country through the Assemblies, Chautauqua nished the funds to erect the Museum and and Framingham, Crete and Monona Lake, "Newton Hall." The name it bears marks it as Island Park and De Funiak. All heard him a memorial to his first wife. He was a man of sing and speak and pray. He wrote songs power in any company, and, in connection and music, and admirably fitted them to- with the trustees, he helped to lay the foungether, adapting them to the Chautauqua dations of the Chautauqua Assembly by putwork; and then, as a skilled leader, he in- ting his strong financial name to commercial structed the choir and the great congregation paper in the hour of need. He never ceased in singing them. He was one of the Assem- to uphold the hands of the men who carried bly's poets and in '83 he introduced a new the standard in the very front of the multisong which runs : tude. Hither we come, Chautauqua's host, A joyous, earnest throng; We send the greetings from heart to heart, In this our woodland home. The morning call to prayers which in an unknown tongue rang out from the flat roof of the Oriental house and from the cupola of the Museum, was given by A. O. Van Lennep. His familiar form was always clad in a costume of the far East. He was the animating spirit among the Orientals at public entertainments and in giving the whole Assembly its flavor of life from the people of Bible lands. A gentleman of kingly form and courtly manners, was the Rev. E. J. L. Baker. He Dr. S. J. M. Eaton, who for thirty years belonged to the old school of ministers. His served at the head of a Presbyterian Church grand voice was the vehicle for many a ser- in Franklin, Pa., was a man of broad and mon in this grove, in the olden time when generous spirit. When he saw the scope of the camp-meeting was in the fullness of its Dr. Vincent's plans, the depth and thoroughstrength. But he was flexible enough to pass ness of his work, he went down to Washingfrom the old to the new. He became a trus- ton and Jefferson College and requested that tee of the Assembly, owned one of the best the faculty and trustees confer the degree of cottages, and always exerted a strong influ- LL. D. on the man who was leading the ence in favor of the cause he advocated. He Chautauqua hosts, and it was done. Dr. Eaton located himself and family in a cottage on Simpson Avenue, in the outer southern circle of cottages. It seemed to be far away from the center of activity, but his prophetic eye caught a view of the coming multitude and he often gave word pictures to his friends of how the shores of the Lake would be dotted with cottages inhabited by people who would come for study, as students thronged the groves at Athens in ancient days. When his feet pressed his veranda for the last time, his house was about the center of the city in the grove. He was among the first to join the C. L. S. C. and more than thirty seals were attached to his diploma when he looked upon it just before he died. was a good conversationalist, a kindly spirit, a person devoted to his friends. His was a commanding figure in any congregation or on any platform. All his speeches and sermons were marked with good sense, strong logic, and spiritual power. A General John A. Logan was at Chautauqua when his political star was at its zenith. reception was tendered him in the great Amphitheater. He stood on the platform, when one by one I presented to him more than five thousand people, each person as he passed by, naming the state in the Union from which he hailed. General Logan had a vigorous, muscular way of shaking hands and when the crowd had dispersed I said to him, “General, how can you shake hands so vigorously with so many people and not grow weary?" “Ah,” said he, "there is a secret. A man does not shake my hand; I shake his. It is less wearing to shake a man than to let him shake you." Jacob Miller, an Ohio man, brother to President Lewis Miller, a vice-president of the Assembly, and one of its truest friends, furD-Aug. John B. Gough was at the Lake to tell his story of rum's ruin and how temperance raises men to usefulness and honor. I studied him with wonder, as he sat on the platform before several thousand people one day, waiting to be introduced to deliver his lecture. He extended a gloved hand as he greeted acquaintances and strangers on an August day. When he reached the steps leading to the platform he removed his gloves. A countryman, observing his "style," complained that Mr. Gough was "too aristocratic to have much influence as a temperance lecturer"; but that man might have learned that a sore hand is the best reason for such "style." For fully five minutes before Mr. Gough began his lecture, his hands were clinched so tight that they seemed to be bloodless. The nails must have sunk into the flesh of the palms. When he began his lecture, his fists were locked; as he proceeded to speak, the tension loosened, his hands opened and became natural. It appeared that with clinched hands he held himself, and that, as his thoughts flowed and his tongue began to move and varied facial expressions were produced, his hands were unlocked and a wonderful force spread through the whole man, giving momentum to every gesture and word, making a powerful orator