjunction with Section F of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the Ecological Society of America, December 29, 30 and 31, in the Soldan High School building, St. Louis, Missouri. President C. M. Child presided throughout the 2 These indicators may be obtained from Hynson, Westcott & Dunning, of Baltimore, Maryland. 3 Clark, Wm. Mansfield, and Lubs, Herbert A., Jour. of Bacteriology, Vol. II., Nos. 1, 2 and 3.

meetings. The other officers for the year were: Vice-president, H. H. Wilder; Secretary-Treasurer, W. C. Allee; Executive Committee, L. J. Cole, R. P. Bigelow, H V. Wilson, M. M. Metcalf, George Lefevre; Member Council A. A. A. S., C. P. Sigerfoos; Local Representative, Caswell Grave.

ELECTION OF MEMBERS

At the business meeting the Executive Committee recommended the following persons for election to membership in the society: George Delwin Allen, Albert W. Bellamy, William Charles Boeck, Calvin O. Esterly, Frank Blair Hanson, Charles Eugene Johnson, Ernest Everett Just, James Ernest Kindred, Mrs. Ruth Stocking Lynch, Thomas Byrd Magath, James Watt Mayor, Dwight Elmer Minnich, Carl R. Moore, Thurlow Chase Nelson, Nadine Nowlin, Charles H. O. Donoghue, Albert Duncan Robertson, Francis Metcalf Root, Elizabeth Anita Smith, Dayton Stoner, Gertrude Marean White, Sadao Yoshida. All were duly elected.

The treasurer's report showed a balance of $809.59, an increase for the year of $63.21.

ADVISORY BOARD

At the request of Frank R. Lillie, chairman of the committee on cooperation and coordination of the Division of Biology and Agriculture of the National Research Council, the executive committee approved, and the society passed the following resolution:

Resolved: That there be established a permanent committee to be called the advisory board of the American Society of Zoologists, consisting of eight members appointed by the executive committee, two each for periods of one, two, three and four years; and thereafter two each year for a fouryear term. The chairman of the board shall be elected annually by the board.

The duties of the board shall be:

1. To represent the American Society of Zoologists before the National Research Council.

2. To correlate the various research agencies of the country in zoology; including various government bodies, both national and state, museums, research establishments and universities.

3. To promote international relations in zoology. 4. To take up other problems for the promotion of research in zoology, subject to the approval of The Executive Committee.

President Child announced the appointment by the executive committee of the following advisory board: F. R. Lillie, Wm. E. Castle, C. C. Nutting, G. N. Calkins, J. T. Patterson, M. M. Metcalf, V. E. Shelford, Robert Chambers, Jr.

THE JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY

Owing to the request of Professor J. S. Kingsley to be relieved of the editorial management of the Journal of Morphology at a date in 1920 not yet definitely fixed, The Wistar Institute through M. J. Greenman, its director, approached the Amer. ican Society of Zoologists, proposing that the society assume responsibility for the scientific policy and the election of the editorial board of the Journal of Morphology, subject to the approval of the advisory board of The Wistar Institute and full financial responsibility for the Journal to be kept by The Wistar Institute.

Mr. Greenman further proposed that the society appoint a small special committee on publication which should meet with the advisory board of The Wistar Institute in Philadelphia at certain of its regular meetings held in April to discuss journal affairs in general, and those of the Journal of Morphology in particular.

Whenever the committee was called to attend a meeting in Philadelphia all expenses of travel and entertainment incident thereto are to be paid by The Wistar Institute.

After discussion it was voted to approve the general proposition of assuming responsibility for the scientific policy, and the appointment of the editorial board of the Journal of Morphology; and the Executive Committee was instructed to appoint a committee on publication whose duties would be:

1. To initiate a scientific policy concerning the Journal of Morphology.

2. To nominate an editorial board.

3. To consult with the advisory board of The Wistar Institute concerning both the proposed policy and the editorial nominations.

4. To refer the recommendations for final decision to the executive committee in 1920, and thereafter through the executive committee to the society at its annual meeting.

