mately forty-one by eighty-four feet over all and of a height of three stories. On the ground floor is a physiological laboratory, twenty-three by thirty-nine feet, containing a large floor aquarium of cement, six by fourteen feet, a private laboratory, ten by eleven feet, also a concrete-floored room twenty-three by thirty-nine feet for sorting collections, and for the storage of boats, collecting apparatus, etc. There are, besides, a large storeroom, furnace room, janitor's room, photographic dark room and men's lavatory.

The second floor, into which the main entrance opens, is devoted to the three large general laboratories, two of them approximately twenty-three by thirty-nine feet, the third twenty by thirty-six feet, and accommodating each twenty-eight students. Two private laboratories for instructors are also provided on this floor.

The third floor contains a large library with a generous fireplace, an adjoining room for records, an advanced laboratory, twenty by twenty-two feet, six commodious private laboratories for investigators, and a rest room for women.

Fresh and salt water are supplied

to each laboratory, the sea water being pumped to a concrete tank on the roof, whence it is distributed to the various double-decked, cement aquarium tables. Heating is provided by a hot-air system, electric lights are installed, and gas soon will be. From the third floor a stairway gives access to the flat, parapeted roof, where open air aquaria may be set up as needed. There are thus five laboratories available for classes and nine private laboratories for investigators. The private rooms have much the same equipment as that used at the new Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory.

The plans for the Station are very largely the work of Professor Frank Mace McFarland, of the Department of Anatomy, in conference with Professor Charles Henry Gilbert, of the Department of Zoology.

In fitting recognition of the aid rendered by Mr. Timothy Hopkins during the whole life of the Station, the Board of Trustees of the university named the new institution on

October 26, 1917, the "Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University."

The Hopkins Marine Station fulfills a twofold function: first it furnishes under exceptional natural advantages elementary and advanced instruction in biology, second, it provides for research work. Beginning June 15, 1918, the Station will be open the entire year, the Director being in residence. Investigators and special students can be accommodated at any time. Regular classes are scheduled for the spring (April 1 to June 18) and summer (June 19 to August 30) quarters only. As formerly, the use of Station facilities is tendered to investigators free of charge; students are required to pay a small fee.

The Station is an integral part of Stanford University, controlled by the board of trustees, the president, and the academic council in the same manner as other departments of the university. In addition there is a small committee of the faculty exercising advisory and to a certain extent executive functions. The staff consists of the director and those members of the faculty who offer regular courses of instruction at the station.

The extraordinarily rich fauna and flora of the Monterey Bay region offer exceptional opportunities to investigator and beginning student alike. There are a surprisingly large number of marine animals and plants readily accessible. The student of land forms will encounter a varied assemblage of species, since there are very few regions of equal extent which offer such a curious combination of widely diverse ecological formations. There are probably a greater number of endemic plants than in any other similar continental region. Investigators in the fields of general experimental work, taxonomy, anatomy and embryology will find a wealth of material to chose from, while those concerned with a study of animals or plants from the special standpoint of their "marineness will naturally be exceptionally favored.

During the summer quarter (June 19 to August 30, 1918) courses will be offered as follows: General Zoology, by Professor E. C. Starks; Economic Zoology (Marine Inverte

brates) and Invertebrate Embryology, by Professor Harold Heath; General Physiology and Research in Physiology, by Professors E. G. Martin and F. W. Weymouth; The Algae and an advanced course in Botanical Survey, by Mr. J. I. W. McMurphy.

President Wilbur has appointed W. K. Fisher, of the Department of Zoology, director of the station.

W. K. FISHER

SCIENTIFIC EVENTS

THE BOMBARDMENT OF PARIS BY LONGRANGE GUNS

PROFESSOR G. GREENHILL writes in Nature that the Jubilee long-range artillery experiments of thirty years ago were considered the ne plus ultra by the British authorities, and were stopped at that, as they were declared of no military value. But the Germans are said to have watched the experiments with great interest, and to have carried the idea forward until it has culminated to-day in his latest achievement in artillery of a gun to fire 75 miles and bombard Paris from the frontier. Professor Greenhill writes:

From a measurement of the fragments of a shell a caliber is inferred of 240 mm., practically the same as the 9.2 inch of our Jubilee gun, which, firing a shell weighing 380 pounds at elevation 40°, with a muzzle velocity nearly 2,400 feet per second, gave a range of 22,000 yards—say, 12 miles. This was much greater than generally anticipated, but in close agreement with the previous calculations of Lieutenant Wolley Dod, R.A., who had allowed carefully for the tenuity of the air while the shot was flying for the most part two or three miles high.

