uprightly.-On the other hand, the imperfect of the indicative is put for the present, John i. 15. (87, this was) This is he of whom I spake.

13. The future of the indicative is often, in the writings of the Hebrews, used for the most forcible imperative. See the decalogue. -1 Cor. v. 13. Therefore (Eagle, ye shall put away) put away from among yourselves that wicked person*.—1 Tim. vi. 8. (agxoOncoμsta, we will be content) Let us be content.

The future of the indicative is sometimes used for the present and imperfect of the subjunctive, Matt. xii. 31. All manner of sin and blasphemy (aponolar, shall be forgiven) may be forgiven.Luke vi. 7. (e gavσ, whether he will heal) whether he would heal on the Sabbath. The participles of the present, and of the imperfect tenses, are sometimes used for the preterite: John iii. 13. No man hath ascended into heaven, but the Son of Man (ò wv, who is) who was in heaven.

14. NUMBER and PERSON of the verb.-The sacred writers, to render their discourse more emphatical, or more general, sometimes change the number and person of the verb. Gal. vi. 1. Ye who are spiritual ought to restore such an one in the spirit of meekness, (σxowy σeavlov) considering thyself.-1 Tim. ii. 15. She shall be saved through child-bearing, (eav pevao) if they live in faith, &c. By this change of the number and person, we are directed to consider Eve as the representative of the whole sex: She and all her daughters shall be saved, if they live in faith, &c.

Participles, Nouns, Pronouns, Articles.

15. PARTICIPLES.-The English participles generally have a causal signification, that is, they express a reason for something which goes before, or which follows in the discourse. Thus Rom. vi. 8. We believe that we shall also live with him. 9. Knowing that Christ being raised (that is, because we know that Christ being raised), dieth no more. But as the Greek participles are often used when no reason is expressed, in such cases, if they are translated by the corresponding English participles, the idea of a connection, which does not exist in the text, will be conveyed. Of this see examples in the common version, Rom. vi. 5, 6.; 2 Cor. x. 5, 6.; Eph. v. 10.; Col. i. 10. In such cases, it is better to translate the participles by the parts of the verb for which they are used. For example, Rom. vi. 5, 6. is thus rendered by our translators: For if we have been planted together in the likeness of his death, we shall be also in the likeness of his

resurrection. 6. Knowing this, that our old man is crucified with him, that the body of sin might be destroyed, that henceforth we should not serve sin. But these verses ought to be translated unconnectedly in the following manner: 5. For seeing we have been planted together in the likeness of his death, (aña) certainly we shall be also in the likeness of his resurrection. 6. Ye know this also, that our old man is crucified together with him, &c.— In like manner, 2 Cor. x. 4. is thus rendered: For the weapons of our warfare are not carnal, but mighty through God, to the pulling down of strong holds. 5. Casting down imaginations, and every high thing that exalteth itself against the knowledge of God, and bringing into captivity every thought to the obedience of Christ. 6. And having in readiness to revenge, &c. But the following is a more just translation: 5. We overthrow reasonings, and every high thing raised up against the knowledge of Christ, and lead captive every thought to the obedience of Christ. 6. And have in readiness to punish, &c. See also Ephes. v. 19, 20, 21.

16. The Greek participles have an adversative sense, and therefore to translate them properly, the word though, or although, must be joined to them. Thus, 1 Cor. ix. 19. For (w) though I be free from all men*.-2 Cor. viii. 9. Ων πλειο, Though he was rich*.-2 Cor. x. 3. For (EgiaToules) though we walk in the flesh*.—Gal. iv. 1 The heir, as long as he is a child, differeth nothing from a bond-man, (wy) though he be Lord of all*.—1. Pet. i. 6. On which account ye rejoice, (oriyev açtı AUπnbevles) although for a little while still ye are made sorry*.—Ver. 8. Eiç öv agti un ógwrtes, On whom, though now ye see him not, yet believing*.—1 Thess. ii. 6. Avvaμevol ev Engel Eival, Though we might have been burdensome. In all these passages our translators have rightly suppled the word though, as included in the participle.

