let pessimists note that the legislators in Congress and the people in Louisiana both voted right. 98. See booklet of The Independent, reprinted from its columns, entitled The Bible: Ignorance Respecting It, by a College President. 99. The signatures to the petition included the governors of the most influential States in the country, together with many State officials, and State superintendents of public instruction. Mrs. Hunt, in a letter to the author, February 2, 1895, in reply to an inquiry, says: "No, there is not as much being done in the colleges and institutions of higher learning as there ought. The time has certainly come when the colleges and universities should send out their students knowing why they should be total abstainers." 100. Sociology, almost unrecognized in the American college curriculum ten years ago, although it has not yet attained to the exactness of a science, is becoming not only a common, but a popular college study. In this respect social science promises to excel physical science ere long, as it already excels it in its ministry to the highest needs of man and the highest work of God. Christian sociology, first recognized in the estab lishment of a full professorship in 1890 in the Chicago Theological Seminary (Congregational), is now taught by lectures or otherwise in an ever-increasing number of colleges and theological schools. In this connection should be noted the following words of Phillips Brooks: "If we understand aright our country and our time, it is the prophetship of the scholar which men are looking for and not seeming themselves to find. The cry of the land is for a moral influence to go out from our schools and colleges and studies to rebuke and to reform the corruption and the sin which are making even the coldest-blooded man tremble when he dips his foot into some brink of the sea of politics. The scholar is disgraced if the nation go mad with cheating, and his hand is never laid, cool and severe with truth, on its hot forehead." The subject of colleges and reform suggests a word on football. The college football clubs are getting even harder knocks from the press than from each other. In view of the fact that there were more wounded in the Harvard-Yale battle, in 1894, at Springfield, in proportion to the number engaged, than in any battle known to history, one paper proposes that the colleges should settle their quarrels by arbitration instead of football. Corbett objects to the double standard" by which the public condemns retail slugging while permitting it wholesale. But the hardest hit is the joint decision of the secretaries of war and navy forbidding the cadets of West Point and Annapolis to play football, on the manifest ground that the game is too brutal for civilized soldiers. Public opinion certainly calls for the suppression of the game as too brutal for gentlemen, too dangerous for amusement. I have no antipathy to football. In the big churchyard of my Brooklyn church, I used to play football every Monday afternoon with my Sabbath-school boys of nine to sixteen years of age. I so cured my own Mondayishness, and won the boys to Christ, and the onlookers to my congregation. But in that case the game fitted the name. It was football not handball, not slugging in disguise. The Outlook thinks it significant that Yale University, which held the championship at the close of the 1894 games, found no essay handed in in 1895 worthy of the "Lit." prize, one of the chief prizes of the University. Those who desire to go into the subject further should write to President Eliot of Harvard for his annual report for 1893-94, in which he condemns inter-collegiate football, which the Faculty of Arts has since asked the Athletic Committee to discontinue so far as Harvard is concerned. 101. In connection with the foregoing suggestion, the Princeton students were shown, in an address before the Sociological Institute, supplemental to the lectures, how beer is made, by means of a large chart and a miniature distillery, which first distills out of the lager beer the alcohol, seven per cent. or less, with which a torch is saturated to show it is really intoxicating fire water," and then the white of an egg is thickened and whitened as the like substance of the brain is affected in the case of the drinker. Then the water is distilled, leaving a bitter half spoonful of nearly indigestible solid matter for each glass of the drink, which, if it were the best bread, would yet cost at the rate of $250.40 per barrel, but which in fact no one can be hired to eat when the fuddle" is out of it. In the writer's opinion, the whole fire of the temperance army might well be concentrated on beer as the bridge across which eighty per cent. of the drunkards reach their land of woe, as is shown by statistics obtained at the New York Christian Home for Intemperate Men, in response to a question as to the drink on which each inmate began. We recommend the following pamphlets on this subject, all published by the National Temperance Society, New York: Beer and the Body, Testimony of Physicians, Catechism on Beer, Readings on Beer; 5 cents each. Consult also Total Abstinence by Dr. Benjamin Ward Richardson, 20 cents. As to doctors giving lectures on such a subject with experiments, it would enable them to be doctors indeed, that is, teachers, not mere dosers, physicians. The great mission of "the family doctor" should be, not to heal its diseases, but prevent them, being paid by the year to teach the family how to keep well, and doctors might well be employed in schools also, to teach that health is greater happiness than anything for which it is sacrificed. The Union Signal of May 2, 1895, quotes an editorial from the Journal of The American Medical Association, in which instances are cited where drinking doctors and medical students have