whom the people heard with delight, as he presented living truths to their inner sight. President Garfield said at Chautauqua (it was before he became President), "You are solving the problem here of how to use one's leisure." Dr. Daniel Curry, that giant with the pen, looked at the place and studied all the work in the grove and declared to me, "This is the most complete organization I ever saw," and he was without a peer in organizing forces for great campaigns in the church. Dr. L. H. Bugbee, President of Allegheny College, one of the talented contributors to Chautauqua literature in the early days, put his name down as the first member of the Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle, the same day that that organization was publicly announced by Dr. Vincent in Saint Paul's Grove at Chautauqua. It is a singular coincidence in history that THE CHAUTAUQUAN is edited and published, and The ChautauquaCentury Press is located in the very town where Dr. Bugbee lived when he unconsciously made his name the first on the C. L. S. C. roll which has increased to the enormous proportions of nearly two hundred thousand members. The frontispiece in this number of THE CHAUTAUQUAN is a good portrait of Dr. Bugbee at that time in his life. The Rev. Joseph Leslie, a man of local but excellent name, a trustee under both the old and new régime, called on me in the evening after I had advocated woman's suffrage for an hour and a half in a debate in the Amphi theater, to say, "When that vast audience voted for your side, it was evident you won the debate; but don't be flattered, you didn't do very much when you did beat the other man's arguments." A. K. Warren was trained to business and he brought to his office of Superintendent of Grounds, a clear head, practical ideas, good organizing powers, and executive abilities of a high order; he was not connected with any church, but he was chosen by the managers for what he was and not for what he was not. The office was one of splendid opportunities for a man of his parts. Some of the most valuable buildings in the Chautauqua grove were erected under his supervision: the Amphitheater and Museum, the Children's Temple, the Hall of Philosophy, and Hotel Athenæum, the last named costing one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars. The money for these improvements had to be raised by somebody's ingenuity and generalship, because the gate fees, which at that time were the chief source of revenue, were hardly large enough to meet the expenses of the program. But the representative men to whom we have referred are gone; the ranks were broken when they fell; their places were hard to fill; their work remains; their memory is precious; the lessons they taught cannot be effaced. Their works do follow them and as the years have passed, other noble men have appeared to fill these places made vacant. come, there will be needed men of strong character and eminent ability; men great in achievement must stand in these places to keep the wheels of progress going round and the chariot of learning moving forward. In the years to To such as have not observed the growth of Chautauqua, the foregoing mosaics from its history will prove deficient if I should fail to emphasize the present existence of certain organizations which are the first fruits of the planting and cultivating of the past seventeen years. There has been from year to year a broadening of the base under the whole system of popular education at Chautauqua. The teaching of foreign tongues has been gradually introduced till a Summer School of Languages on a liberal plan has been established in connection with the Assembly. The Assembly itself, with many of its features, has been duplicated in nearly every state and territory in the Union. There are now nearly sixty Chautauqua Assemblies In practical and active operation in the United intellectual power for the real work of life. States, whose managers preserve a fraternal relation to the original Assembly. This is one of the grand results of Chautauqua in New York. It marks the decadence of open air religious meetings of the old type in this country, and the coming into their place of a new type of grove meeting for the study of the Bible, and also for the study of such literature as will aid one in gaining a practical knowledge of the Bible. It is in no sense to take the place of a university education, yet the C. L. S. C. does brighten and beautify human life, and it has taken such a strong hold of the people, and they have taken such a strong hold of it, that we now consider the Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle one of the established educational institutions of the United States. The permanency of these Chautauqua organizations indicates that in the "Old Chautauqua Days" men were the chief factors, men made the Assembly, men won its fame; but the men, John H. Vincent and Lewis Miller, built with so much wisdom that strength marks their work and their work abides. And now we have reached a period in history when the Chautauqua organizations are compact, well in hand, their work is well defined, and a unity which excites the admiration of statesmen is their chief glory. The second fruit of the Chautauqua