The German shell is likely to be made much heavier and very nearly a solid shot, better by its weight to overcome air resistance, the chief factor to be consdered in the problem of the trajectory. If it was not for this air resistance a range of 75 miles with 45° elevation could be reached, on the old parabolic theory of Galileo, with so moderate a velocity as V=V (gR)=3,200 feet per second, with g=32.2, R=75 × 5,280; in a time of flight of about 2 minutes, an average speed over the ground of 30 miles per minute.

A velocity of 3,200 feet per second was obtained by Sir Andrew Noble in his experiments at New

castle about twenty years ago with a 6-inch 100caliber gun, with a charge of 27 pounds of cordite and a shot of unspecified weight, so it may have been the usual 100 pound or perhaps an aluminium shot of half the weight.

Double velocity is usually assumed to carry twice as far; at this rate the velocity of our gun would require to be raised from 2,400 feet to about 6,000 feet per second to increase the range from 12 to 75 miles; such a high velocity must be ruled out as unattainable with the material at our disposal.

But in this range of 75 miles the German shot would reach a height of more than 18 miles and would be traveling for the most part in air so thin as to be practically a vacuum, and little resistance would be experienced.

So it is possible a much lower velocity has been found ample, with the gun elevated more than 45°, for the shot to clear quickly the dense ground strata of the atmosphere. Even with the 3,200 feet per second velocity obtained by Sir Andrew Noble a surprising increase in range can be expected over the 12-mile Jubilee range when this extra allowance of tenuity is taken into account, and a range of 60 miles be almost attainable.

SOME TUNGSTEN ORES IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

war.

FOR some years the department of geology in the United States National Museum has been making a special effort to build up its collections of the so-called rare earths and rare metals, many of which have assumed exceptional importance since the outbreak of the These collections include a considerable range of substances which have proved of commercial value only within the past decade, one of the most important of which is the metal tungsten, invaluable in steel manufacture. During the past year the department has received, principally through the intervention of Mr. F. L. Hess, of the U. S. Geological Survey, three most remarkable specimens illustrating the three types of ore of this metal. In its own way, each of the three is unique and undoubtedly the largest of its kind ever mined. The first is a mass of ferberite (iron tungstate) from the No. 7 lease of the Vasco Mining Co., at Tungsten, Boulder County, Colorado, which was presented by the Vasco Mining Co., and Messrs. Stevens and Holland. The specimen is roughly oval in form, 2 feet

6 inches long, 2 feet broad, and 2 feet thick, and weighs nearly a ton. It is an ore characteristic of the Boulder tungsten field-a brecciated pegmatite and granite cemented by quartz and ferberite.

The second is a large specimen of the newly discovered mineral tungstenite (tungsten sulphide), a gift from Wm. Barrett Ridgely, of New York City. Tungstenite is a soft, leadgray mineral, looking very much like fineflaked molybdenite and carries some 44 per cent. tungsten. The specimen, which contains an admixture of some galena and quartz and weighs more than 100 pounds, is from the Emma mine at Alta, Utah. This mineral was identified only last December by R. C. Wells and B. S. Butler, of the United States Geological Survey, and almost simultaneously by K. D. Kuhre and Mr. J. J. Beeson, the geologist at the mine.

The third, and in some ways the most remarkable specimen, is a mass of scheelite (calcium tungstate) from the Union Mine of the Atolia Mining Co., Atolia, California. This mine is undoubtedly the richest and largest scheelite mine ever discovered, and the specimen is correspondingly large. It is a section across the main part of the vein and is 4 feet 8 inches long, about 2 feet 6 inches wide, and 2 feet thick. Some granodiorite, the country rock, is inclosed. The specimen weighs 2,600 pounds and carries possibly 30 per cent. WO,, so that it contains in the neighborhood of 700 pounds of metallic tungsten and is worth, at the present price of ore, nearly $2,000. Great care was needed to remove the specimen from the mine intact, a work which was carried on under the supervision of Charles S. Taylor, one of the discoverers of the mine and now its superintendent.

