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The determination in recent years of the upraised marine plane throughout the HudsonChamplain and Connecticut valleys afforded a good base line for more extended exploration.1 1"Pleistocene Marine Submergence of the Connecticut and Hudson Valleys," Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., Vol. 25, 1914, pp. 219-242.

"Pleistocene Uplift of New York and Adjacent Territory," Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., Vol. 27, 1916, pp. 235-262.

"Post-Glacial Marine Waters in Vermont," Report of Vermont State Geologist for 1915-16. pp. 1-41, 1917.

"Post-Glacial Submergence of Long Island," Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., Vol. 28, 1917, pp. 279-308.

During the summer of 1917, with financial aid from the research fund of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the writer has been able to determine with precision, or with close approximation, the amount of Post-Glacial land uplift over New England and eastern Canada, as shown by the accompanying map.

On the small scale the map is, of course, somewhat generalized, but it is confidently believed to fairly represent the truth. The broken

"Post-Glacial Features of the Upper Hudson Valley," New York State Museum, Bull. No. 195,

1917.

lines are entirely hypothetic only in the Mississippi Valley, where there was probably some land uplift during the closing glacial epoch, the time of the Labradorian glacier. Except in the district west of Indiana and Michigan the map is intended to show only the PostWisconsin uplift, or the rise of the continent subsequent to the removal of the latest (Labradorian) ice sheet.

For Labrador and Newfoundland reliance is placed on the published figures of R. A. Daly, with some help from unpublished data of A. P. Coleman and J. B. Tyrrell.

Shoreline or beach features, bars and cliffs, are relatively uncommon at all stages of the uplifting, and rare at the primitive or summit plane of the sea-level waters, especially in far inland and secluded waters. For the above reason the main reliance in this study, especially when covering large territory in limited time, has not been placed on the uncertain open shore phenomena, but on the sure occurrence of deltas built by rivers debouching into the static waters. To avoid doubt or cavil as to glacial (ice-impounded) waters the main dependence has been on the deltas of streams with southward flow, or with flow directed away from the receding ice margin. To determine the true marine plane discrimination must be made between the sand plains which represent the initial sea level and the aggraded, coarse, upstream plains in the one hand, and the finer, submerged, downstream plains on the other hand. Where the valley stream deltas are heavy, with great horizontal extent and large vertical range, making more difficult the location of the primitive water plane, close determination of the latter is made by study of the deposits of small streams and other staticwater features along the adjacent valley walls. Of course, the beach phenomena are utilized wherever possible, and especially on exposed coasts. In the extended paper, noted below, will be found a description of field methods, and a discussion of criteria for distinguishing marine features.

The map reveals strikingly the direct relation of the ice sheet to the diastrophic land movement; the area of uplift being the area of

glaciation, and the amount of uplift being, apparently, in proportion to the relative thickness of the spreading ice cap. The map also shows the effect of land and sea on the flow and reach of the ice sheet. The ice deployed widely on the land, but was inhibited by the sea; thus producing more rapid flow and steeper gradients along the radii toward the nearer shores.

An independent ice cap over Newfoundland is indicated by the large local uplift.

The map also suggests that the correct name for this latest ice cap is not Labradorian but Quebecan; since the center of uplift, and presumedly the center of snow accumulation, lies between Quebec City and James Bay, while Labrador, proper, is only the narrow border of the so-called "Labrador peninsula."

For the details in this study, in both methods and results; for the description of features in western New England, Maine, St. Lawrence and Ottawa valleys, Gaspé peninsula, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Labrador and Newfoundland; and discussion of the possible effects of any change in ocean level, the reader is referred to the detailed paper, published in the Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, Vol. 29.

DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY,

UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER

H. L. FAIRCHILD

THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SO

CIETY

THE general meeting was held in the hall of the society on Independence Square on April 18, 19 and 20. On the evening of April 19 there was a reception at the hall of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, when Lieutenant Colonel Robert Andrews Millikan, Ph.D., Sc.D., of the department of science and research of the Council of National Defense spoke on "Science in relation to the war." At the annual dinner given at the University Club on the evening of April 20, the list of toasts was as follows:

"The memory of Franklin': Hon. David Jayne Hill.

"Our learned societies': George Ellery Hale. "Our universities'': Ethelbert D. Warfield. "The American Philosophical Society'': John C. DaCosta.

