sion demanded by the strikers, in which the upper classes reluctantly concurred by granting, finally, the desired changes. The outcome of this struggle is especially significant in that it is the victory of labor over capital in one of the most important industrial centers of Europe. Thoughtful people everywhere will watch with interest the use which will be made of their success by the Belgian working classes. THE position of the Roman Catholic Church on social questions is defined by the Pope in his recent encyclical. Divine law forms the basis of the manifesto, and forces the rejection of the socialist solution of the social problem, which would abolish private property, substituting a collective and common ownership. Concerning the relations of the state to the individual, the Pope disputes the right of the state to interfere with individual freedom or more particularly as it is termed, "family intimacy." Great emphasis is laid upon the value of labor associations, which shall have for their purpose the promotion of the mutual interests of the working people. Without suggesting any new remedy, the conclusion is reached that universal cooperation in line with Christian influence is the solution of the social problem. IT appears that the recent legislation adopted to check desertions from the army is acting precisely as intended. April and May are considered the worst months of the year in point of desertions, and the present administration of the War Department must be gratified over the result for April. In April, 1886, there were 286 desertions; in April, 1890, the number was 201; in April this year the decrease was nearly fifty per cent, there being only 112 desertions. THE convention held at Cincinnati the last of May was significant by reason of the formation of a new political party. The new organization consists chiefly of the Farmers' Alliance, the labor organizations, and social reformers. The platform demands the abolition of national banks, advocates the "subtreasury plan," favors free coinage of silver, a tax on incomes, the election of President, vice-President and Senators by popular vote, and the Government control of natural monopolies. ties existing within the social clubs of modern life lay hidden until discovered by women. They saw there a practical means of education which might be made to bear toward adults a relation which is not strained in comparing it to that which the school bears toward children. Rapidly they began utilizing them as a means for disseminating practical knowledge and broader culture. What may be accomplished in this manner is plainly shown by the results attending the efforts of the Woman's Street-Cleaning Aid Society and the Health Protection Association. The quiet, educative influence exerted in these two clubs aroused a popular of the nation, political ascendency and comsentiment which overthrew in the metropolis pelled the execution of sanitary laws. IN May 1816 in the city of New York, the American Bible Society was organized. The constitution adopted declares: "The sole object shall be to encourage a wider circulation of the Holy Scriptures without note or comment." On May 13 of the present year it celebrated its seventy-fifth anniversary. The reports read show that during its existence it has received over $20,000,000 and distributed 54,000,000 Bibles. Among the quiet forces lifting the world up toward the highest liberty, one is overwhelmed at the thought of estimating what proportion of power may be due to this society. A WAVE of doctrinal discussion, or of discussion over long standing customs and threatening innovations, seems at the present time to be sweeping over the whole Christian church. Scarcely a denomination has escaped its influence; if not marked enough to affect the whole body, some prominent church has been disturbed by its intion all reforms are born, and all insidious flow. It is a time of agitation ; but in agitaevils are discovered and uprooted. It is a hopeful time. No lurking, skulking foes can now escape the alert eyes of the aroused people; and no tyranny, arrogance, or cowardice can, under an assumed garb, stand in the way blocking true progress. If in the outcome it shall appear that the cords of ancient usages have been lengthened, the stakes of the fundamental doctrines will also have been strengthened, and, within the enlarged habitations, Christianity will move with It would seem that the highest possibili- greater freedom and