been of late refused appointments and diplomas by the profession as showing a tendency to recognize the value of an unfuddled brain in the delicate work of doctors. This matter of temperance education extension has a very close relation to the proposed union of reform parties. In 1895 old party ties had become very weak. Democratic papers and Democratic officeholders abused each other. Republicans were as divided on the silver question as their chief opponents on the tariff. Landslide after landslide had created a landslide vote in both of the leading parties, which vetoed its own party candidates whenever they were too manifestly the creatures of bosses or themselves objectionable. The Populists had also turned down their bad lot of governors. Everything was favorable for a new alignment on the anti-saloon and anti-monopoly issues, if only the public had been educated to feel their supreme importance. There is no short cut to abiding triumph. A campaign of education alone can bring fusion without confusion. The silver and tariff issues are in their very nature transient. Business will insist on their speedy settlement for its own peace and prosperity. In 1900 moral reforms will have a clear field for the new century, if only the public mind has been prepared by the needed education. 102. Neighborliness is the essence of all that is best in social effort. Samuel A. Barnett, Toynbee Hall, in handbook of Sociological Informa tion, p. 98. "Alas! it is not meat of which the refusal is cruelest or to which the claim is validest. The life is more than the meat. The rich not only refuse food to the poor; they refuse wisdom; they refuse virtue; they refuse salvation. Ye sheep without a shepherd, it is not the pasture that has been shut from you but the presence."-Communism of John Ruskin, p. 95 (Unto This Last, Essay iv). You cannot do your duty to the poor by a society. Your life must touch their life.Phillips Brooks. For reports of leading University Settlements in the United States, apply to University Settlement Society, 26 Delancey Street, New York; College Settlements Association [conducted by Women's Colleges], 95 Rivington Street, New York; Eastside House, Foot East Seventy-sixth Street, New York: The Chicago Commons, 140 North Union Street, Chicago; Epworth League Settlement, Boston; Andover House, Boston; Princeton House, Philadelphia; Kingsley House, Pittsburg. Hull House, Chicago, is quite fully described in Stead's If Christ Came to Chicago, ch. v. See Outlook of April 27, 1895, for full list of New York City's numerous settlements and description of their work. A College Settlements Conference was held in New York City, May 3-5, 1895. The subject most discussed, and the one that seems most far-reaching, was the relation of the Settlements to the labor movement. This discussion brought out varied opinions as to methods, but unanimous agreement as to the necessity of developing some policy. Mr. Percy Alden of Mansfield House, London, in his explanation of the relation of Mansfield House to the labor question, showed that there was greater liberty accorded the Settlement movement in England in this direction than is accorded it in this country. Dennison House, in Boston, has done very positive work in affiliating itself with the labor Miss Addams, of Hull House, Chicago, urged the application of the principle of conciliation and mediation as the function of the Settlement in all labor troubles, and this seemed to express the consensus of opinion of the audience. Education was treated from the standpoint of emancipation. Next to the labor question, social life received the greatest attention and brought out the greatest variety of opinion. The Settlement was presented as a meeting ground; a medium of introduction between the classes; a social center of the neighborhood; and, lastly, the illustration, through the life of its residents, of the spirit in the home, and the interpretation, through neighborhood relations, of Christ to man. See also Fairbairn's Religion in History and Modern Life, 1894 edition, 3-6 (Randolph, $1.50). movement. 103. The other day, in the East Side of New York, a Jewish mother from Russia was confined, and her little babe was born without a shred of clothing to put on it. The doctor, who had come from the College Settlement, sent back to the Settlement and got some baby garments that were kept for such an exigency, and brought them and put them on the little babe, and put the babe in the mother's arm. The mother shut her eyes and rested for a moment in that strange, sweet ecstasy of motherhood, and then she opened her eyes and said: "What Jewish society sent these to me?" The doctor said: "No Jewish society, my dear; they were sent by some Christians." The mother shut her eyes and pondered a moment, and then she opened them again with wonder and said: “I didn't know that Christians could be kind." 104. This pastor, Mr. Conte, preaching to two hundred Italians on the ·་ second clause of the Lord's Prayer, explained "his high ideal for the future of the Italian colony as representing the kingdom of God on North Street." The Outlook, in commenting upon the undertaking of philanthropic work by gilds, settlements, etc., apart from the Christian name, says: They are mistaken when they think that to acknowledge their loyalty to Christ will create prejudices against them and put an obstacle in their way. It will lesson the prejudices and remove the obstacles. In all men, even the lowest and most ignorant, is a spiritual nature. For all reform, the direct appeal to this spiritual nature is the quickest and most efficacious method of enlisting the will on the side of the friend and the reformer. And no name so quickly appeals to this nature and elicits so quick a response as the name of Christ, as no spirit so quickly finds the unsprouted seed of divinity in the soul of man as the spirit of Christ. Wisdom and loyalty combine to demand of the Christian that he do Christ's work in Christ's name, as well as with his spirit: Wisdom, because that name is a powerful reenforcement of moral and spiritual work of every description; loyalty, because honor demands that work to which Christ has called us, and for which he has inspired us, should be done in open, candid, and glad recognition of his leadership.' 