M. M. Metcalf, Caswell Grave and W. E. Castle have been duly appointed members of the Committee on Publication.

NEW BY-LAW

The following new By-law was adopted:

By-Laws (Add) No. 4

The National Research Council allows the society three representatives on the Division of Biology and Agriculture. Of these three representatives, one shall be elected each year to serve three years. The method of election shall be the same as that used in the election of the officers of the society.

PROPOSED CHANGE IN CONSTITUTION

Although final action could not be taken at this meeting, the following proposed amendment to the Constitution was read:

Article II. (Add) Section 4

Honorary fellows, regardless of membership in the society, may be elected upon unanimous recommendation of the executive committee, by a majority vote of the members present at any meeting of the society. The number of honorary fellows shall be limited to ten and not more than one shall be elected on any one meeting of the society. Honorary fellowships does not involve the payment of dues nor does it confer the right to vote.

After discussion, it was voted that any amendment to the constitution shall not contemplate the elevation of members of the society, and that honorary membership shall be limited to members of foreign societies.

RESOLUTIONS

The resolution committee, consisting of Caswell Grave, Bennet M. Allen and Chancey Juday, reported the following resolutions, which were adopted by standing vote, and ordered spread on the records:

William Erskine Kellicott

1878-1919

Mindful of the great loss sustained by the American Society of Zoologists and zoological science in the death of William Erskine Kellicott, the members of the society find comfort and satisfaction in recalling the mature and substantial character of his scientific contributions, the unusual abilities he displayed as a teacher of zoology, and above all the pleasing personality of their coworker and friend.

The society, therefore, desires to record this minute in recognition of his services to zoological science and to mankind.

George L. Kite

1882-1919

During the brief period of his labors; George L. Kite showed special aptitude, and an adequate preparation for the investigation of the difficult problems which lie in the field where zoology, chemistry and physics meet. His loss is only partially repaired by the inspiration which the methods he developed and the results he attained are affording to the workers who have taken up the problems he relinquished.

The American Society of Zoologists places this minute on record, thereby expressing its regret at the early loss of this promising member.

ELECTION OF OFFICERS

The nominating committee composed of S. O. Mast, V. E. Shelford and B. M. Allen, reported the following nominations:

President, Gilman A. Drew.

Vice-president, Caswell Grave.

Member Executive Committee to serve five years, C. M. Child.

Member of Division of Biology and Agriculture, National Research Council, to serve three years, F. R. Lillie.

Nominations from the floor were called for but none was suggested, and the officers as presented by the Nominating Committee were duly elected. On nomination of the executive committee, C. C. Nutting was elected member of the council of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in place of C. P. Sigerfoos, resigned.

SESSIONS FOR THE PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF PAPERS

At the meetings of the society for the presentation and discussion of papers a total of 42 papers were presented in full, and 28 were read by title. Seventeen of the papers were followed by discussion.

List of Titles

The titles have been arranged by the secretary of the zoologists according to the rules of the society, in the order of their arrival.

Papers marked with an asterisk were read by title.

Embryology

*The individuality of the germ-nuclei during the cleavage of the egg of Cryptobranchus allegheniensis: BERTRAM G. SMITH, Michigan State Normal College.

*A sex intergrade pig which resembles a free-martin: WILL SCOTT, Indiana University. Retention of dead fetuses in utero and its bearing on the problems of superfetation and superfecundation: ALBERT KUNTZ, St. Louis University, School of Medicine.

*An explanation of the early development of the peripheral nervous system in the vertebrate embryo: H. H. LANE, University of Oklahoma. The thyroid and parathyroid glands of Bufo tadpoles deprived of the pituitary glands: BENNET M. ALLEN, University of Kansas.

The influence of thyroid extirpation upon the various organs of Bufo larva: BENNET M. ALLEN, University of Kansas.

Stages in the development of the thymus, parathyroid and ultimobranchial bodies in turtles: CHARLES EUGENE JOHNSON, department of zoology, University of Kansas.