CHEMISTRY AT YALE UNIVERSITY

IT has been arranged at Yale University to unite the staffs and laboratories of the undergraduate departments of the college and of the Sheffield Scientific School in a single department. On this plan the Yale Alumni Weekly comments as follows:

The article which we publish in this number on the coordination of chemistry teaching in the col

lege and Sheffield marks a move in what we have good reason to believe will shortly become a general reorganization at the university on a new and cooperative departmental basis. Until now chemistry at Yale has been divided into two distinct and unrelated parts, with its two separate faculties and student groups, its two separate laboratories and equipments, its two separate financial systems, its two separate heads. It has furnished a striking instance of the historical cleavage between the Sheffield Scientific School and Yale College, with all the attendant lack of cooperation and sympathetic understanding which that cleavage has for so many years resulted in. If any criticism of Yale's educational organization has been unanswerable, for years it has been this continued separation between its two undergraduate schools in the teaching of common subjects. It has split Yale into two-on occasion even hostile-camps. It has hindered scientific progress in both schools. It has broken up at the start any possible unity of educational policy which might have been accomplished.

Until now it has seemed impossible to find a way to end this illogical and harmful cleavage between Sheff and the college in their educational organization. But the war, which is subtly undermining a good many of our ancient prejudices, both individual and institutional, has begun to play its deciding part in this historic Yale question. The hours of classroom exercises have recently been made to conform for the undergraduates of both Sheff and the college. The departments of chemistry have now found it necessary to reorganize to meet the new conditions, and, in reorganizing, have found it possible and even desirable to cut the old Gordian knot of departmental prejudices and consolidate as a university department. When this new plan goes into effect, Yale will have made its first definite move in what we believe will be a much more general trend in the near future, toward operating its educational machinery as one university organization rather than as two separated undergraduate departments.

In an article on the subject in the Yale Alumni Weekly Professors Bertram M. Boltwood and Treat B. Johnson mention as the greatest needs of the university in chemistry: (1) an adequate endowment for research, (2) the appointment of research professors in each department to organize and direct, (3) opportunities to give greater encouragement to our younger men to carry out research work, (4)

conditions tending to stimulate cooperation between manufacturing interests and our research laboratories in order to broaden as much as possible the applied features of our research work.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND NEWS DIRECTOR WILLIAM WALLACE CAMPBELL, of the Lick Observatory, University of California, has been elected a foreign member of the Royal Society.

THE annual gold medal of the British Institution of Naval Architects has been awarded to Professor G. W. Hovgaard, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, for his paper on "The Buoyancy and Stability of Submarines."

AT the annual meeting of the Chemical Society, London, on March 21, the Longstaff medal for 1918 was presented to Lt.-Col. A. W. Crossley, for his work in the field of hydroaromatic compounds.

THE University of Chicago has granted leave of absence to Professor Forest R. Moulton, of the department of astronomy and astrophysics, for one year, from April 1, 1918. He is commissioned major in the Ordnance Reserve Corps of the United States Army, and will have the duty of directing the computation of range tables and ballistic data.

DR. T. WINGATE TODD, F.R.S.C. professor of anatomy in the school of medicine of Western Reserve University, has been granted leave of absence from the university and commissioned captain in the Canadian Army Medical Corps. He is at present stationed at the Military Hospital of London, London, Ontario, and expects to see service in France within a few months.

DR. ROBERT W. HEGNER, of the University of Michigan, who has been carrying on research work at the Johns Hopkins University during the past year as Johnston scholar, has been reappointed and will continue his investigations there for another year.

T. B. WOOD, professor of agriculture in the University of Cambridge, has been appointed to the Development Commission of Great Brit

ain, vice A. D. Hall, now secretary of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries.

DR. ELBERT C. LATHROP has resigned his position as biochemist in the Laboratory of Soil Fertility Investigations, U. S. Department of Agriculture, to accept a research position with the Jackson Laboratory of the E. I. duPont de Nemours Company, of Wilmington, Delaware.

MR. R. C. BERGEN, assistant editor of Metallurgical and Chemical Engineering, has resigned his position to go into manufacturing work. He has been with the journal since its change to a semi-monthly in 1915.

JOHN C. SCHELLENG has resigned his instructorship in the department of physics of Cornell University to accept a position in war work with the Westinghouse Electric Company.

