Report of the Commissioner of Education Made to the Secretary of the Interior for the Year ... with Accompanying Papers

AN EXAMPLE OF THE USUAL COURSE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING.

REQUISITES FOR ADMISSION.

Arithmetic.-Examples in all the fundamental rules, together with reductions in the metric system of weights and measures. Algebra.-Fundamental principles and operations, factoring, least common multiple.greatest common divisor, fractions, involution, evolution, radicals of the second degree, simple and simultaneous equations of the first and second degree.

Geometry.-Plane and solid.

English. The principles of English grammar and composition.

Chemistry.-Eliot and Storer's Elementary Manual of Chemistry, or an equivalent.
Physics.-Stewart's Elementary Physics, or an equivalent.

COURSE.

FIRST YEAR.

First term.-Algebra and trigonometry, chemistry (lectures), chemical laboratory, rhetoric, French, mechanical drawing. Second term.-Analytical geometry, chemistry (lectures), chemical laboratory, English literature, French, descriptive geometry and drawing.

SECOND YEAR.

First term.-Surveying, analytical geometry, descriptive geometry, physics (lectures and recitations), German, French, drawing. Second term.-Surveying and leveling, calculus, shades, shadows, and perspective, physics (lectures and recitations), French, German, drawing.

THIRD YEAR.

First term.-Railroad engineering, strength of materials, mechanics, physics (lectures and laboratory), topography, German, mineralogy, drawing.

Second term.-Railroad engineering, mechanics, machine drawing, stability of structures, physics (lectures and laboratory), stereotomy, German, geology.

FOURTH YEAR.

First term.-Astronomy, graphical statics, steam engine, hydraulic engineering, roofs and bridges, architecture.

Second term.-Engineering construction, details of practice and design, specifications and contracts, sanitary engineering, geodesy, thesis work.

TABLE B.-GERMANY.

COURSE OF THE GYMNASIUM OF STETTIN, IN POMERANIA (A TOWN OF 116,000 INHABITANTS).

REQUISITES FOR ADMISSION.

Religion, German grammar, reading, memorizing, orthography, geography, fundamental rules of arithmetic and denominate numbers, writing. [These are the studies of the last year of the Vorschule or preparatory school.]

COURSE.

Sexta.-Bible history, German (exercises in reading and repetition of what has been read, grammatical and orthographic exercises, memorizing poems, to wit: (1) Der Gute Kamerad, Uhland; (2) Wandelnde Glocke, Göthe; (5) Des Deutschen Knaben Tischgebet, Gerok; (6) Die Wacht am Rhein. A written exercise weekly, Latin grammar and reading book, history, and geography (Greek and Roman biographies, non-European lands), arithmetic, botany, writing, drawing.

Quinta.-Religion. German, Latin, French, history and geography, arithmetic, botany and zoology, writing, drawing.

Quarta.-Religion, German, Latin (Nepos), French, history, geography, business arithmetic, geometry, natural history, drawing.

Untertertia.-Religion, German, Latin (Cæsar and Ovid), Greek grammar, French history (German history to 1648), European geography, geometry, algebra, elements of biology, Obertertia. Religion, German, Latin (Casar, Ovid, and Curtius), Anabasis, French, English (optional), history (1648-1870), geography, algebra, geometry, mineralogy, and zoëlogy. Untersekunda.-Religion, German (study of Schiller's dramas and Göthe's Hermann and Dorothea every 4 weeks as composition), Latin (Cicero and Livy), Greek (Odyssey, Anabasis, and Hellenica), French (Voltaire and La Fontaine), Hebrew (optional), English (optional), history and geography, algebra, geometry, physics.

Obersekunda.-Religion, German, Latin (composition, (1) Tarquinius Superbus Roma expellitur; (3) Hannibal bellum contra Romanos parat), Greek, French, Hebrew (optional), English (optional), history and geography, algebra, trigonometry, physics.

Unterprima.-Religion, German, Latin (Cicero, Tacitus, Horace), Greek (Plato and Demosthenes), French, Hebrew (optional), English (optional), history and geography, algebra, trigonometry, physics.

Oberprima-Religion (the Gospel according to John, the forerunners of the Reformation, etc.), German (a study of the life and works of Göthe and Schiller, with compositions on (1) How far is the observation of nature on one side depressing, on the other elevating? (2) Life is indeed a gift, but before all a duty. What influence had his residence at Strasburg on Göthe? etc.), Latin (Cicero pro Sestro, Tacitus, Horace. Theses: (1) Fortune inconstantiam summum quemque antiquitatis virum exportum esse; (2) De Polycrate Samis; (3) Comparantur Camillus et Themistocles, Tertium bellum Punicum narratur, etc.), Greek (Thucydides, Plato, Sophocles), French (Corneille's Cid, Molière's Femmes Savantes, conversation, written extemporalia), Hebrew (optional), English (optional), history and geography, physics, mathematics, algebra, stereometry, trigonometry, geometrical analysis.