105. Far and Near, in May, 1894, said of the University Settlement work in New York, for which it speaks: There is one aim which we can avow and keep before us openly without harm or offense to any one -it is not to make our neighbors better or wiser, for very many of them excel us both in goodness and wisdom, but it is to make them happier." 106. The illustrated papers and books so frequently found in barber shops, saloons, and other places of resort are chargeable with the suggestion and provocation of all the impulses which lead to rape, theft, arson, robbery, and murder.-Professor C. R. Henderson, Dependents, Defectives, Delinquents, 140. It would be fitting that the Ministers' Meeting, the Good Citizenship Committee, the Practical Ethics Club, or some like body, in every town should impressively request barber shops and newsrooms to exclude all literature whose pictures or titles or contents would, to young or old, be suggestive of vice or crime. Police Gazettes can be excluded by obscenity laws, if necessary, and in some States (it should be all) pictures of criminal acts may not be exposed in windows or elsewhere in sight of children. Anthony Comstock says: "The faro-bank, the roulette table, hazard, policy, and lotteries combined are to-day not doing the harm to this nation that pool gamblers and bookmakers upon the race-tracks are doing, supported as they are in their system of public plundering by otherwise reputable newspapers. The 'sure tip' of the newspaper is beguiling many and many a youth to not only sacrifice his entire earnings, but tempting thousands to become defaulters, forgers, and thieves in order to get money to satisfy the insatiate greed for gain awakened by these temptations."-Christianity Prac tically Applied, vol. i, pp. 419-420. Editors are also greatly at fault for the reckless way in which they handle reputation, which Shakespeare truly described as more precious than gold. In the case of slander, retraction does not retract. Editors should hang on the front of their desks as a warning Will Carleton's lines: "Boys, flying kites, call in their white-winged birds- LECTURE III. 1. While the producer is not, as often assumed, the sociological unit, the workshop, second to the home in the portion of life it covers, is also a secondary point of departure for sociological study, the home and workshop being the two foci in the sociological orbit. From home to shop and from shop to home, for six-sevenths of the days is the routine of life. 2. Capital is every product which is used or held for the purpose of producing or acquiring wealth [as distinguished from property used to satisfy human wants directly, which, in economics, is considered as "consumed "]. Production means the creation of utilities by the application of man's mental and physical powers to the physical universe, which furnishes materials and forces. [All that nature furnishes is called land" in economics.] This application of man's powers is called "labor." [Things furnished by nature become " goods" when, by change of place or form, they become capable of satisfying any human want.]-Ely, Outlines of Economics, 103, 90, 91. 3. To be poor is to live in perpetual anxiety about satisfying the very simplest wants, and to have all kinds of wants besides which you have no chance of satisfying.-William Morris, Hammersmith Socialist Library, No. 1. 4. Ruskin shows in Unto This Last, Essay ii, that "the whole question of national wealth resolves itself finally into one of abstract justice." Injustice, which he calls elsewhere" the devil of iniquity or inequity" (Crown of Wild Olive, sect. i), may enrich a person, but only at a loss to the nation.-Justice is above that charity which is a substitute for justice, but justice can never wholly take the place of charity, nor even equal charity at its best. Even if justice should as fully triumph as is possible in an imperfect race, patience and charity would still be needed, and “the greatest of these is charity." 5. The competitive system of industry is fast passing away.-President E. B. Andrews, Wealth and Moral Law, 30. (Eight forms of trade combination specified, 30-31.) 6. We reach solid ground for complaint in the fact that the products of society's toil are not distributed to individuals according to the causality of individuals in creating those products.-President E. B. Andrews, Wealth and Moral Law, 81. All agree that the present distribution is unjust.-Ely's Socialism, 15. Shorter hours of work, better conditions. and a more equitable division of the social product among the producing factors are the reasonable demands of labor.-Frederick W. Spiers, Drexel Institute, Handbook of Sociological Information, p. 29. Future generations. . . may even smile at our conceptions of present-day society as a condition in which we secure the full benefits of free competition... A large proportion of the population in the prevailing state of society take part in the rivalry of life only under conditions which absolutely preclude them, whatever their natural merit or ability, from any real chance therein.-Benjamin Kidd, Social Evolution, 232. It cannot be denied that the working classes have not shared in the advance of the present century as they ought to have done.-Behrends, Socialism and Christianity, 94. 7. The rich tend to become very much richer, the poor to become more |