THE Course of lectures on "Symbolic logic" by Mrs. Christine Ladd-Franklin which was to have been given at Harvard University beginning on April 22, has been given up on account of the existing situation. These lectures were given earlier in the season at Columbia University before the Institute of Arts and Sciences.

PROFESSOR W. A. COGSHALL, of Indiana University, delivered recently an address before the St. Louis Academy of Science on "The problems of the total solar eclipse with particular reference to the Corona and the intra-mercurial planets."

PROFESSOR E. V. MCCOLLUM, of the school of hygiene and public health of the Johns Hopkins University, delivered a lecture on nutrition, before the faculty and students of the college of medicine, University of Illinois, on April 11.

DR. E. EMMET REID, of Johns Hopkins University, delivered an illustrated lecture on "Gas warfare" before the West Virginia Scientific Society on April 15. In the afternoon of the same day, he addressed the students of chemistry of the university on "The present status of the chemist."

DR. WINFRED BERDELL MACK, professor of veterinary science and bacteriology in the University of Nevada, died in Reno on January 18, after an illness of three months, aged fortyseven years.

EDWIN SCOTT LINTON, a member of the class of 1918, Johns Hopkins Medical School, and enlisted with the Johns Hopkins Hospital Unit, Base Hospital No. 18, A. E. F., died in France, of scarlet fever, on November 14, 1917. He was the son of Professor Edwin Linton, of Washington and Jefferson College.

DR. S. M. SANDWITH, of the London School of Tropical Medicine, died on February 16, at the age of sixty-four years.

PROFESSOR P. BLASERNA, vice-president of the Senate, and professor of experimental physics in the University of Rome, died on February 26, at eighty-two years of age.

THE agricultural appropriation bill, carrying a total of $28,000,000, has been passed by the Senate.

THE Bureau of Standards has purchased eight acres of land west of Connecticut Avenue, Washington, D. C., and has let contracts for a new engineering laboratory, 175 by 350 feet, and four stories in height. The new building and its equipment will cost in the neighborhood of $1,000,000 and will increase the capacity of the bureau by 50 per cent. The Pittsburgh laboratory of the bureau, including the work on glass and ceramics, will be transferred to Washington. It is expected that the new building will be ready for occupancy during the coming summer.

THE American Electrochemical Society has arranged in connection with its spring meeting in the week of April 28 for a tour through Tennessee and Alabama stopping at the important electrochemical centers and water power developments located in these two states. Among the towns to be visited are Johnson City, Kingsport, Knoxville, Sheffield, Muscle Shoals, Chattanooga, Anniston and Birmingham. A special train will be provided, and about one hundred members and guests have already signified their intention to participate. All those interested can obtain further details from Mr. Charles F. Roth, chairman of the committee, 50 East 41st St., New York City, N. Y.

THE annual meeting of the New England

Federation of Natural History Societies will be held on Friday and Saturday, April 26 and 27, at the Rogers Building, Boston, next house to the Society of Natural History. The usual exhibition will be open to members and visitors both days, and all the societies and individual members are invited to exhibit. Packages may be sent by express or left at the building in care of the janitor. Friday evening from 7 to 10 there will be an informal meeting for showing exhibits and for short reports and addresses. Members who can not attend on Saturday are specially invited to this meeting. Saturday, at 10 A.M. the annual meeting will be held for reports from the various societies and for the election of officers and other business. A short account of the last year's work of each society is desired at this meeting. A meeting of the council will be held immediately after the general session. to examine the accounts, to decide on the admission of new members and to arrange for future meetings. Saturday afternoon the Boston Mycological Club will have its collections open to visitors from 1 to 5 at its room in the Horticultural Society's Building, 300 Massachusetts Avenue, corner of Huntington Avenue. The Brookline Bird Club will lead an observation walk in the Brookline Parkway, starting from the corner of Brookline Avenue and Audubon Road at 3 P.M.

THE corporation of Yale University has voted to give annually the income from ten thousand dollars to the American Journal of Science to assist in the publication of this journal, which this year celebrates its one hundredth anniversary, and to which Professor Edward S. Dana has given so generously of his time and energy for many years.

THE Bollettino di Bibliografia e Storia delle Scienze Matematiche, edited by Professor Gino Loria, of Genoa, which has been of such value to mathematicians interested in the bibliography and history of their subject, is about to begin a new series. It will appear in improved form from the press of the well-known scientific publisher, D. Capozzi, of Palermo.

THE Journal of the American Medical Asso