New members were elected as follows:

Residents in the United States
Henry Andrews Bumstead, A.B., Ph.D., New
Haven.

Philip Powell Calvert, Ph.D., Philadelphia.
Clarence Griffin Child, Ph.D., L.H.D., Philadelphia.
William T. Councilman, A.M., M.D., LL.D., Boston.
Victor George Heiser, M.D., New York.
Herbert C. Hoover, B.A., LL.D., Washington.
Aleš Hrdlička, M.D., Washington.

Gilbert Newton Lewis, A.M., Ph.D., Berkeley,
Calif.

Theodore Lyman, Ph.D., Cambridge.

J. Percy Moore, Media, Pa.

Louis Valentine Pirsson, M.A., New Haven.
George Harrison Shull, B.S., Ph.D., Princeton.
Joseph Swain, B.L., M.S., LL.D., Swarthmore, Pa.
William Roscoe Thayer, A.M., LL.D., Litt.D.,
L.H.D., Cambridge

Samuel Wendell Williston, A.M., M.D., Ph.D.,
Sc.D., Chicago.

Foreign Residents

Joseph Jacques Cesaire Joffre, Paris Paul Painlevé, Paris.

Raymond Poincaré, Paris.

SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM

Thursday Afternoon, April 18; William B. Scott, D.Sc., LL.D., president, in the chair Control of prices of food under Queen Elizabeth: E. P. CHEYNEY, A.M., LL.D., University of Pennsylvania. The five years from 1594 to 1598 were a period of great scarcity and high prices of all food products in England. The average price of wheat, transformed into modern values, was for months at a time above $7 a bushel, and in some places and at certain times, especially in the year 1596, it rose to $15 and even $18 a bushel. Rye, oats and barley were hardly cheaper and meats and other food rose in proportion. There was much privation and disorder. The government took the following steps to overcome the difficulty: (1) One set of provisions was directed toward better distribution of what food was in England. (2) Another set of provisions was directed toward increasing the available supply. (3) It is noticeable that the government did not establish a legal price; no relation was established between the price of grain and the price of flour; no substitutes were provided for. (4) The government, town authorities and the rural gentry were constantly in fear of popular uprisings, and there were several threatening movements which were vigorously punished by the gov ernment. (5) No satisfactory method of controlling the supply and price of food was worked out at this time, and the suffering was only alleviated by better crops, heavy taxation for the poor, and the cessation of the war.

Control of commerce in war time: WILLIAM E. LINGELBACH, professor of modern European history, University of Pennsylvania.

The influence of Russian political parties on domestic and international questions: ALEXANDER PETRUNKEVITCH, Ph.D., professor of zoology, Yale University.

The relations of French and American thought in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries: ALBERT SCHINZ, A.M., Ph.D., professor of French literature, Smith College, Northampton, Mass.

Problems of war finance: THOMAS S. ADAMS, Ph.D., professor of political economy, Yale University.

Control of railroads of the United States: EMORY R. JOHNSON, Sc.D., professor of transportation and commerce, University of Pennsylvania.

The sanitation of camps: COLONEL FREDERICK F. RUSSELL, Medical Corps, U. S. A.

Surgical shock: WILLIAM T. PORTER, M.D., LL.D., professor of comparative physiology, Harvard University.

Friday Morning, April 19; J. G. Rosengarten, LL.D., Vice-president, in the Chair

History of the study of Greek vase painting: STEPHEN B. LUCE, curator of Greek antiquities, Museum of the University of Pennsylvania.

The art of George Catlin: EDWIN SWIFT BALCH, A.B., of Philadelphia.

Typewriter keyboards; an inquiry for some ra tional ones: CHARLES R. LANMAN, Ph.D., LL.D., professor of Sanskrit, Harvard University.

