Laying a railroad track, Operating a wireless station, Operating a terminal system, Constructing a river dam, How a refrigerating plant is operated, How a threshing machine works, The "Soo" locks.

DISCUSSIONS OF FACTS AND IDEAS

The Beginning of Cabinet Government. This is an illustration of compactly organized historical exposition. Study the close coherence. Observe the transitional sentences and the pithy quality of the closing sentence in every paragraph, and the way in which the entire passage is concluded. 56. Triennial Bill, one providing that a Parliament shall continue for three years. Five years is the present duration of a Parliament.

57. Clarendon. Edward Hyde, first Earl of Clarendon (1609–1674). He supported Charles I during the great Rebellion, and after the Restoration became the most influential minister of Charles II.

Topics: The Development of the American Cabinet, The Growth of civil service reform, The rise of the Republican party, The history of the Granger movement, The development of the anti-saloon movement, The territorial growth of the United States, The history of Irish home rule.

The Esthetic Value of Efficiency. This is an attempt to interpret in its ideal significance a familiar factor in modern life by showing its operation in a typical community. In order that there should be no doubt as to her purpose, the writer announces what may be called the intellectual point of view in a prefatory paragraph. The article proper begins with the second paragraph in which the point of view becomes physical and makes the treatment concrete and familiar. Observe the abundance of material details concerning the industrial, the social, and the mental life which the writer describes before she ventures to make the moral application for which she has prepared us.

63. "short, sharp shock." Aphrase from Gilbert and Sullivan's "Mikado." Topics: The influence of state support on higher education, The influence of government experiment stations upon agriculture, The influence of woman suffrage on government, The influence of forests on water storage, The influence (social, moral, or æsthetic) of the moving picture on small towns, The effect of the credit system upon Southern agriculture, The influence of the automobile on farm life, The influence of high school fraternities upon scholarship.

The Honey Bee. This article is especially interesting as an example of the adaptation of material to a special audience. The writer is a man of science who is addressing an educated, perhaps even a literary, but presumably non-scientific audience. Though he takes nothing for granted, he never seems to write down to the reader. The style has a familiar charm, enlivened with touches of subdued humor and an appropriate flavor of literary allusion. Unity is attained very simply by taking up the activities of the bee in a complete cycle from one swarming to the next.

70. "All is the state's." Virgil's Fourth Georgic, Dryden's translation,

"And with their stores," etc., lines 55-58. "cumbered about much serving," 81. "Their friends attend," line 374.

78.

84. l'esprit de la ruche," the spirit of the hive.

Topic: The life and habits of any animal with which you are acquainted or which you have studied.

The Panama Canal. This passage offers a problem in the arrangement of an assortment of miscellaneous facts of different kinds of interest. First we have some statistics applying to the Canal as a whole, then an account of its geographical and engineering features aside from the Gatun Dam and Culebra Cut, which because of their greater interest are reserved for separate A description of the Canal landscape is interpolated, and a short paragraph of comment brings the whole to a smooth conclusion. Is any other arrangement of these divisions possible or preferable?

treatment.

88. The locks will be worked. For the manner of operating the locks, see p. 47.

Topics: An athletic field, A college campus, A visit to Niagara, A trip through the stock yards through a factory - over a large farm.

On the Physical Basis of Life. Like "The Honey Bee," this essay illustrates the art of adapting material to an audience. But in the former case the writer dealt with facts which would be accepted without challenge, so that he had only to see that his presentation was lucid and intelligible, whereas in the present instance the writer has the problem of counteracting a strongly ingrained popular prejudice and his treatment therefore requires something of the method of argument. Professor Shipley begins his exposition without a word of preliminary, but Huxley takes two pages to focus the attention of his reader on the startling nature of his new truth. Having pried his reader's mind wide open, he proceeds to pour in his information.

