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to name one arbitrator, and if they cannot agree they shall name a third one within forty-eight hours. Failing to name this third man, the commissioners heretofore designated shall name him.

6. Pending the arbitration the existing status shall not be changed.

7. The award shall be filed in the clerk's office of the Circuit Court of the United States of the State wherein the employer carries on business, and shall be final and conclusive upon both parties, unless set aside for error of law apparent on record; the respective parties to the award shall each faithfully execute the same, and the same may be specifically enforced in equity so far as the powers of a court of equity permit, except that no employee shall be punished for his failure to comply with the award as for contempt of court.

8. During the pendency of arbitration it shall not be lawful for the employer to discharge the employees, except for inefficiency, violation of law, or neglect of duty; nor for the organization representing such employees to unite in, aid, or abet strikes or boycotts against such employer; nor for any such employees during a like period to quit the service of said employer without thirty days' written notice; nor for such organization representing such employees to order, counsel, or advise otherwise. Any violation of this section shall subject the offending party to liability for damages, which may be recovered in an action upon the case brought by any person or persons or corporation who shall have received or incurred any loss or damage by reason of such unlawful act.

9. Employees dissatisfied with the award shall not quit the service of the employers before the expiration of three months from and after making of such award, nor without giving thirty days' notice in writing of their intention so to quit. Nor shall the employer dissatisfied with such award dismiss any employee or employees on account of such dissatisfaction before the expiration of three months from and after the making of such award, nor without giving thirty days' notice in writing of his intention so to discharge.

10. The award shall continue in force as between the parties for one year after the same shall go into practical operation, and no new arbitration upon the same subject between the same employer and the same class of employees shall be had until the expiration of said one year.

II. When the award is filed in the Circuit Court of the United States judgment shall be entered thereon accordingly, at the expiration of thirty days from such filing. Permission to file exceptions on points of law is given. At the expiration of ten days from the decision of the Circuit Court upon exceptions, judgment shall be entered unless during ten days either party shall appeal to the Circuit Court of Appeals. The determination of the Circuit Court of Appeals shall be final.

12. After providing how complaints shall be filed and the arbitrators called, it provides that if individual employees complain no notice shall be taken, unless it can be shown that the award can be made binding on all the men of their class.

13. It is provided that all labor organizations incorporated shall stipulate in their articles, rules, by-laws, and regulations that a member shall cease to be such by participating in, or by instigating force or violence against persons or property during strikes, lockouts, or boycotts, or by seeking to prevent others from working, through violence, threats, or intimidation; but members of such incorporations shall not be personally liable for the acts, debts, or obligations of the corporations, nor shall such corporations be liable for acts of the members and others in violation of the provisions of this section.

14. Whenever receivers appointed by Federal courts are in the possession and control of railroads, the employees upon such railroads shall have the right to be heard in such courts upon all questions affecting the terms and conditions of their employment, and no reduction of wages shall be made by such receivers without the authority of the court thereto after due notice to such employees.

15. It is stipulated that any employer who shall require employees to quit labor organizations, or make them agree not to join, or who shall in any way discriminate against an employee because he belongs to a labor organization, or who shall require employees to contribute to a charitable or other fund for the purpose of thereby releasing the employer from legal liability for personal injury, or, who having discharged an employee, shall attempt to prevent him from seeking employment elsewhere, is declared to be guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of not less than one hundred dollars and not more than one thousand dollars.

[From The Independent, July 23, 1891.]

HOW WORKING MEN LIVE.

By Edward P. Clark.

What students of social science most desire is facts. There can be no intelligent discussion which is not based upon a solid foundation of knowledge. The most valuable possible contribution to the current debate regarding working men in this country, therefore, is an accurate and comprehensive statement of the conditions of thousands of the class. Such a compilation is presented in the Eighth Annual Report of the Michigan Bureau of Labor and Industrial Statistics, a volume of 451

pages, which is "chock-full" of facts and figures of the highest significance.

During the year 1890 the regular office employees of the bureau personally visited 201 shops and manufacturing establishments in twenty-five cities, towns, and villages, and put a long list of questions to no less than 8838 workmen, the greatest pains being taken to make every inquiry plain and to secure intelligent replies. As the bureau has been in existence several years, and the value of its previous work has come to be appreciated, there were but few cases where all the questions asked were not willingly answered, while the employers also extended every courtesy to the canvassers. The relations between employers and employed appear to be unusually harmonious in Michigan, and, with the exception of the carpenters' strike in Detroit, there were no serious labor troubles in the whole State during the year. All the conditions were thus most favorable to the prosecution of such an investigation.

The canvass was chiefly confined to the employees of the agricultural implement and iron-working industries, although a few other establishments were visited. These are among the oldest and most successful industries in the State, and the wages paid are, of course, much higher than in some other sorts; the canvass of Muskegon, for example, showing that the iron workers receive fully a half more in a year than the furniture makers and wood workers, who were questioned in 1889. These 8838 men, consequently, represent the best grades of the laboring class in Michigan. The report tells us just what we want to know about an army of such men-where they were born; how many are married, and the size of their families; what wages they receive, and how much of those wages they spend; how many own homes, and have their lives insured; what proportion own sewing-machines and musical instruments; how many take newspapers and magazines, and what sort they take; in short, how a good many thousands of working men's families live.