The results of the extirpation of the thyroid and of the pituitary anlagen on the suprarenal tissue in Rana pipiens: ALICE L. BROWN, Kansas State Agricultural College. (Introduced by B. M. Allen.)

Cytology

*The effect of hypotonic and hypertonic solutions on fibroblasts of the embryonic chick heart in vitro: M. J. HOGUE, School of hygiene and public health, Johns Hopkins University. *Coelenterates and the evolution of germ cells: GEORGE T. HARGITT, Syracuse University. Cytological criteria for the determination of Amabic cysts in man: S. I. KORNHAUSER, Denison University.

The spermatogenesis of Anolis carolinensis: THEOPHILUS S. PAINTER, University of Texas. The presence of a longitudinal split in chromosomes prior to their union in parasynapsis: W. R. B. ROBERTSON, University of Kansas. Chromosome studies in Tettigidæ. II. Chromosomes of BB, CC and the hybrid BC in the genus Paratettix: MARY T. HARMAN, zoology department, Kansas State Agricultural College.

Parasitology

Notes on the life-cycle of two species of Acanthocephala from fresh-water fishes: H. J. VAN CLEAVE, University of Illinois.

On the life-history of the gape-worm (Synagamus trachealis): B. H. RANSOM, U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C.

A new bladder fluke from the frog: JOHN E. GUBERLET, Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, Stillwater, Okla.

Studies on the development of Ascarida perspicillum, parasitic in fowls: JAMES E. ACKERT, Kansas State Agricultural College.

*New data bearing on the life-history of Sarcocystis tenella: JOHN W. SCOTT, University of Wyoming.

Contributions to the life-history of Gordius robustus

Leidy: H. G. MAY, Mississippi College. Leucochloridium problematicum n. sp.: THOMAS BYRD MAGATH, Mayo Clinic. (Lantern.) Two new genera of Acanthocephala from Venezuelan fishes: H. J. VAN CLEAVE, University of Illinois.

*Note on the behavior of embryos of the fringed tapeworm: JOHN W. SCOTT, University of Wyoming.

Contributions to the life-history of Paragordius

varius (Leidy): H. G. MAY, Mississippi College.

Genetics

Selection for increased and decreased bristle number in the mutant strain "reduced': F. PAYNE, Indiana University.

The mutational series, full to bar to ultra bar, in Drosophila: CHARLES ZELENY, University of Illinois.

Variation in the percentage of crossovers and selection: J. A. DETLEFSEN and E. ROBERTS, College of Agriculture, University of Illinois. Inheritance of color in the domestic turkey: W. R. B. ROBERTSON, University of Kansas. Heredity of orange eye color: F. PAYNE and MARGARET DENNY, Indiana University.

The tabulation of factorial values for eye-facet number in the bar races of Drosophila: CHARLES ZELENY, University of Illinois.

Linkage of genetic factors in mice: J. A. DETLEFSEN and E. ROBERTS, College of Agriculture, University of Illinois.

Forty-two generations of selection for high and low facet number in the white bar-eyed race of Drosophila: CHARLES ZELENY, University of Illinois.

On the inheritance of congenital cataract in dairy cattle: J. A. DETLEFSEN and W. W. YAPP, College of Agriculture University of Illinois.

Ecology and General Physiology Observations on the habits of larval colonies of Pectinatella: STEPHEN R. WILLIAMS, Miami University.

Animal aggregations: W. C. ALLEE, Lake Forest College.

Behavior of the larva of Corethra punctipennis Say: CHAUNCEY JUDAY, Wisconsin Natural History Survey.

*Studies on chitons: W. J. CROZIER, Hull Zoological Laboratory, University of Chicago. *On the natural history of Onchidium: LESLIE B. AREY and W. J. CROZIER, Northwestern University, University of Chicago.

*The olfactory sense of Orthoptera: N. E. McINDOO, Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C.

On a new principle underlying movement in organisms: A. A. SCHAEFFER, University of Tennessee. The relation of the concentration of oxygen to the rate of respiratory metabolism in Planaria: E. J. LUND, Laboratory of General Physiology, University of Minnesota.

*Experimental studies on the cerebral cortex and