inspire stronger zeal. C. L. S. C. COURSE OF STUDY FOR 1891-1892. THE Chautauqua Literary and Scientific in the North and Slavery in the South. Circle never had presented to it a more complete or broader course of study in is of more value each year, and that our read the text-books and in THE CHAUTAUQUAN than the one arranged for the coming year. The books to be used by Chautauqua students are: "Main Facts of American History" (illustrated), by D. H. Montgomery; "The Story of the Constitution," by Francis N. Thorpe "Initial Studies in American Letters," by Prof. H. A. Beers; "The Social Institutions of America," by James Bryce; "German Course in English," by Prof. W. C. Wilkinson; "Two Old Faiths-Hinduism and Mohammedanism.” THE CHAUTAUQUAN has engaged a large number of discriminating, thoughtful writers. The literary, scientific, philanthropic, practical work of the world will be treated by masters in these respective lines. The scientific research in the United States ers may be acquainted with this work THE CHAUTAUQUAN has engaged Major J. W. Powell, Director of the U. S. Geological Survey, to furnish five articles on this usbject. The interest which the present age has in Physical Culture will be fostered by practical papers by an experienced and vivacious writer. There will also be papers on Physiology and Botany. Bishop Vincent will select the Sunday Readings. Papers unusually valuable will be presented from time to time on Science, the Handmaid of Agriculture; Scientific Use of Food; Adulterations of Food; the Animal Industry. Among the many subjects will be found the History of Political Parties in America; the Growth and the Distribution of Population in the United States; the Financial System of the United States; Our Educational System; American Morals; the Organization and Personnel of the Patent Office. American History will be a particularly in teresting subject in these pages the coming year. One striking feature will be a series of papers on the Battles for American Liberty. One of the Counselors, Edward Everett Hale, has promised to write of the Colonial Life in the United States, giving picturesque descriptions of the houses, amusements, dress, manners, etc., of this period of our land. There will be by historians valuable papers on the Town Meeting, the Shire System, Grants made by the King, Trading Companies, Early Presidents of the United States, States made out of Colonies, and States made out of Territories, and Land Tenure in America. There will be a unique treatment of the Rebellion: papers on Anti-slavery English Poetry and Poets. Post-graduates who were delighted with their course of study last year will be no less pleased with the one for the coming year. English Literature is the special department of work. The well-known author, Maurice Thompson, will discuss the Theory of FictionMaking and Poetry since the time of Pope. There will also be comprehensive articles by eminent authors on the First Novels in English, the Modern Tendencies of Novels, and THE QUESTION TABLE. ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS IN THE CHAUTAUQUAN reign survived in the adage. 5. Mathias Cor FOR JUNE. WORLD OF TO-DAY-HUNGARY. I. A Hungarian Magna Charta of freedom and liberties exacted of the king in 1222. 2. Of the charter granted by the English King John at Runnymede. 3. General Janos Hunyady, made governor of Hungary in 1445. 4. The son of General Hunyady, the glory of whose vinus. 6. For his merit in Christianizing his people. 7. "His Apostolic Majesty." 8. House of Magnates and House of Representatives. 9. They have a common sovereign, a common army, navy, and diplomacy, and a customsunion. 10. It is derived from the little river, Leitha, which separates lower Austria from Hungary. THE STARS OF JUNE. I. It is a double double star. To the naked eye it appears slightly elongated: through the opera-glass two stars appear, and through a larger telescope each of the components separates into two. 2. It is the celestial lyre of Orpheus, at the sound of whose entrancing music, wild beasts forsook their fierceness to gather round and listen, streams halted in their course, and even rocks and trees were charmed. 3. The most remarkable of the known annular nebulæ. 4. Altair. 5. The constellation Delphinus, which appears in the east above Pegasus, is sometim s so called from its diamond shape. 