tain healthy growth. The new South presents a perfect democracy, the oligarchs leading in the popular movement -a social system compact and closely knitted, less splendid on the surface, but stronger at the core -a hundred farms for every plantation, fifty homes for every palace, and a diversified industry that meets the complex needs of this complex age. The new South is enamoured of her-new work. Her soul is stirred with the breath of a new life. The light of a grander day is falling fair on her face. She is thrilling with the consciousness of growing power and prosperity. As she stands upright, full-statured and equal among the people of the earth, breathing the keen air, and looking out upon the expanding horizon, she understands that her emancipation came because in the inscrutable wisdom of God her honest purpose was crossed and her brave armies were beaten. HENRY W. GRADY: Speeches.

B. The following topic statements are to be developed by giving particulars. Determine in each case, by noting the words of predication, whether the particulars called for are side by side in space, or succeed one another in time. The employment of such phrases as "to go into particulars," "to mention details," will sometimes be found useful in starting the train of thought.

1. The village presented a lively appearance the morning of the election.

2. I shall never forget my first day at school.

3. The court-room was a dingy place.

4. The last game of ball was the best of the season.

5. I once saw, or thought I saw, a ghost.

6. Have you ever watched the effects of moonlight upon clouds?

7. A new boy has come into our school.

8. What a beautiful character Longfellow has created for us in Evangeline!

9. The morning paper brings the news of a terrible accident.

10. Washington's journey to his first inauguration was a triumph.

11. There is an old deserted mill a few miles up the river. 12. The portrait of Daniel Webster shows that he was a man of great firmness and determination.

By Specific Instances.

26. When the topic is stated as a general truth or principle, as "Having some favorite physical amusement adds to the popularity of distinguished Englishmen," we feel that it should be developed by citing one or more cases in point, illustrations, specific instances, or concrete examples, as they are sometimes called. The reader may be ready enough to believe the topic statement as it stands; but even then he likes to be given at least one specific instance by way of example or illustration. If the reader is inclined to doubt, he demands the specific instance by way of proof, and he may require several instances before he will accept the topic statement as true. Notice the following: —

[Topic] Many distinguished Englishmen have had some favorite physical amusement that we associate with their names. It is almost a part of an Englishman's nature to select a physical pursuit and make it especially his own. His countrymen like him the better for having a taste of this kind. [Specific instances] Mr. Gladstone's practised skill in tree-felling is a help to his popularity. The readers of Wordsworth, Scott, and Byron all remember that the first was a pedestrian, the second a keen sportsman, and the third the best swimmer of his time. The readers of Keats are

sorry for the ill health that spoiled the latter years of his short life, but they remember with satisfaction that the ethereal poet was once muscular enough to administer “a severe drubbing to a butcher whom he caught beating a little boy, to the enthusiastic admiration of a crowd of bystanders." Shelley's name is associated forever with his love of boating, and its disastrous ending. In our own day, when we learn something about the private life of our celebrated contemporaries, we have a satisfaction in knowing that they enjoyed some physical recreation, as, for example, that Tyndall is a mountaineer, Millais a grouse-shooter, John Bright a salmon-fisher; and it is characteristic of the inveteracy of English physical habits that Mr. Fawcett should have gone on riding and skating after he was blind, and that Anthony Trollope was still passionately fond of fox-hunting when he was old and heavy and could hardly see. The English have such a respect for physical energy that they still remember with pleasure how Palmerston hunted in his old age, and how, almost to the last, he would go down to Epsom on horseback. There was a little difficulty about getting him into the saddle, but, once there, he was safe till the end of his journey. HAMERTON: French and English.

If a writer should begin a paragraph with the topic statement, "The Greeks did not understand athletics at all so well as the English do," many readers would question the truth of the statement. They would say that the Greeks both understood athletics and practised athletics better than any other people in the history of the world, and they would want to know on what ground so preposterous a notion was advanced. It would then be the business of the writer, if he wanted his readers to agree with him, to bring forward the

grounds or proofs of his assertion. By pointing out defects in the Greek system of training or manner of conducting athletic contests, or, perhaps, by quoting from the opinions of the Greeks themselves, he would endeavor to make his opening sentence seem probable or true. Such is the method employed in the following paragraph :—

Though extraordinary feats were sometimes recorded, I believe that the Greeks did not understand athletics at all so well as the English do. Two facts may be mentioned in proof of this. The runners are said to have started shouting. The boxers, who had their fists weighted with loaded leather gloves, swung round at one another's ears, instead of striking straight home. What we hear about their training seems equally stupid; their trained men are described as generally sleepy, they fed on enormous quantities of meat, and were obliged to swear that they had spent ten months in training before the games. Good generals, such as Alexander and Philopomen, discountenanced athletics as producing bad soldiers. But, nevertheless, the combination of art contests with athletics made the Greek meetings finer and more imposing than ours. -J. P. MAHAFFY: Old Greek Life.

27. Assignments on Development by Specific In

stances.

A. Point out the specific instances by means of which the topic is developed in the following paragraphs.

1. The sounds which the ocean makes must be very significant and interesting to those who live near it. When I was leaving the shore at this place the next summer, and had got a quarter of a mile distant, ascending a hill, I was

startled by a sudden, loud sound from the sea, as if a large steamer was letting off steam by the shore, so that I caught my breath and felt my blood run cold for an instant, and I turned about, expecting to see one of the Atlantic steamers thus far out of her course; but there was nothing unusual to be seen. There was a low bank at the entrance of the Hollow, between me and the ocean, and suspecting that I might have risen into another stratum of air in ascending the hill, which had wafted to me only the ordinary roar of the sea, I immediately descended again, to see if I lost hearing of it; but, without regard to my ascending or descending, it died away in a minute or two, and yet there was scarcely any wind all the while. The old man said that this was what they called the "rut," a peculiar roar of the sea before the wind changes, which, however, he could not account for. He thought that he could tell all about the weather from the sounds which the sea made.

2. There has been a capital illustration lately how helpless many English gentlemen are when called together on a sudden. The Government, rightly or wrongly, thought fit to intrust the quarter-sessions of each county with the duty of combating its cattle plague; but the scene in most "shire halls" was unsatisfactory. There was the greatest difficulty in getting, not only a right decision, but any decision. I saw one myself which went thus. The chairman proposed a very complex resolution, in which there was much which every one liked, and much which every one disliked, though, of course, the favorite parts of some were the objectionable parts to others. This resolution got, so to say, wedged in the meeting; everybody suggested amendments; one amendment was carried which none were satisfied with, and so the matter stood over. It is a saying in England, "a big