an advanced, a higher point, to the last sentence, which is a condensed conclusion of the whole:

Power, of some kind or other, will survive the shock in which manners and opinions perish; and it will find other and worse means for its support. The usurpation which, in order to subvert ancient institutions, has destroyed ancient principles, will hold power by arts similar to those by which it has acquired it. When the old feudal and chivalrous spirit of fealty, which, by freeing kings from fear, freed both kings and subjects from the precautions of tyranny, shall be extinct in the minds of men, plots and assassinations will be anticipated by preventive murder and preventive confiscation, and that long roll of grim and bloody maxims, which form the political code of all power not standing on its own honor, and the honor of those who are to obey it. Kings will be tyrants from policy when subjects are rebels from principle.—Burke.

is

A résumé, or summary, which is a form of reiteration, is often very beneficial. It assists the mind as the reaper assisted in carrying his sheaf by the band which surrounds and compresses it: 'In the senate and, for the same reason, in a newspaper, it is a virtue to reiterate your meaning; variation of the words, with a substantial identity of the sense and dilution of the truth, is oftentimes a necessity. . . . Time must be given for the intellect to eddy about a truth, and to appropriate its bearings, . . . and this is obtained by varying the modes of presenting it—now putting it directly before the eye, now obliquely, now in an abstract shape, now in the concrete; all which being the proper technical discipline for dealing with such cases, ought no longer to be viewed as a licentious mode of style, but as the just style in respect of those licentious circumstances. And the true art for such popular display is to continue the best forms for appearing to say something new, when in reality you are but echoing yourself; to break up massy chords into running vibrations, and to mask by slight differences in the manner a verbal identity in the substance.'

As a rule, an

Thus:

excess of connectives is enfeebling.

The Academy set up by Cardinal Richelieu, to amuse the wits of that age and country, and divert them from raking into his politics and ministry, brought this into vogue; and the French wits have, for this last age, been wholly turned to the refinement of their style and language; and, indeed, with such success that it can hardly be equalled, and runs equally through their verse and prose.--Temple. Omission of the conjunction favors that rapidity which marks and imparts energy. Note the almost simultaneous connection of cause and effect:

For there is wrath gone out from the Lord - the plague is begun. -Numbers.

What a concentration of calamity:

And every eye

Glared light'ning, and short pernicious fire,

Among th' accursed, that wither'd all their strength,
And of their wonted vigor left them drain'd,

Exhausted, spiritless, afflicted, fallen.— Milton.

Observe the fine effect of asyndeton in the following:
One effort, one to break the circling host,

They form, unite, charge, waver--all is lost!-Byron.

On the other hand, emphasis not seldom requires the multiplication of these particles. It may be desired to make the mind rest on each of the objects enumerated:

Love was not in their looks, either to God,

Or to each other, but apparent guilt,

And shame, and perturbation, and despair,

Anger and obstinacy, and hate, and guile.-Milton.

The violations of conciseness are:

1. Tautology, or the useless repetition of the same sense in different words:

Never did Atticus succeed better in gaining the universal love and esteem of all men.-Spectator.

Particularly, as to the affairs of this world, integrity hath many advantages over all the fine and artificial ways of dissimulation and deceit; it is much the plainer and easier, much the safer and more secure way of dealing with the world; it has less of trouble and difficulty, of entanglement and perplexity, of danger and hazard in it. The arts of deceit and cunning do continually grow weaker, and less effectual and serviceable to them that use them.-Tillotson.

2. Pleonasm, which is not so much a useless repetition of sense as a mere superfluity of expression:

I went home full of a great many serious reflections.-Guardian. If he happens to have any leisure upon his hands.-Spectator. He saw that the reason why witchcraft was ridiculed was, because it was a phase of the miraculous. -Lecky.

Until this be altered for the better, I do not see that we are likely to grow much wiser, or that though political power may pass into different hands, that it will be exercised more purely or sensibly than it has been.-Dr. Arnold.

3. Verbosity, or unnecessary profuseness, to remedy which it is often necessary to re-cast as well as to blot. It differs from pleonasm and tautology in being more pervasive. Forms of it are prolixity, the enumeration of things either trivial, or so obvious that they might better have been left to the reader to supply; paraphrase, a too diffuse explanation of something difficult or obscure; circumlocution, a roundabout mode of speech, allowable only when direct assertion might be offensive, or for the sake of variety or emphasis. Euphemism often takes the form of the last, as in the following, commended by Longinus: 'The appointed journey,' for death; 'The fallen are borne forth publicly by the state,' that is buried. What has been said requires the further caution, that the coupling of synonymous words and phrases is admissible

impression. The lengthened 'Shall not the Judge of all the earth do right?' expresses more, and expresses it more vividly, than the direct 'Shall not God do right?' The first serves as an argument in support of the sentiment, since it represents the Deity in a character to which injustice is peculiarly unsuitable. The fault to be chiefly guarded against is the repetition of trite and unimpressive forms.

The importance of attention to order, with a view to perspicuity, has already been noticed. Energy, in arrangement, depends (1) on the right disposition of the capital parts. The more emphatic ideas should be expressed in the more emphatic positions, which are, in general, the beginning and the end of the sentence, especially the latter. Unless otherwise determined by the thought, the movement should be from the weakest or least striking statements to those which are stronger, the strongest being reserved for the last. The following are improvable:

His government gave courage to the English barons to carry farther their opposition. Hume.

There will be few in the next generation who will not at least be able to write and read.-Addison.

Yet this, like all unusual methods, can only be occasionally employed.-Dr. Bascom.

The temperament of our language is phlegmatic, like that of our climate.-Dr. Campbell.

All these the third excepted answer well enough the requirements of clearness; but all would be strengthened by a different collocation:

His government gave courage to the English barons to carry their opposition farther.

There will be few in the next generation who will not be able at least to read and write.

Yet this, like all unusual methods, can be employed only occasionally.

The temperament of our language, like that of our climate, is phlegmatic.

(2) on the preservation of unity, the subserviency of every part to one principal affirmation. The usual precepts to be received, however, with limitations-are: not to shift the scene in the course of the same sentence; not to crowd into one sentence ideas which have no natural connection with the leading proposition; not to add clauses after a full and perfect close; to avoid an excess of parentheses. These faults can be perceived in the following:

Ojeda sent his stolen gold and Indians home to Saint Domingo, in order that more men and supplies might in return be despatched to him; and he inaugurated the building of his new town by a foray into the territories of a neighboring Indian chief, who was reported to possess much gold.--Helps.

And here it was often found of absolute necessity to influence or cool the passions of the audience, especially at Rome, where Tully spoke; and with whose writings young divines, I mean those among them who read old authors, are more conversant than with those of Demosthenes; who, by many degrees, excelled the other, at least as an orator.-Swift.

The next day upon the plains, Dr. Henchman, one of the prebends of Salisbury, met the king, the Lord Wilmot and Philips then leaving him to go to the sea-coast to find a vessel, the doctor conducting the king to a place called Heale, three miles from Salisbury, belonging then to Sergeant Hyde, who was afterwards ChiefJustice of the King's Bench, and then in possession of the widow of his elder brother; a house that stood alone from neighbors and from any highway, where, coming in late, he supped with some gentlemen that were accidentally in the house which could not very well be avoided.-Clarendon,

There are few principles of energy which are not violated by one or more of these passages. The remedy, in all such cases, lies in transposition or resolution, or in both. The disjointed or overcrowded sentence should be broken up into distinct and more congruous ones; the prominent in idea should be prominent in position; particles should