Assembly is the "Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle"; it has spread everywhere; its roots have struck down into good soil in towns and cities all over the land till the list of members is counted by tens of thousands. It has become a factor in churches of every name, and a useful system of education to multitudes who do not frequent any of the churches. It is a four years' course of study for working people, business people, professional people, and people of every class. One of its chief advantages is that the student may do his reading at home and then find the examination, by writing, comparatively easy, while the diploma will mark the completion of a task which has brought to the victor renewed vigor of mind, a large fund of knowledge, and an increase of under the sun.” Chautauqua is to be known and perpetuated in the "New Chautauqua Days," not so much by men as by the two great organizations we have characterized, the Chautauqua Assemblies and the Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle, to which multitudes now point and say, "These are the capstones which have been laid with joy in every land (The end.) AT EVENTIDE. BY VIRNA WOODS. TELL me old tales of elfin folk and sprites, Of nymphs and satyrs in Hellenic woods, And phantom forms that haunt the dreamless nights; Sing me the plaintive strains of some love-tune, His radiant face; and let the music glide To paans as were chanted when the lads A FLYING BY MEANS OF ELECTRICITY. BY PROF. JOHN TROWBRIDGE. Of Harvard University. BELIEF is current that we shall fly employment of storage batteries. In brief, some day by means of electricity, it is this: A light storage battery capable although no definite method of employ- of containing at least one horse-power is to ing this great agent has been devised. There turn an electric motor in a suitable air ship, are two methods suggested for the application and by the means of a light source of powof electricity to flying. One is a modifica- er and a light motor the problem is to be tion of the so-called telpherage system which solved. has been tried in England and Wales for the purpose of transporting small packages on a kind of aërial railway. An electric motor runs on a species of elevated railway at a great speed and since the railway can be practically an air line, deep cuttings, tunneling, and sharp curves can be avoided. It is but a step from this method of aërial locomotion to that of a system which proposes to employ air ships. Suppose for instance that a suitable balloon should be provided with an electric motor properly fitted with screws, vanes, and rudder, and that a powerful electric current should be led to this motor by means of trolley wires which'slip, or the ends of which run along elevated wires such as are now used in certain double trolley electric railroads. Such an air ship would have certain advantages over the electric railway on the ground. It would have the advantage of the steam ship-free to go through a wide stretch of air unhampered by conditions of stability of roadway or limitations of curves and gradients. It is true that it would have currents of air and head winds to contend against. These obstacles the steamship on water also encounters. To the believer in the possibility of flying, however, this method we have outlined seems humiliating. It is not flying in the pure sense. It is telpherage. The aëronaut wishes to cut loose from the earth entirely, and to compete with the birds in an element which has been theirs for countless ages. The method we have described deserves careful consideration; for it is the belief of many who have studied the question of flying that it is the only method by means of which man will rise superior to certain mundane limitations. The method, however, which is thought to be the coming one, is that based upon the Let us see what are some of the conditions of flying. Birds apparently do not exert very great effort in order to soar, or even to rise from the earth. Let any one take a wild goose, for instance, attach one of its feet to a spring balance and measure its pull on the balance as it strives to escape. In general it does not pull more than two or three times its own weight; and in its efforts does not differ so greatly from the power a man can exert in his own peculiar way of exerting strength in a pull. A bird therefore must take advantage of currents of air in order to soar without perceptible motion of its wings. There are, however, other conditions in the bird's art of flying. If the same duck or goose we have been experimenting upon is allowed to rise freely from the surface of a pond, it will be noticed that it springs upward and paddles heavily along the surface of the water striving to get an impulse or initial velocity in order to set its flying method in operation. Then, too, when an eagle soars, it generally throws itself down an aërial inclined plane— a species of toboggan chute gaining in this way an initial velocity which enables it to soar without perceptible movement of its widestretching wings. The smallest boy also knows that in the operation of skipping flat stones, he must give the stone an initial twist, acquiring thus a velocity which answers at