Changing of sex ratio in the rat: HELEN D. KING, associate professor of embryology, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia. This paper gave the results of a series of inbreeding experiments on the albino rat that were made to determine: (1) whether inbreeding increases the number of male offspring, as maintained by Carl Düsing; (2) whether the sex ratio can be altered by selection. The data summarized cover twenty-five generations of inbred rats, comprising 25,452 individuals. Accepting the current view that the spermatozoa are of two kinds, one "male-producing" and the other "female-producing," it is possible to explain the altered sex ratios in the two series by assuming that, in the A series, selection preserved those females for breeding in which the ova had an inherited tendency to attract spermatozoa that were "male-producing"; among the offspring, therefore, there was an excess of males (122.3

males to 100 females). In the B series, on the other hand, selection preserved the females in which the ova tended to attract "female-producing" spermatozoa, consequently the series showed an excess of females (81.8 males to 100 females). The results indicate that it may be possible to swing the sex ratio in a desired direction, even though we are unable to determine the ultimate cause of sex itself.

The Naiades of the upper Tennessee drainage: ARNOLD E. ORTMANN, Ph.D., Sc.D., professor of physical geography, University of Pittsburgh. The upper Tennessee region (above Chattanooga) has long been famous for the great number of mussel species found in its water. It has been studied by various collectors for nearly one hundred years; but up to the present time great confusion prevailed as to the species found in this region, and their affinities. The present writer made it his chief object during four summers, to collect the shells of this drainage together with the former; this is imperative for a proper understanding of all Nayad shells. It was found that the material collected included practically all species previously reported; it was possible to ascertain, in every case, the proper systematic position of each form, and, finally, the geographical distribution of each form, within this area, was ascertained, and was correlated with the geographical range elsewhere. Thus, the present paper represents a complete account, a synopsis, of everything known hitherto about the upper Tennessee mussels and with numerous additional observations not known previously.

A new type of insect larva: WILLIAM MORTON WHEELER, Ph.D., Sc.D., professor of economic entomology, Bussey Institution, Harvard University. The first larval stage (''trophidium") of two African ants, Pachysima æthiops Smith and P. latifrons Emery, proves to be unlike the larva of any known Formicid or, in fact, of any known insect, in possessing peculiar exudate organs ("exudatoria'') surrounding the mouth. These organs are very primitive adipose glands which evidently furnish a liquid agreeable to the worker ants and are very similar to the exudate organs of ant guests (myrmecophiles) and of termites and their guests (termitophiles). The salivary glands and fatbody have a similar function in other ant larvæ. The relations between ants and their larvæ therefore involve mutualistic or reciprocal feeding and this accounts for the development of the colony both ontogenetically and phylogenetically and therefore for the social habit of the Formicidæ. Myrme

cophily, trophobiosis, "social parasitism" among the ants themselves and the relations of ants to plants with extrafloral nectaries and food bodies all depend on essentially the same conditions. Similar conclusions are reached in regard to the origin and meaning of the social habit among social wasps, some bees and termites.

A critical survey of the sense of hearing in fishes: GEORGE H. PARKER, Sc.D., professor of zoology, Harvard University. That fishes could hear was maintained by most of the naturalists of antiquity, such as Aristotle and Pliny. This was also the opinion of such masters of the art of fishing as Isaac Walton and of such students of fish anatomy as John Hunter. In fact this was the universal view of the function of the ears in fish till 1878 when von Cyon declared that their only function was to keep the fish in equilibrium. This opinion was supported by Kreidl, who in 1895 attempted to show that when fishes did respond to sounds they responded through the organs of touch and not through the ear. Following Kreidl's work appeared a series of researches some of which supported the opinion that fishes did not respond to sounds at all while others tended to show that fishes did respond to sounds and that this response was mediated by the ear as well as by the skin. One of the most sensitive fishes in this respect is the common catfish Amiurus. Tests on this fish were carried out by Parker and Van Heusen with the following results. In catfishes in which the ears had been destroyed, the skin was found sensitive to the dropping of water, to water currents, to a slow vibratory movement of the whole body of water, to the impact of a leaden ball on the slate wall of the aquarium, but not to a whistle blown in the air. In catfishes in which the skin had been rendered insensitive, the ear was stimulated by a slow vibratory movement of the whole body of water, by the impact of the leaden ball, and by a whistle blown in the air, but not by the dropping of water nor by currents of water. To test more fully the effects of sounds, catfishes were subjected to the tones from a telephone contained in a tight rubber bag and submerged in the water of the aquarium. When the ears were destroyed, the catfishes responded to vibrations 43 to 172 per second but not to vibrations 344 to 2,752. When the skin was rendered insensitive, they responded to vibrations 43 to 638 but not to vibrations 1,376 to 2,753. Catfishes respond, therefore, to a range of low vibrations less freely through the skin, more freely through the ear. Hence they have unquestionable powers of hearing.