Analyze the six introductory paragraphs in their relation to the structure of the entire essay. What are the literary (as distinguished from the structural) qualities of the style? Observe the imaginative strokes by which Huxley gives vividness and significance to his facts. Is the effect of Huxley's exposition to lower our conception of human life or to enhance the dignity of all life? How is the effect produced?

91. hugest of beasts that live. This is a reminiscence of the Miltonic

"that sea-beast

Leviathan, which God of all his works

Created hugest that swim the ocean stream."

Paradise Lost, I, 200-2.

Schoolmen, the speculative theologians of the mediæval church.

92. Goethe, Johann Wolfgang (1749-1832), the greatest of German poets.

"Warum treibt sich," etc. "Wherefore do the mortals thus jostle each other and clamor? They wish to feed, to bring forth children and nourish them as well as they can. .. Further no man attains, strive how he may."

94. could our ears catch the murmurs. See "The Sound of Summer,"

p. 347.

Milne-Edwards Henry (1800-1885), French zoologist.

97. De Bary, Heinrich Anton (1831-1888), German botanist. 99. Kühne, Willy (1837-1900), German physiologist.

Topics: The solar spectrum, Hypnotism, Mendelism, The origin of language, The survival of the fittest, The nebular hypothesis, The wave theory of light, Spiritualism.

The Middle and Lower Classes in England. This is an example of generalization based on a multitude of particular facts. Mr. Trevelyan attempts here what his distinguished uncle Macaulay has done for a later period in the famous third chapter of his "History of England" to represent the complex life of a period in a broad view. Macaulay is often charged with making his generalizations without sufficiently weighing the facts. Observe how Mr. Trevelyan supports his statements by specific statistics and careful reference to authorities.

Observe how point of view is obtained by means of the opening paragraph on England of the present time. Notice the effect of the closing sentence in definitely unifying the passage. What is the dominant interest in the exposition? The passage offers an excellent opportunity for the analysis of structure and for a study in the condensation of material.

100. The Tudors. Their line began with Henry VII in 1485 and ended when Elizabeth was succeeded in 1603 by the first of the Stuarts, James I. the habitations of man. Compare Ruskin's description of "English

Cottages," p. 372.

101. Wat Tyler, the leader of a peasant revolt in the reign of Richard II. He was killed during the outbreak (1381).

103. Fuller, Thomas (1608-1661), an English divine and man of letters. 104. Charles's cause, the struggle of Charles I against Parliament during the Great Rebellion which broke out in 1641.

Cobbett, William (1766–1835), a prolific journalist and a violent political agitator.

Commonwealth, the government of England between the beheading of Charles I and the Restoration.

105. House of Bourbon, the dynasty which ruled France during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, from Henry IV to Louis XVI.

the Jacquerie, a peasant outbreak against the nobility of France in 1358. wars of Froissart. Jean Froissart (1338-1410) wrote the chronicles of the Hundred Years' War, most of which was waged during his lifetime.

108. Prince Charles of Madrid, a reference to the visit which Charles I, before he became king, made to Spain in 1623.

Topics: The present status of the American laborer, Social and economic condition of the American farmer, American commerce before the Civil War, The life of the slave in the South, The people of Mexico the reasons for their political unrest, The legal and economic position of woman in the United States.

Inaugural Address. The aim of the speaker in this address is not directly to present facts but to explain their significance to an audience supposedly familiar with them. An interpretation of this sort has value in proportion to the authority of the speaker. It is the same type of composition which, on a lower level, is to be found in the editorial. Analyze the substance and style of this address in its suitableness to the occasion. Does the President talk down to "the people "?

Lincoln as More than an American. This also is interpretation, but of a different kind of material. An idea is set forth by means of a single example. Could this passage be appropriately classified as biography? Compare with this the analysis of Americanism in the essay on "Mark Twain," p. 208.