any one instant to the velocity acquired by the bird in allow ing its weight to fall down an aërial inclined plane. In reference to birds' taking advantage of currents of air to enable them to soar, it is pointed out that salmon in ascending rivers take advantage also of favorable eddies and currents, setting their fins suitably to accomplish this. We are inclined to think, however, that these gymnastic feats of the bird and the fish correspond to man's tobog ganing rather than to his usual methods of locomotion. Any one who has seen the labored flight of a crow against the wind will be convinced of this. It is generally conceded, however, that if we are to fly by electricity we must first be shot off from some suitable height in order to attain the requisite initial velocity. Now let us examine the condition of a light storage battery. Great hopes were excited when the Faure storage cell was invented. Here was something which the world had been long waiting for and many prophesied that it would revolutionize methods of locomotion. Unfortunately these hopes have not been realized. When one speaks of a storage battery one rarely has a clear conception of its operation. Few realize the length of time and the great expenditure of energy which are required to store up electricity, according to common language, in the storage cell. In the Jefferson Physical Laboratory at Cambridge a gas engine which runs the lathes in the machine room charges at the same time the storage cells which are employed in one of the laboratories. If we wish to use the current from these cells for four hours they should be charged for at least six hours. The construction of the lead storage cell is extremely simple. Each cell is provided with from six to eight corrugated lead plates and the corrugations or holes are filled with a paste made of red oxide of lead and sulphuric acid. In some cases one-half of the plates in each cell are pasted with litharge and the other half with red lead, and in this case the plates are placed alternately the charging current is led to the plates covered with red lead and leaves the battery from the plates coated with litharge. The charging current in the process of electrolyzing the liquid of the cell which consists of sulphuric acid and water, changes the proportions of oxygen in the oxides of lead covering the plates of the cell, and when the charging current is reversed the cell tends to redistribute the proportions of oxygen in the oxides of lead. The lead battery answers admirably for laboratory use, where the plates can be readily repeated after they disintegrate. The faults of the Faure lead storage cell are its weight and its rapid disintegration when a severe demand is made upon it. Much invention has been wasted upon this cell. It has been modified in numberless ways to over come the defects of weight, of the buckling of the lead plates of the cell, that is the yielding and deformation of their shape, Fairly pow erful batteries are now made and are supplied to the public. In certain cases the companies take entire charge of the batteries, assuming the loss from the inevitable deterioration charging ten per cent a year on the cost of the battery. In a certain limited sense therefore the lead storage battery can be said to be a success. The weight of the average commercial lead storage battery is about 100 pounds per horsepower per hour. If one wishes to run a motor for six hours the battery should be charged for ten or twelve hours, and under the most favorable conditions; 80 per cent of the current which is used to charge the battery can be recovered by its performance. I have said that numberless attempts have been made to decrease the weight of the lead plates of the Faure accumulator, or storage cell. My experiments lead me to believe that moderately thick lead plates are more economical than thin light ones. The expansion and contraction of the oxides of lead which are pasted into holes and irregularities in the lead plates lead to deformation of the plate. The paste thereupon drops out of the recesses or holes which contain it and the battery loses its charge. I have replaced the lead plates by porous carbon ones containing holes for reception of the lead paste and a thin backing of lead for electrodes. This last form of storage cell was very light and would receive a strong charge; but the plates rapidly deteriorated. Apparently we must be content in the lead storage battery with comparatively heavy lead plates. Since the weight of this form of cell is so great, and since there is apparently little prospect of the weight being reduced it seems to be out of consideration in the question of flying. A new storage cell has recently attracted much attention and it bids fair to compete successfully with the lead battery, certainly in the problem of flying. This cell is a modification of the alkaline storage battery or accumulator invented two or three years since in France by Desmazures. This cell weighs in rough terms only about half as much as a lead cell of the same capacity. One pole of the alkaline storage battery is of iron, while the other is finely divided copper. The liquid is potassium zincate. The zinc is deposited upon the iron while the copper |