Supply the same word in the translation of the following passages, and it will throw great light on them. Luke x. 32. Likewise a Levite (γενομενος καλα τον τοπον, ελθών και ιδων αντιπαρηλ9) being near the place, though he came and saw, passed by on the other side.-Rom. i. 21. Because (voTES DEov) though they knew God, they did not glorify him.-1 Tim. iii. 14. These things I write to thee, (λ(wy) though I hope to come to thee soon.

The Greek participles, by means of the verb understood, are used for any part of the verb of which they are the participles. Thus Rom. v. 11. Αλλα και καυχωμενοι, But we boast in God*.-Rom. xii. 16. To auto sis aλλnλous Provuutes, Be of the same mind one towards another*.-Philip. iii. 4. Katweg yw exwv, Though

I might also have confidence*.-1 Tim. v. 13. Apa se naι agyas μανθάνεσιν περιερχόμεναι τας οικίας, At the same time being also idle, they learn to wander about. This is the Vulgate translat.-Col. ii. 12. Zurtapetes, Ye are buried with him.-1 Pet. ii. 18. Servants (úñotaccoμevos) be subject to your masters*.-1 Pet. iii. 7. In like manner, ye husbands (ovvoix&vles) drvell with them*.-In other instances, the substantive verb is expressed, Eph. v. 5. TYTO YAR ESE Www.cxovres, For this ye know*. See also Heb. ii. 13. -Our translators, however, forgetting this use of the Greek participles, have, in many other instances, translated them literally, and established a connection in the discourse which mars the sense, and renders the apostle's language perfectly ungrammatical.

Participles are sometimes put for the correspondent substantive nouns. Herod. L. 1. init. To Bariλvov Maguw, (for Tw Batiλs!) To the emperor Marcus were born several daughters.-Matt. iv. 3. And when (galwv) the tempter came.-Luke ii. 2. This was the first enrolment (ηγεμονεύοντος της Συρίας Κυρηνικ) of Cyrenius governor of Syria: that is, who was afterwards governor of Syria.-1 Tim. vi. 15. The King (Twv Backvorlar) of kings, and the Lord (Twv xvgievov7wv) of lords*.-Heb. xiii. 7. Remember ("ny&uevav for "nyempovav) your rulers who have spoken to you the word*. But, to two of these translations it is objected, that the article is wanting. Nevertheless, in the following passage, the participle without the article is put for the substantive noun. Gal. iv. 24. Ατινα εσιν αλληγορεμένα, which things are an allegory*.

17. SUBSTANTIVE NOUNS.-The sacred writers sometimes use substantive nouns for adjectives. Thus, circumcision and uncircumcision signify circumcised and uncircumcised persons ; anathema, excommunication, is an excommunicated person.-1 Cor. xiv. 12. So also ye, seeing ye are earnestly desirous (vegμa)wv, for ævevμxlsxov) of spiritual gifts, seek that ye may abound for the edification of the church.-Ver. 32. Пvevμala, The spirits (for the spiritual gifts) of the prophets are subject.-Gal. i. More exceedingly, (nλans, a zealot) zealous.-1 John v. 6. Because the spirit is (n aandua, the truth, that is) true.

14.

18. Sometimes in scripture, when one substantive governs another in the genitive, one of them must be translated as an adjective. Luke xviii. 6. Hear what (o xens adixias) the unjust judge saith".-Rom. vi. 4. Walk in (xaorts Cans) a new life.Rom. vii. 5. Пadnμala var áμagliwy, The sinful passions.—Rom. viii. 3. In the likeness (cagxos àμuglas, of the flesh of sin) of sin

ful flesh-Philip. iii. 21. Eaμа THE TATEYNσas nua, (the body of our humiliation) our humbled body; body humbled by sin. Col. i. 22. The body of his flesh, his fleshly body.-Col. ii. 18. Pufft up by (vorns cagn) his fleshly mind. Col. iii. 14. Bond of perfectness", a perfect bond.-Eph. vi. 12. Against (rα #revμalixα THE Tomgias, spiritual things of wickedness) wicked spirits. Heb. ix. 15. Receive the promise of the eternal inheri tance, the promised eternal inheritance. 1 John i. 1. Have handled (rigidays Cans, concerning the word of life) concerning the living word.-Accordingly it is added, ver. 2.—And the life, namely of the word, was manifested.

