4. Let us be of good cheer, however, remembering that the misfortunes hardest to bear are those that never come. - LOWELL: Democracy.

5. Treason doth never prosper. What's the reason? For if it prospers, none dare call it treason.

HARRINGTON (1613).

6. Ward has no heart they say; but I deny it. He has a heart, and gets his speeches by it.

SAMUEL ROGERS on Lord Dudley (Ward).

7. The cure for democracy is more democracy. 8. Fools rush in where angels fear to tread. 9. Lest one good custom should corrupt the world. TENNYSON: The Passing of Arthur.

Division.

119. When the subject is too large or too complex to be taken in at a single glance, the writer may make use of division. This is a process of separating an idea into its natural parts according to some essential principle. For example, if we wish to explain to some one the meaning of the term music, we divide it, on the principle of the means employed in producing it, into (1) Vocal Music, (2) Instrumental Music; if we want to explain the term Public School System, we may divide, on the principle of the stage of development of the pupils, into (1) Primary Grades, (2) Grammar Grades, (3) High School.

To obtain a good division it is necessary to divide upon a single principle, otherwise we shall obtain what

is known as a cross-division. Thus, if we wish to treat of the horse, we may divide horses, on the principle of color, into white, black, and bay horses; or on the principle of use, into draught-horses, carriage-horses, and race-horses; but it will not do, using the principles both of color and of use, to divide into bay horses, black horses, and draught-horses, for in that case the divisions will overlap.

Division of some kind is necessary in every form of writing, since the writer must take up ideas one at a time; but an expository essay may divide and do no more than divide. If well-considered, the division will of itself be instructive and enlightening, and will tend to clear away difficulties. Thus the purpose of the following passage is exhausted in making a twofold division into the literature of knowledge and the literature of power; yet the division itself is so sound and true that the subject needs hardly any further discussion. The division has answered the question "What is literature?"

In that great social organ, which collectively we call literature, there may be distinguished two separate offices that may blend and often do so, but capable severally of a severe insulation, and naturally fitted for reciprocal repulsion. There is, first, the literature of knowledge, and secondly, the literature of power. The function of the first is, to teach; the function of the second is, to move the first is a rudder, the second an oar or a sail. The first speaks to the mere discursive understanding; the second speaks ultimately, it may happen, to the higher understanding or reason, but always through affections of pleasure and sympathy. DE QUINCEY: Alexander Pope.

120.

Assignments in Division.

A. Look at the table of contents of any text-book on physical geography. On what principle are the main divisions made? On what principle are the divisions of secondary rank made?

B. Turn to the opening chapter of any text-book on civil government. Do you find a division? On what principle is it made?

C. Make a division of all the books at your home, arranging them in classes according to some obvious principle.

D. Tell a friend from a distance something about the pupils in your school. Speak of the various kinds of pupils that you have noticed.

E. How would you classify horses according to their moral characters? Try writing an essay on "The Good and Evil Influences of Horses on Men," for a meeting of an imaginary Horses' Rights Association.

F. What division of the subject is proposed in the following?

1. Among the many remarkable features of the war between the states the blockade system was perhaps the most extraordinary. For extent and effectiveness it stands without a parallel in history. Isolation on the part of one of the belligerents doubtless shaped the result in larger measure than in any preceding war of anything like the same measure. For it is to be questioned if there was ever before a great people so far from self-sustaining as was the South in 1861. Indeed, only by means of the modern facilities of transportation could it have been possible for a territory so large and so populous to have fallen into a state of such absolute dependence on the outside world. Not only was steam an indispensable auxiliary of the Federals, rendering the invasion and retention of the revolting territory practicable, but it had fostered at the South a fatal economic con

dition which made the failure of the Confederacy a foregone conclusion from the first. How this abnormal state told when isolation came, and how desperately the people strove to remedy it forms a curious and pathetic chapter of the war history. DODGE: Domestic Economy in the Confederacy, Atlantic, 58: 229.

2. Since the day when the Monitor engaged the Merrimac in Hampton Roads it has been acknowledged that in the Revolving Tower a new and powerful element has been introduced into naval warfare. We propose in this paper to give the history of the origin and progress of this invention; to show that only a small portion of its capabilities have been brought into actual use; and that, as developed in the mind of its inventor, it will not only render practically useless the ponderous iron-clad vessels which the French and English are constructing at such enormous cost, but will also make all of our great harbors absolutely impregnable to the combined navies of the world. - GUERNSEY: The Revolving Tower, Harper's Magazine, 26 : 241.

3. The purpose of this article is to show the possibilities that lie in developing methods of assembling that will insure accuracy, economy, and standardization, but before giving any concrete examples, it will be well to consider briefly the elements that directly affect the cost of assembling operations. The determination of proper methods and processes of assembling are peculiarly difficult, since the elements of human judgment and skill enter so largely into this work. It is a far more puzzling proposition than that of analyzing and determining the best method for machining any particular part. For this reason the study of assembling work requires partieular care and especially keen analysis. - SPANGENBERG: Elements of Assembling Operations, Machinery, September, 1909.

4. The fatality and frequency of tornadoes in the great Central West have recently invested these phenomena with an interest which must continually deepen as the regions they ravage become more thickly populated. The tornado is a local disturbance, its sweep limited, its duration at a given point but a few moments, and it is speedily exhausted, like the raving maniac, by the paroxysmal expenditure of energy. But if it lacks the vast geographical scope, the stately, ponderous tread, and the self-sustaining life of the ocean-hurricane or the regular continental cyclone, its masked, eagle-like movement and concentrated intensity make the fleeting meteor, which strikes and scars the earth as if it were hurled by a "supernal power," a more dreaded visitant and often a greater engine of destruction. There seems to be a widespread impression that, with the deforesting and settlement of the West, tornado visitations have increased, so that a prominent journal recently raised the question whether their frequency and destructiveness will not have "a permanent effect on the settlement and prosperity of the country." We are even told that in some places the alarm created by these storms is so great that "the people are not only digging holes in the ground and building various cycloneproof retreats but in many instances persons are preparing to emigrate and abandon the country entirely." Whatever may be thought of such reports, the gravity of the subject warrants the present inquiry into the nature and causes of our interior tornadoes, as well as into the extent to which they can be foreseen and guarded against. MAURY: Tornadoes and Their Causes, North American, 135: 230.

Types of Expository Writing.

121. In certain directions the expository process has been so persistently and systematically applied that