The perfecting principle: L. H. BAILEY, LL.D., late professor of horticulture, Cornell University.

Medicinal plants-present and future supplies: HENRY KRAEMER, Ph.D., head of department of pharmacology, University of Michigan.

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Parasitism among the red alga: WILLIAM A. SETCHELL, Ph.D., professor of botany in the University of California. Parasites among the members of the Rhodophyceæ, or Red Algæ, are becoming more and more known. The author has been paying special attention to these parasites for some years. Of some 51 species, old or new, known to be wholly or partially parasitic, 39 are on plants of the same family of Red Algæ, 8 others are on Red Algæ not of the same family but with some on hosts fairly nearly related; while only 4 are parasitic on hosts belonging to other groups (brown or green algae). These facts seem significant as to the origin of these parasites. The epiphytic red algæ often penetrate the host plant which is commonly also one of the Red Algæ, but also may be either brown or green. Some light may be thrown on the origin of red parasites, particularly of those parasitic on close relatives by the behavior of the tetrasporangia of Agardhiella tenera. As described by Osterhout in 1896 the zonate tetrasporangia germinate as a whole even after division into tetraspores, and produce dwarf unbranched plantlets which penetrate the tissues of the parent plant by basally produced rhizoids. The plantlets produced are largely antheridial, but some are cystocarpic and some even tetrasporic. Such mutations as these plantlets of Agardhiella seem to represent, accompanied by a greater or less degree of chlorosis, go far toward indicating a possible origin of these parasites on closely related hosts.

Friday Afternoon, April 19; Albert A. Michelson, Ph.D., Sc.D., LL.D., F.R.S., Vice-president, in the Chair

The genus Galera in North America, with preliminary notes of some new species of Agarics: GEORGE F. ATKINSON, Ph.D., professor of botany, Cornell University. Galerula is a genus or yellowspored Agaricaceæ including small plants or those of medium size, but slender in form, and fragile. The species have no claim to rank or economic importance, while their ecological rôle as saprophytes is not large owing to the comparatively small number of individuals. Many species are usually associated with mosses on logs or ground in the woods or swamps. A number of species occur on dung

heaps or in recently manured grass lands. The larger number of species are some shade of yellow, or tawny, or ochraceous. In taxonomic works the genus is usually divided into sections according to external characters and ecological relations. By this method the species are not grouped according to their real affinities, and in a few cases forms not closely related are assembled under a single specific name. A high degree of internal structural differentiation has taken place in the evolu tion of the species. In the present study this vantage point has been employed to group the species into sections more nearly in accord with their true relationships. Between 50 and 60 species are recognized in North America.

Temperature, imbibition and growth: D. T. MACDOUGAL, Ph.D., LL.D., director of the department of botanical research, Carnegie Institution of Washington. The effects of temperature upon swelling of biocolloids consisting of agar, and proteins have been previously described. With these results were given measurements of the swelling of sections of Opuntia already in a turgid condition with their imbibition capacity nearly satisfied, and not in a growing condition. Special tests were arranged by which the effect of changes in temperature upon the swelling of sections of growing cellmasses and upon the growth of similar masses should be determined. Elongation by growth of the stems in question was at the rate of 5.2 mm. daily at 16°-18° C. and 11-17 mm. daily at 30°32° C. The increase amounted to a doubling, more or less, for a rise of 10° C. The swelling in transverse sections of similar material was 4.9 per cent. at 17°-19° C. and 7.5 per cent. at 30°-31° C. in distilled water: and 4.9 per cent. at the lower temperature in acidified potassium nitrate and 9.5 per cent. at the higher temperature. The increase by swelling transversely was therefore slightly less than double with a fair inference that it would have been greater in the axis of elongation or growth. It is to be seen therefore that in the elongation of the vegetative axes of plants, the temperature effect is a very complex one, and that the accelerating effect of rising temperature may be primarily an increase in absorption capacity by altered metabolism including lessened accumulations of acids.

Variation in blueberry hybrids: FREDERICK V. COVILLE, curator of the U. S. National Herbarium, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Organization, reproduction and heredity in Pediastrum: ROBERT A. HARPER, Ph.D., professor of botany, Columbia University.

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