Sometimes when one substantive governs another, the latter must be translated in apposition, as it is called, that is, as explanatory of the former. Gen. ii. 17. The tree of the knowledge of good and evil; the tree of the knowledge of good, which is evil, that is, the tree of the knowledge of a pleasure which is evil. 2 Cor. v. 1. When our earthly house, (r& cxnvog, of the tent,) which is a tent.-2 Pet. ii. 1. Who shall bring in (åïçeceıç añwλelas, heresies of destruction) heresies which occasion destruction.

19. When one substantive is joined to another by a copulative, the one must be translated as governing the other. Dan. iii. 7. All the people, the nations, and the languages, that is, people of all nations and languages.-Matt. iv. 16. The region and shadow of death*: The land of the shadow of death.-Acts xxiii. 6. The hope and resurrection of the dead*: The hope of the resurrection of the dead.-In other instances, the substantives so joined must be translated as adjectives. John xiv. 16. I am the way, the truth, and the life: I am the true and living way.Col. ii. 8. Spoil you (δια της φιλοσοφίας και κενης απαίης, through philosophy and false deceit) through a false and deceitful philosophy.-2 Tim. i. 10. Hath brought (life and immortality) immortal life to light. This idiom is found in the Latin language likewise. Pateris libamus et auro, i. e. aureis pateris, golden cups. 20. ADJECTIVE NOUNS.-The neuter adjective is sometimes put for its corresponding substantive. Rom. ii. 4. Not knowing (To xensor, the good thing) the goodness of God". See also 2 Cor. viii. 8. Philip. iv. 5. Heb. vi. 17.-Sometimes the neuter adjective is put for the masculine and feminine jointly. John vi. 37. Пlav, All that the Father giveth me.-1 Cor. vi. 11. Και ταυλα, And such were some of you.-1 Cor. xi. 12. As the woman is from the man, so also the man is by the woman; but (ñavla) all, that is, both man and woman, of God.

21. GENDERS of nouns.-The masculine is sometimes put for the feminine, even by classical authors. Of this, Blackwall hath produced examples, Sac. Cl. vol. i. p. 85. Wherefore, Acts ix. 35. les, though masculine, denotes the women who washed the dead body of Dorcas.-Participles and adjectives sometimes take the genders, not of the substantive noun that is expressed, but of one that is tantamount, and which is understood.. Mark ix. 20. Και ιδών αυτόν ευθεως το πνεύμα. And ihe spirit seeing him, straightway tare him. Here the word agreeing with dwv, is not vμ, but day understood. See pronouns, No. 64.

22. NUMBERS of nouns.-A noun in the singular number is sometimes used for its plural. 1 Cor. vi. 5. One who shall be able to judge (ava μecov Tou adeλpov avlov) between his brethren*. -2 Cor. xi. 26. Dangers in (the city) cities, dangers in (the wilderness) wildernesses.

On the other hand, the sacred writers, to aggrandize the subjects of which they treat, use plural nouns, though the things which they denote are naturally singular. Mark xvi. 19. Sat down (ex değir, at the right hands) at the right hand of God.1 Thess. v. 1. However, concerning (twv Xgovwv xai naipov, the times and seasons) the time and season, namely, of Christ's appearing. See also 1 Tim. vi. 15. Tit. i. 3.-Heb. ix. 23. But the heavenly holy places (nguloos Dvoras, with better sacrifices) with a better sacrifice: For Christ offered only one sacrifice for sin.— Heb. x. 28. He who despised Moses' law died without (oxligman, mercies) mercy*.-Mat. xxi. 7. And brought the ass and the coll, and set him (εxavo avìwv) upon it, the colt. Le Clerc, Ars Crit. vol. i. p. 355. hath given examples from Homer of the same anomaly.If this change of the number is admitted in that famous text, 1 Cor. xv. 29. as some commentators propose, it will afford an easy interpretation of a passage otherwise very difficult: Else what shall they do who are baptized (veg vexęwv) for the dead man; for Christ, who was put to death by the Jewish rulers.

23. CASES of nouns.-Blackwall (Sac. Cl. vol. i. b. 1. c. 2.) remarks, that grammarians think the genitive the only case that can be put absolutely; but the accusative often, and the dative sometimes, are absolute in the Greek. For example, Mark ix. 28. Matt. viii. 1. This observation, Blackwall says, will clear many passages from the charge of solecism, and account for several various readings, occasioned by the ignorance of copyists.