Not only the arbitrary kings of Spain and Portugal, but the constitutional king of England, claimed a right of occupying, possessing, and granting to individuals or companies, all newly discovered heathen lands; nor was it admitted that the natives had any right to the soil, in the same sense that citizens of one country acknowledge each other's rights, and the go vernments of friendly nations the rights of each other's subjects. There does not seem to be any principle of natural law, by which savage tribes can claim full right to the whole of the widest region, which they wander over in the chase, and to the perpetual exclusion of civilized settlers. If then savage nations have not a full right, what right have they; and to how much territory have they any right? These are questions not yet well settled.-What is the ground and extent of the obligation, which a civilized community is under, by inalienable reservations of land and by liberal appropriations of money, to introduce the arts of civilized life among border tribes of a different race and language, with whom no intermixture of blood can take place without degeneracy?-As modes of diffusing civilization most widely, is the choice well established between the increase of a civilized population and civilizing a barbarous one? These questions present themselves in their most delicate form, in the present controversy in the state of Georgia, and it may be doubted whether they are fully solved on the general notions of humanity usually applied to them, however strong and natural the prepossession felt at a distance in favor of a weaker party.

Note L. Page 40.

As it is now generally admitted that a temperate climate is essential to the attainment of the highest degrees of civilization, (Heeren's Ideen Th. V. Allgemeine Vorerinnerungen,) there is more reason than ever to depart from the ancient phraseology of Zones, in the use of which we almost unconsciously connect the idea of certain degrees of heat or cold with certain parallels of latitude. The remarks in the text, relative to tropical regions, must of course be confined to tropical climates. Our own continents present the most striking instances of the change of climate; and of natural productions, state of civilization, and social character, as affected by climate; in travelling, on the same parallel, from the coasts to the summits of the mountains.

The Atlas of Humboldt contains a curious comparative view of the different altitude of the limit of perpetual congelation in different latitudes. And his Essay on Isothermal lines, as well as various parts of his large works, furnish the most instructive illustrations of the same subject. See particularly his Relation Historique, Tom. II p.350.

Note M. Page 41.

"I doubt if there be another plant upon the face of the earth, which, on a small space of soil, produces a quantity of nutritious substance so considerable as the banana. Eight or nine months after the sucker is planted, the banana tree begins to develope its cluster, and the fruit may be gathered the tenth or eleventh month. When the stalk is cut, there is constantly found among the numerous shoots, which have sprung from the roots, a sprout (pimpollo) which with two thirds the height of the parent plant, bears fruit three months later. It is thus that a plantation of banana, which is called in the Spanish colonies a Platanar, perpetuates itself without any other care than that of cutting the stalks, whose fruit has ripened, and digging the earth slightly about the roots once or twice

a year. A spot of ground of one hundred square metres (about one tentia more than so many square yards) in surface, is sufficient to contain at least from thirty to forty banana plants. This spot of ground, reckoning the weight of the cluster only at from about thirty five to forty five pounds, would yield nearly four thousand five hundred weight of food. What a difference between this product and that of the cereal gramina, in the most fertile parts of Europe. Wheat, supposing it sown and not planted, in the Chinese way, and calculating on the basis of a tenfold increase, does not produce, on a hundred square metres, more than about thirty three pounds weight of grain. In France the legal acre of 54,995 square feet, is sown broadcast in very good land, with about 160 pounds of grain, on medium and poor land with from 200 to 220 pounds; and the produce varies from 1000 to 2500 pounds the acre. The potato, according to M. Tessier yields in Europe, on one hundred square metres of land well manured, about one hundred pounds of the root; or from four to six thousand pounds on the acre of France. The product of the banana is consequently to that of wheat as 133 to 1; and to that of potatoes as 44 to 1."

"In an eminently fertile country, a legal French acre cultivated with banana of the larger kind (Platano Arton) would feed more than fifty persons for a year; while in Europe the same acre, on the principle of an eight fold increase, would yield but about twelve hundred pounds of wheat, a quantity not equal to the support for a year of two persons."Humboldt Essai Politique sur le Royaume de la Nouvelle Espagne. Tom. III. 28, 35.