COURSE OF THE REALGYMNASIUM OF STETTIN, IN POMERANIA.

REQUISITES FOR ADMISSION.

Religion, German pieces in prose and verse, natural history of the surrounding country, fundamental rules of arithmetic and simple denominate numbers, writing. [These are the studies of the last year of the Vorschule, or preparatory school.]

COURSE.

Sexta.-Bible history of Old Testament to Psalms, etc., study of pieces read in class, learning poetry, words, and the declensions, simple sentence, writing and reading every week a composition, Latin grammar to verbs, third, conjugation in io, every week a Latin exercise, Greek and Roman myths (Sagen), globes and non-European countries, arithmetic, study of twenty-five plants with easily determined organs, animals of the first two classes, drawing from straightfine figures.

Quinta.-Bible history, German, Latin, French, German myths, geography, arithmetic, natural history, drawing.

history.

Quarta.-Religion, German, Latin, French, history, geography, geometry, arithmetic, natural Untertertia.--Religion, German, Latin (Nepos and Cæsar) French, English, history, geography, geometry, algebra, natural history, drawing.

Obertertia. Religion, German, Latin (Cæsar and Ovid), French, English (Scott's Tales of a Grandfather), history, geometry, algebra, botany, zoology, drawing (freehand and mechani

cal).

Untersekunda.-Religion, German (essays on masterpieces), Latin, French, English, history and geography, geometry, algebra, goniometry, physics, mineralogy, perspective.

Unterprima.-Religion, German, Latin (Sallust and Livy), French (Racine and Molière), English (Shakespeare and Macaulay), history (1517-1763), plane and spherical trigonometry and stereometry, algebra, physics, chemistry, drawing.

Oberprima.-Religion, German, Wallenstein, Macbeth, Egmont, Göthe's Iphigenia in Tauris compared with that of Euripides, Iphigenia in Aulis of Racine compared with that of Euripides, the Orestes of Eschylus and the Electra of Sophocles, lesser writings of Schiller, some of the more difficult poems of Schiller and Goethe, elements of empirical psychology, rhetoric (selected portions) Theses, (1) examples of everyday sense deceptions, (2) discussion of ideas, the fancy, and hope in connection with Goethe's poem, entitled "Meine Göttin," (4) Was Schiller right in his "Critic of Egmont?" (8) the groundwork of Schiller's "Was heisst und zu welchem Ende studiert man Universalgeschichte?" (8) characteristics of the clergy, the nobility, and the commercial class of cities (Städtewesens) during the Middle Ages; What is culture? Latin (Horace, Cicero, Tacitus, Livy), French, English, history (1763-1871), analytical geometry, new geometry, physics (experimental physics), chemistry (the metals), drawing.

Optics.-Colors, spherical lenses, the focus, enlarging apparatus.

Mechanics.-Motion of falling bodies, friction, elasticity, unelastic bodies, the pendulum, centrifugal force, the comparison of living forces.

COURSE OF THE DIVISION FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS (BAU-INGENIEURWESEN) IN THE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF HANOVER.

REQUISITES FOR ADMISSION.

The certificate of maturity (Reifezeugniss) of a German gymnasium, or real gymnasium, or a Preussische Oberrealschule.

FIRST YEAR.

Winter session.-Differential and integral calculus (4) hours lectures, 1 of practice), analytical geometry, plane and solid (3 hours), algebraic analysis and trigonometry (3 hours average), descriptive geometry (3 hours lectures and 6 hours of practice); physics (4 hours), mechanics (3 hours), elements of mineralogy (2 hours), freehand drawing (6 hours); in all, 23 hours of lectures and 13 of practice.

Summer session.-Differential and integral calculus (3 hours lectures, 1 of practice), descriptive geometry (3 hours of lectures and 6 of practice), plan drawing (4 hours of practice), physics (4 hours), mechanics (7 hours), elements of chemistry (6 hours), elements of mineralogy (2 hours), freehand drawing and coloring (6 hours practice); in all, 25 hours of lectures and 17 of practice.

SECOND YEAR.

Winter.-Differential and integral calculus (4 hours), surveying (4 hours lectures, 2 hours practice), elasticity (5 hours), geology (2 hours), construction of buildings (4 hours lectures, 6 of practice), elements of machine construction (3 hours lectures, 4 of practice), building techno ogy (metallurgy, wood, ete., 3 hours).

Summer-Surveying (2 hours lectures, 6 practice), graphic statistics (2 hours lectures, 2 practice), hydraulics (2 hours), analytical mechanics (3 hours), geology (2 hours), construction of buildings (4 hours of lectures, 6 of practice), elements of machine building (3 hours lectures, 4 of practice); in all, 18 hours of lectures and 18 of practice.