A little more than two-fifths of these men were born in other countries, those of American birth aggregating 5091 out of 8838. But the proportion who are really of American stock is less than these latter figures would indicate, inasmuch as many of the younger generation are the sons of parents who were born in other countries. An inquiry into parentage showed that a little more than two-fifths of the Americanborn had foreign parents. Altogether, those who were themselves born in other lands and those whose parents were foreigners make almost exactly two-thirds of the whole number. The Germans lead in both classes, numbering 1764 of the 3747 foreigners and 927 of the 2144 born of foreign parents. There are fewer natives of Ireland than one would

expect-only 277; but of the second generation there are 528.

Michigan naturally draws a good many Canadians across the line, natives of the Dominion numbering 694, and sons of Canadians 162. The Germans are most evenly distributed throughout the State. Some of the minor nationalities are scarcely found, except as colonies in one or two places; 141 of the 157 Polanders living in Detroit, and two-thirds of the 221 Hollanders in Grand Rapids and Kalamazoo, while Grand Rapids has also 28 of the 41 Swedes.

Of the whole number, 4889 are married, and 195 more have been married and are now widowers. The proportion of husbands among the adults, however, is decidedly larger than these figures indicate, as the canvass reached many hundreds of boys who were in their teens, nearly one-seventh of the employees being under nineteen. There will be general surprise at the small number of children reported, 5186 families having only 11,161. There were no less than 951 married men without children, and in families which have children the average does not quite reach three apiece. Sixty-nine per cent. of the children of school age attend school; this evidently meaning not that thirty-one per cent. fail to attend school at all, but that sixty-nine per cent. of the whole number between the ages within which one may go to school do so. The public schools get a trifle more than four-fifths of all who attend any school, although in Detroit the parochial schools secure two-fifths of the children. A State law prohibits the employment of children under ten years of age, and only twenty-one cases were reported of boys at work under fourteen. Such boys, by the way, are prohibited from working more than nine hours a day, and must attend school four months in the year.

The figures regarding wages are full of interest. One man earns $40 a week; eight, $30 to $40, and 125, $20 to $30, while at the other end of the scale are a dozen boys at $2 apiece, and 322 others who do not receive over $3 a week. Only a trifle more than fifteen per cent. receive $15 or over, while more than seventeen per cent. are paid less than $7. The largest class at any single rate is 1048 at $12. The average for all 8838, married and single, boys and men, was $10.06 per week; but for the married men it rose to $11.50. This is for the time they were actually at work, the losses from various causes (chiefly inability to get work) cutting down the average number of weeks that wages were earned to a trifle less than forty-six. The average amount received during the year in the shape of wages was $467, but for the men supporting families it rose to about $525. Some places go far above this, 143 men employed in the iron-working trades in Muskegon earning average wages of $653 a year.

To many persons $525 a year will seem a rather small sum upon which

to support a good-sized family, but the report shows that it is sufficient to insure a comfortable home in thousands of cases. No less than 2328 employees own the houses in which they live, nearly half of them free from incumbrance of any sort. As almost all of these house-owners are married men, it appears that 46 per cent. of such men are rearing families in their own homes. The Germans lead in this respect, 37 per cent. of all employees of that race owning their homes, with the Hollanders close behind at 35, and the Irish third on the list with 33. The Poles who reach Michigan apparently mean to stay there, for although they bring less money with them than any other race and earn the lowest average wages, 28 per cent. of them live in houses which they have paid for in whole or in part-a proportion nearly as large as among the Scotchmen, who come to this country much more "forehanded," and are so much more efficient workmen that they earn $576 a year against the Pole's $368. Of course the Pole's house is a much cheaper one than the Scotchman's, the average value of the first class being $956 and of the second $2025. The average value of the homes of all races is $1312. Those who own homes which are fully paid for have reached the average age of forty-one, while those whose houses are mortgaged average thirty-six years. That there is much comfort in these homes appears from such facts as that sixty-nine per cent. of those who support families own sewing-machines; that sixty-seven per cent. of all employees take newspapers and magazines (a daily paper in quite half of the cases); and that more than one-fifth own a musical instrument of some sort, the list including 709 family organs and 314 pianos.

Forty per cent. of the whole number saved something during the year. There were 1390 who made payments and improvements upon their homes to the amount of $175,470, and 2477 who saved $329,880 in money-the latter class, it is interesting to note, included 264 of the former. Nearly one-quarter of the whole number carry life insurance, and the percentage is, of course, much larger among the married men. Indeed, in Battle Creek a canvass of 793 men, 564 of whom were married and 25 widowers, showed that 408 had their lives insured. The average amount of insurance carried falls a trifle short of $1500. The thrifty Scotch take most kindly to this form of provision against the future, thirty-six per cent. of them having their lives insured; the English coming next with thirty-three per cent., and the Irish not much behind with thirty per cent., while their average amount exceeds both the English and Scotch. One-fourth of all the employees belong to benefit societies, which pay an average amount of $6.41 a week in case of sickness.

This volume shows conclusively that it is economy and thrift, far more than a large income, which settles the question whether a working

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