Note N. Page 43,

It need not be said, that the remarks, which are made in the text, relative to the colonial establishments of different nations on the American soil, can be intended to convey no disrespectful insinuation toward the free states now rising upon those colonial foundations.-The very magnitude of the abuses of the ancient system is among the causes of the convulsive efforts, which have been made, in our days, against those abuses; and the Patriots, who, under infinite discouragements, have effected thus far the political regeneration of those vast regions, are entitled to the greater praise for the difficulties incident to their enterprise. But that they are under no obligation to principles and examples derived from the mother country; that the institutions established in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies, instead of serving as a school of freedom-like the colonial institutions in the North American colonies--were of a nature to retard the growth of independence, cannot be doubted. Even in establishing a form of free government, the leaders of the revolution in Colombia, have been obliged to express their regret that the state of the country and of its population did not allow them to prefer the Federative System of the United States to the less perfect Central System, which they have adopted.-See the opinions of Bolivar and M. de Salazar as quoted in the North American Review for Jan. 1825. p. 79.

Note O. Page 44.

Few questions in Geography have been the subject of more important controversies than the limits of Brazil. It is not a little astonishing to see states like Spain and Portugal, which had respectively by the discovery of America and the passage of the Cape of Good Hope, made the acquisition of new territory larger than Europe, contesting with bitterness a few square leagues of morass on the banks of the Amazon and

its tributaries.The facts, on which the controversies alluded to turned, are principally these. Pope Nicholas V, in 1454, granted to Alfonso King of Portugal, in full sovereignty, all the countries, which he should discover from Cape Non in Africa to India.* About the time of this grant the navigators of Portugal discovered the Cape de Verde Islands, and the Azores. In 1486, the Portuguese navigator Diaz discovered the Cape of Good Hope. In 1492 Columbus discovered America; and controversies immediately arose between the Courts of Spain and Portugal, relative to the interference of their several discoveries. To settle this controversy the Spanish Court procured of Pope Alexander VI, (himself a Spaniard,) the famous bull bearing date May 1493, in which he gives to the king of Spain, in full sovereignty, "All the islands and continents which are or may be found, (Omnes insulas et terras firmas inventas et inveniendas, detectas et detegendas,) to the south and west of a meridian line drawn one hundred leagues south of the southernmost of the Azores or Cape de Verde Islands.-This is the famous "line of demarcation;" for though, (contrary to the popular representation) nothing is said, in this bull, of the right of the Portuguese to all discoveries east of the line, yet the former Papal grant to Portugal, already mentioned, had given to that kingdom the sovereignty over its discoveries in the east. The Portuguese having shortly after acquired Brazil, by the discoveries of Pinzon, who had been of the company of Columbus on his first voyage, it was perceived that it lay to the westward of the line of demarcation, and of course was subject to the Spanish claim. By the treaty of Tordesillas, in 1494, these conflicting rights were compromised, and the sovereigns of Spain and Portugal agreed to run the line three hundred and seventy leagues west of that prescribed by the Pope's bull. This memorable line, by which the territory of three fourth parts of the globe was divided, was to be run by skilful geographers, within ten months. Herrera (Decad. III. lib. VI.) describes, in a manner approaching the ludicrous, the array of maps, charts, globes, and instruments, which the geographers brought to this discussion; and Humboldt justly remarks in reference to these and other kindred contests, (Relation Historique, Tom. II. p. 441,) that the interests of science alone have been served by them. While the question was keenly agitated between the Portuguese and Spanish geographers, the former striving to run the line as far west and the latter as far east as possible, the discovery and occupation of the Moluccas by the Portuguese, completely inverted the policy of both parties. These valuable islands were perceived to be nearly opposite the Cape de Verdes, on the other side of the globe; and the farther to the west of the Cape de Verdes the line of demarcation was run, so much more of the Moluccas and other neighboring islands would fall within the Spanish hemisphere. The Portuguese geographers now contended that the line of demarcation should be counted 370 leagues from a line running through the isle of Salis, the easternmost of the Cape de Verdes, while the Spaniards counted the 370 leagues from a line running through St Antonio, which was ninety leagues more to the west, and was the most western of the group; each party being anxious to lose in Brazil, that it might gain in the Spice islands.-The controversy was protracted for many years, till in 1580, it was, for a time, settled by the union of the two crowns of Spain and Portugal. (De Laet, Novus Orbis, p. 541.)

* See the original document in the great Corps Diplomatique. Tom III. p. 200.

After their separation in 1640, the contest was revived. But the Spice islands having been wrested from the Portuguese by the Dutch, the controversy between the Portuguese and the Spaniards was now reduced to the limits of Brazil. The parties accordingly again changed sides; the Portuguese geographers, at the conferences held at Puente de Caya in 1682, maintained that the 370 leagues must be counted from the most western point of St Antonio, while the Spaniards insisted on the centre of the isle St Nicholas. Two or three commissions, at great expense, were sent out, in the course of the last century, to settle the possession of the uninhabited swamps on the banks of the Tuamini ;—the region which was constituted debateable ground by the uncertainty of the point, through which the meridian line should be run.-(Humboldt Relation Historique, Tom. II. p. 442.)