THIRD YEAR.

Winter.-History and styles of architecture (3 hours), building construction (2 hours of lectures, 4 hours of practice), embankments and road-making (erd und strassenbau) (2 hours), railroad building (2 hours), stone bridges (2 hours lectures, 4 practice), iron bridges (2 hours lectures, 4 hours practice), hydrology and hydraulic engineering (4 hours lectures, 2 hours prac tice), elements of machinery (3 hours); in all. 20 hours lectures, 14 hours practice.

Summer.-Styles of architecture (4hours practice), embankments and road-making (2 hours), railroad construction (2 hours lectures, 2 hours practice), stone bridges (2 hours lectures. 4 hours practice), iron bridges (4 hours lectures, 4 hours practice), hydrologic and hydraulic engineering, locomotives, and cars (2 hours).

FOURTH YEAR.

Winter.-Sketches of simple buildings (2 hours lectures, 4 hours practice), transportation1 (2) hours), railroad construction (2 hours lectures, 4 hours practice), tunneling (2 hours), iron construction (2 hours lectures, 2 hours practice), iron bridges (2 hours lectures, 4 hours practice), hydraulic engineering (4 hours lectures, 4 hours practice); in all, 16 hours lectures and 18 of prac tice. In addition may be taken up the following: Theory of elliptical functions (3 hours), surveying and projection (2 hours), telegraphy and telephony (2 hours), political economy. Summer.-Transportation (2 hours lectures, 2 hours practice), railroad construction (2 hours lectures, 4 hours practice), iron construction, etc. (2 hours practice), iron bridges (2 hours lectures, 4 of practice), hydraulic engineering (2 hours lectures, 4 of practice); in all, 8 hours of lectures and 16 of practice. In addition may be taken up the following: Selected parts of higher mathematics (4 hours), surveying and projection (3 hours practice), astronomical demonstrations (2 lectures), protection from lightning (1 lecture), political economy (2 lectures).

TABLE C.-FRENCH.

COURSE OF SPECIAL MATHEMATICAL INSTRUCTION IN THE COLLEGES (LYCÉES) OF FRANCE, PREPARATORY TO THE ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE OF PARIS.

General studies.

ELEMENTARY DIVISION OF THE LYCÉE.

Preparatory class.-(Child supposed to be 8 years of age): French, 9 hours a week; English or German, 4 hours; history, 13 hours; geography, 13 hours; arithmetic, 2 hours; lessons on common mineral substances, etc. (coal, iron, water, air, animals), 1 hour.

Eighth class.-French, 9 hours; English or German, 4 hours; history, 11 hours; geography, 1} hours: arithmetic, 2 hours; lessons on minerals, as before, 1 hour; drawing, 1 hour. Seventh class.-French, 9 hours; English or German, 4 hours; history, 14 hours; geography, 1} hours; arithmetic, 2 hours; elementary ideas about the rocks and soil of the earth, 1 hour.

EXAMINATION FOR PROMOTION TO THE DIVISION OF GRAMMAR OF THE LYCÉE.

Sixth class.-French, 3 hours; Latin, 10 hours; English or German, 2 hours; history, 2 hours; geography, 1 hour; arithmetic and geometry, 1 hour; zoology, 1 hour; drawing.

Fifth class.-French, 2 hours; Latin, from 8 to 10 hours; Greek, 2 hours from January 1 to close of year; English or German, 2 hours; history, 2 hours; geography, 1 hour; arithmetic and geometry, I hour; botany, 1 hour; drawing.

Fourth class.-French, 2 hours; Latin, 5 hours; Greek, 6 hours; English or German, 2 hours; history, 2 hours; geography, 1 hour; theoretical geometry (first two books), 1 hour; geology, 1 hour; drawing.

EXAMINATION FOR PROMOTION TO THE UPPER (SUPÉRIEUR) DIVISION OF THE LYCÉE.

Third class. (Student supposed to be 14 years old): French (Corneille's Cid and Horace, Racine's Iphigénie, les Plaideurs, history of literature and composition), 2 hours: Latin (Livy 21st and 22nd books, Cicero, De Suppliciis, Pliny, Sallust, Virgil, compositions), 5 hours; Greek (Odyssey. Heroditus, Memorabilia, Lucian), 5 hours: English or German (Goldsmith's Vicar, Macaulay's History, or Göthe or Schiller), 2 hours: geography, 1 hour; arithmetic, algebra, and geometry (theory of numbers, algebraic computation, regular polygons, circle), 2 hours: physics (gravity, equilibrium, liquids and gases, heat), all taught in an essentially experimental way, 1 hour; drawing.

History of ways of transportation, technical and commercial management of lines of transportation, etc. 2 This was somewhat modified in 1890.

EXAMINATION FOR PROMOTION TO THE CLASS OF PREPARATORY MATHEMATICS IN THE SECTION OF SCIENCE.