114. Douglas, Stephen (1813-1861), Lincoln's celebrated political rival, frequently successful against him.

115. St. Francis of Assisi (1181-1226), perhaps the most saintly of all Christian priests, the founder of the Franciscan order of monks.

120. William Lloyd Garrison (1805-1879), leader of the radical Abolitionists before the Civil War.

121. Stanton, Edwin M. (1814-1869), had bitterly opposed and denounced Lincoln before the Civil War, but nevertheless Lincoln appointed him Secretary of War in 1862.

Chase, Salmon P. (1808-1873), Lincoln's Secretary of the Treasury from 1861 to 1864. Though he was guilty of flagrant ingratitude during his term of office, Lincoln appointed him to the Supreme Court.

122. the plaintive little verses, from "Songs of Israel" by William Knox (1789-1825): Oh, why should the spirit of mortal be proud?" etc.

Topics: What is an American? The Western American, Theodore Roosevelt or Woodrow Wilson as types of the American, Jane Addams as a type of American womanhood, American political ideals, American ideals of conduct.

English and American Sportsmanship. The difference in the attitude of the Englishman and the American toward his athletics is one of the commonplaces of observation among those interested in sport. What makes Mr. Corbin's treatment of this subject worth reading? Are his opinions warped by prejudice in favor of either side? In whose favor does the balance finally seem to rest?

Topics: The purpose of college sport, Ethics of the college athlete, The value of intercollegiate athletics, Interclass contests, The training table, On supporting the team, The faculty control of athletics.

Self-cultivation in English. Like Hazlitt's remarks on "Familiar Style "

(p. 14), this selection is primarily interesting for its excellent advice on the choice of words and for the way in which its example gives point to the precepts. Of the three qualities recommended, which is the most notably illustrated in the practice? Comment on the following expressions: “Niggardly and angular speakers," a vague and undetermined meaning," "articulate his thought," pungent . . impression,' embroidery or superposed ornament," "purgation of superfluities," "unpermittedly pass the portal of the teeth." Do you disapprove of any of these?

66

The structure of this paper as a whole and in its details should be carefully observed — the introduction, the arrangement of the points in simple enumerative order, the composition of each paragraph, the transitions, and the concluding paragraph. Notice the short, crisp sentences. Are they appropriate in view of the fact that they were composed for oral delivery? Do they become monotonous?

131. George Herbert (1593-1633), an English religious poet of the socalled "metaphysical" school.

Ben Jonson's description. See " Timber," Schelling's edition, p. 30.

132. Dante (1265-1321), the great Italian poet, author of the "Divina Commedia."

134. Hobbes, Thomas (1588-1679), the English philosopher, author of "The Leviathan."

The Social Value of the College-bred. This belongs to the same class of writing as the Inaugural Address. It is the setting forth of an idea. In so far as the idea suggests translation into practice the writing will partake of the manner of argument or persuasion. It is indeed hard to draw a precise line between an essay like this and the Inaugural Address, on the one hand, and President Wilson's Swarthmore Address and Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, which are included in this book under Persuasion, on the other. Perhaps the fact that the application of the idea is implied rather than expressed justifies placing the article in this position. Is there any

analogy in aim between this essay and Mr. Croly's on "Lincoln as more than an American"? Compare the substance of this essay with Newman's on "The Aim of a University Education" and President Wilson's Swarthmore Address.

Like "Self-cultivation in English," this article was composed for oral delivery. Compare the diction of the two. Which is the more natural, the racier, the more spontaneous? Which is the bolder, the more picturesque, the more brilliant? Compare the two in figurativeness. Does metaphor or simile strike you as being more effective in prose? Why? Compare the figure of the glove (p. 130) or the simile of the cook (p. 135) with “you may remain a crude and smoky kind of petroleum, incapable of giving light" (p. 137), or "currents of self-interest, and gales of passion are the forces that keep the human ship moving " (p. 142). - Compare the sentence structure of the two. Which is the more emphatic? Which the more graceful? Which has more variety?