In the first volume of M. Martens' supplement to the Recueil des Traites, p. 372, the treaty of Tordesillas is contained, and in no previous collection of treaties. The limit of the Oyapok, Oyapoco, or lapoc, was finally settled by the 107th Article of the Act of the Congress of Vienna ; and by a separate convention therein provided for, between Portugal and France.

Note P. Page 45.

A more than ordinary identity of interest and character was effected between Portugal and Brazil; and this vast region was even called by the name of Portugal. "On the banks of the Rio Negro," says Humboldt, in the chapter cited in the last note, "the neighboring country beyond the Amazon is called, in the language of the Spanish Missions, neither Brazil nor the Capitania general of Grand Pará, but Portugal. The copper colored Indians and the Mulattos, which I have seen ascending from Barcelos to the Spanish fort San Carlos, are Portuguese. This denomination prevails among the people even to the coasts of Cumana. A favor. ite anecdote relates, how the imagination of one of the commandants in the expedition of Solano to settle the limits, in 1754, was struck, by hearing the inhabitants of these regions called Portuguese. The old soldier, as ignorant as brave, was provoked at having been sent to the banks of the Orenoque by sea: "If" said he, "as I hear, this vast province of Spanish Guyana reaches all the way to Portugal, (a los Portugeses,) why did the king make us sail from Cadiz. I should have preferred travelling a little farther by land."-" These expressions of naive ignorance," adds Humboldt, "remind one of a strange opinion of Lorenzana the distinguished archbishop of Mexico. This prelate, a person of great historical research, observes in his edition of the letters of Cortes, published so late as 1770, that the possessions of the king of Spain in New California and New Mexico, border by land on Siberia !"

These anecdotes alone may serve as an index to the colonial systems of Spain and Portugal, whose archbishops and commissioners for settling limits supposed, in the middle of the last century, that Brazil was bounded by Portugal and New Mexico by Siberia.

Note Q. Page 52.

The sentiment in the text is very strongly illustrated by the statements contained in Pringle's account of the present state of "the English settlers at the Cape of Good Hope." From that work, it appears that ninety thousand persons besieged Earl Bathurst's office, with applications to embark in the government expedition, to found the colony in question. The calamitous consequences are detailed in the work alluded to.

Note R. Page 58.

The constitution of the Mexican confederacy was adopted by the general constituent Congress Oct. 4. 1824, and may be found translated in the National Journal for Dec. 10 and 11th.

The Mexican confederacy consists of the following states and territories; the states of Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila y Tejas, Durango, Gua najuato, Mexico, Michoacan, Nuevo Leon, Oajaca, Puebla de los Angeles, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Sonara y Sinaloa, Tabasco, Tamaulipas (?) Vera Cruz, Jalisco, Yucatan, and Zacatecas; the territories of upper and lower California, Colima, and Santa Fe of New Mexico. The character of Tlaxcala is to be fixed by a constitutional law.

It will be observed that the division into states and territories does not precisely correspond with the old division into intendencies.

Note S. Page 59.

"The following are a few of the subjects of the political essays of the Censor (a periodical paper published at Buenos Ayres) in 1817: an explanation of the Constitution of the United States, and highly praisedThe Lancastrian System of Education-on the causes of the prosperity of the United States-Milton's essay on the liberty of the press—A review of the work of the late President Adams, on the American Constitution, and a recommendation of checks and balances, continued through several numbers and abounding with much useful information for the people-brief notice of the life of James Monroe, president of the United States-examination of the federative system-on the trial by Jury— on popular elections-on the effect of enlightened productions on the condition of mankind-an analysis of the several state constitutions of the Union, &c.

"There are in circulation, Spanish translations of many of our best revolutionary writings. The most common are two miscellaneous volumes, one, containing Paine's common sense and rights of man, and declaration of Independence, several of our constitutions, and General Washington's farewell address. The other is an abridged history of the United States down to the year 1810, with a good explanation of the nature of our political institutions, accompanied with a translation of Mr Jefferson's inaugural speech, and other state papers. I believe these have been read by nearly all who can read, and have produced a most extravagant admiration of the United States, at the same time, accompanied with something like despair."-Breckenridge's South America, Vol. II. pp. 213, 214.