Special mathematical classes (Section of Science).

Preparatory class.-Mathematic, algebra, geometry, cosmography, 10 hours; natural history, 1 hour; French, 3 hours; Latin (Caesar, Cicero, Virgil. Horace), 2 hours; English or German classes, 2 hours; history and geography, 4 hours; drawing.

Elementary class.-Arithmetic, algebra, geometry, cosmography, trigonometry, elements of descriptive geometry and of mechanics, 103 hours; physics (gravity, heat, electricity, acoustics, optics, and inorganic chemistry, 6 hours: French and Latin, 2 hours; English or German, 2 hours; history and geography, 3 hours: philosophy, 1 hour; drawing.

Class of special mathematics.-Revision of arithmetic, revision and completion of algebra, geometry, and trigonometry, descriptive geometry, anolytical geometry of two and three dimensions, 11 hours; physics reviewed and completed, 3 hours.

COURSE OF THE ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE (FROM AMONG WHOSE GRADUATES THE STUDENTS FROM THE ECOLE DES PONTS ET CHAUSSÉES ARE SELECTED).

The course is of two years and is given under the following heads:

Analysis.-Differential and integral calculus. This course lasts two years. It is completed by conferences upon the immediate application of the subject studied. In addition the students may be called upon to show their knowledge of the subject on paper.

Descriptive geometry.-Different modes of representing bodies, study of the principal geometric surfaces. This course occurs during the first year.

Stereotomy-Carpentry and stone-cutting. Course occurs in second year.

Mechanics and machines.-Course of two years. Completed by designing of the parts of a machine. Physics.-Thermodynamics, electricity, and magnetism (first year), acoustics and optics (second year). Completed by experiments. Chemistry-Metals (1 year), organic chemistry (second year). Completed by experiments. Astronomy and geodesy.-Course occurs in the second year. Completed by experiments. Architecture.-Course is of two years. Completed by designs and projects.

Military art.-Course of the first year.

History, geography, and literature.-History of the political, military, and moral greatness of the principal states of Europe in modern and contemporaneous times. Course of two years and is completed by essays upon historical subjects.

German, drawing, coloring drawings, during two years.

COURSE OF THE ECOLE NATIONALE DES PONTS ET CHAUSSÉES AT PARIS.

First year-Resistance of materials, construction of ways of communication, mineralogy and geology, use of wood and iron in construction, decoration of bridges, political economy, general procedure in construction, applied chemistry.

Second year.-Hydraulics, canals (navigation intérieure), construction of bridges, steam engines, use of wood and iron in construction, decoration of bridges, administrative law (first part).

Third year.-Construction of railroads, construction of maritime works, administrative law (second part), fortification.

In addition to the general course given above, the curriculum comprehends the study of the German and English languages. In each division the students are exercised in practical work, to wit, graphic representation, drawing, water color, manipulation and tests of building material, leveling and drawing plans, drawing engines and buildings. They draw up plans for

construction.

These courses comprise the normal instruction of the school, but in addition there are regular conferences upon telegraphic construction, photography, management of railroads, and fish-culture. There are also other conferences whenever a discovery or the prosecution of some great work demands it.

The school possesses an experimental shop, where the students attend upon a series of operations and practical experiments.

Having thus attempted to give some idea of a course in civil engineering both at home and abroad we may venture to examine a little more closely the character of this course in the schools of the United States that have been endowed by national or by private munificence for the purpose of benefiting agriculture and the mechanic arts. This term, civil engineering, we are told by the faculty of the Rose Polytechnic Institute. is somewhat vague. Sometimes it means land-surveying, sometimes topographical mapping, and often railroad construction. In the Rose Polytechnic it means "all these and more." Let us use the catalogue of this school, then, not only for this reason, but because, 1 aving out of consideration the catalogue of the Technical High School (University) of Hanover and of other German states or provinces, and the catalogue of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, it is among the most thoroughly and ably prepared catalogues that are in the files of the Bureau.

The details of the purely civil engineering in the Rose Polytechnic part of the course are exhibited in the schedule below. The complete course in civil engineering will be shown by subs.ituting the several blocks of this schedule for the shop practice" of the general course in mechanical engineering.'

1 See p. 968.

Purely technical instruction in civil engineering at Rose Polytechnic.

Less adapted to show an actual course of civil engineering, but excellentlyadapted to show how mining, mechanical, electric, and sanitary engineering, and even practical work in geology and chemistry are connected with civil engineering, is the scheme of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The first column of the following schedule, it is hardly necessary to say, shows the department of civil engineering, the second the method by which it is taught, the third the instructor, the fourth the course or courses which include the particular department of civil engineering, the fifth the year, and so on. The first year of study is general and resembles that of the school whose curriculum is given first in Table A:

Purely technical instruction in civil engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.