6. Due east, above the Dolphin, it appears with its four principal stars in the form of a cross, whose upright piece lies along the Milky Way. 7. In Cygnus, a minute star, scarcely visible to the naked eye. 8. It is nearest to the earth of any of the fixed stars in the northern hemisphere. 9. A beautiful maiden with folded wings, bearing in her left hand an ear of corn. 10. A fine nebula. II. About 3:00 a. m. Owing to the revolution of the earth on its axis, the entire celestial sphere appears to revolve uniformly once daily around the earth, or at the rate of 15° an hour. From horizon to summit the sky measures 90°. Aquila will reach the summit in six hours. 12. The Serpent Bearer (Ophiuchus). With his feet on Scorpio and grasping the "Serpent," the head of which is marked by a group of small stars just south of Corona Borealis, the tail extending nearly to Aquila. 13. That of Esculapius, the Father of Medi. cine. Pluto complained of him that his skill had restored several to life, at the expense of depopulating Hades; whereupon Jupiter struck him with a thunderbolt, but afterwards placed him among the constellations. ENGLISH PHRASE AND FABLE.-IX. I. These floures white and rede Soch that men callen daisies in our toun. 2. The violet. See Sonnet XCIX. 3. Evening primrose. 4. Marigold. 5. Cowper. See "The Task," Book IV., lire 765. 6. The pea. 7. The flower into which Hyacinthus was transformed. It is evidently not the modern hyacinth, but some species of iris, being described as of a hue more beautiful than the Tyrian, and its petals marked Ai, the Greek word for woe, in token of the grief of Phoebus over the death of Hyacinthus. 8. Jasmine. 9. Daisy. 10. "Hymn to Light." THE C. L. S. C. CLASSES. CLASS OF 1891.-" THE OLYMPIANS." "So run that ye may obtain." OFFICERS. some of these are choice souls whose friendship we shall ever prize. It is gratifying that so many appreciative words have been said in com President-The Rev. J. M. Durrell, D. D., Manchester, mendation of our course of study. The books of N. H. Vice-Presidents-The Rev. J. S. Ostrander, Brooklyn, N. Y.; H. R. Palmer, New York City; Mrs. Mary A. Liver. more, Melrose, Mass.; Mrs. Mary T. Lathrap, Jackson, Mich.; Mrs. Hawley, Buffalo, N. Y.; Mrs. Guernsey, Independence, Kan.; Mr. J. H. Fryer, Galt, Ontario, Canada, Secretary-Mrs. James S. Ostrander. Assistant Secretary-Mrs. Harriet A. H. Wilkie, Onon daga Valley, N. Y. Treasurer-Miss Clara L. Sargent. CLASS FLOWERS-THE LAUREL AND WHITE ROSE. THE PRESIDENT'S CHAT.-For the last time in our undergraduate course we salute the members of '91. We are about to graduate; for four years we have studied together and looked forward to the day when from some one of the Assemblies, perhaps from Chautauqua itself, we might receive our diplomas; the anticipated hour is at hand. We have found the experiences incident to C. L. S. C. life delightful; we have made acquaintances that will be helpful in the future; the course have brought gladness to the farmhouse during the long winter evenings, and the room of the mechanic in the city has been made cheerful by the presence of noble men and women who have talked with the artisan in print. Large boys have grown to be men, and girls have developed into women, while they have met around the table of the local circle; life will seem and will be different from what it otherwise would appear and be. A number of young people have been aroused to the need of an education, whose names are now on the rolls of preparatory schools or colleges. Even college graduates have found pleasure in reviewing topics studied in academic days, and have enjoyed the themes presented more than when preparing for daily recitations. Some have written to us from chambers of sickness, testifying that pain has been forgotten while reading or hearing others read the subjects treated in our volumes and in THE CHAUTAUQUAN; more than one diploma will be received by those unable to leave the house; all honor to our invalid graduates. It also gives us great satisfaction to know that the spirit of Christ has breathed through the pages of our literature and science, so that a number have been stimulated to take up their crosses and follow their Lord. During the quadrennium, the President has had little opportunity to see his fellow-students, and has been able to communicate with the Class only through the monthly "chats" of these columns; but now even these must cease; parting has come; he shakes hands with each member of the Class, wishes for each all possible joy, and says good-by. CLASS OF 1893.—“THE ATHENIANS." "Study to be what you wish to seem." OFFICERS. President-The Rev. R.C. Dodds, 337 Summer St., Buffalo, NY. Vice-Presidents-Mrs. S. M. I. Henry, Meadville, Pa.; the Rev. Russell Conwell, Philadelphia, Pa ; Prof. T. F. Wright, Cambridge, Mass.; Miss Kate McGillivray, Port Colborne, Province Ontario, Canada; Mrs. E. C. Chapman, Oakland, Cal.; The Rev. D. T. C. Timmons, Tyler, Texas; J. C. Burke, Waterville, Kan.; the Rev. M. D. Lichleter, Allegheny, Pa. General Secretary-Miss Ella M. Warren, 342 W. Walnut, Louisville, Ky. Prison Secretary-Mrs. S. M. I. Henry, Meadville, Pa. the Rev. T. H. Paden, New Concord, Ohio; the Rev. E.S. District Secretaries-Miss A. M. Coit, Syracuse, N. Y.; Porter, Bridgewater, Mass.; Miss Anna C. Brockman St. Louis, Mo.; the Rev. Chas. Thayer, Minneapolis, Minn.; Treasurer-Welford P. Hulse, 112 Hart St., Brooklyn, THE Class of '91 is to be congratulated upon L. E. Welch, Albany, Ga. the fact that Mrs. Margaret E. Sangster has consented to write the Class Poem to be read on Recognition Day. FULL fifty Assemblies are to hold their sessions during the summer of '91, and many of our classmates who are denied the privilege of visiting Chautauqua will find a cordial welcome at some sister Assembly. ALL members of '91 who expect to be present at Chautauqua or at any of the Assemblies are urged to be on time in sending in their reports, as the Chautauqua machinery requires much less oiling when frequent stops do not have to be made for "belated" and "exceptional" N. Y. Assembly Treasurer and Trustee Union Class BuildingGeo. E. Vincent. Building Committee-The Rev. R. C. Dodds; Mrs. H. M. Anthony, Ottawa, Ill. A '93 WHO has been "brought to light" by the Chancellor's letter of inquiry replies: "Many thanks for the reminder and words of encouragement that came to me on the 17th. I am far behind. The reading goes on slower than it will when I get more used to going to school again. I appreciate this opportunity and do not mean to lose any of the benefit of it. I am a busy housekeeper and during the past year have had an unusual amount of care but I have studied very thoroughly as far as I have gone." "WE are enjoying our readings very much and are delighted with the Bible memoranda, which we are finding a real mine of good things. I am also taking the Garnet Seal books and am enjoying every bit of them. We shall take the Book a Month for our summer reading when we have a great deal of leisure. We have entirely lost all relish for light literature and thank the Chautauqua Circle for two very pleasant years with promise of many more." CLASS OF 1894-"THE PHILOMATHEANS.” "Ubi mel, ibi apes." OFFICERS. President-John Habberton, New York City. Secretary-Miss Grace B. Fowler, Buffalo, N. Y. Building Committee-William T. Everson, Union City, MEMBERS of '94 as well as of other classes will be interested in the announcement of the new summer courses, which offer supplementary reading in standard authors for the summer months. Those who have not been able to keep up to time with their reading for the year, will of course complete the required work first, but we are sure that many will find time for the delightful recreation offered by these courses, especially since they are to be "personally conducted" by so wise a guide as Professor Beers. A '94 FROM South Dakota records her experience of the year as follows: "I commenced the course for '90-1 last November and have kept on with ever increasing interest. I did not send my name earlier, fearing I might not be able to complete the year's work, as I do all the work for my family including the entire care of four children, but I have never done it better or more easily than since I commenced the C. L. S. C. readings; and what at first I was inclined to regard as a task has grown to be a pleasure which I should be very sorry to give up. I shall allow no ordinary obstacle to prevent a completion of the course. A CALIFORNIA '94 writes: "I inclose application for the Garnet Seal Course. The C. L. S. C. has given me a desire for a higher education. It is the grandest movement of this century." FROM Maryland: "Inclosed please find application for Garnet Seal memoranda '90-1. I have been a school-teacher for four years and have read many books on educational matters, but none have given me half so much pleasure as the Chautauqua books. The benefit derived from the C. L. S. C. far exceeds my most sanguine expectations." GRADUATE CLASSES. IN behalf of the beloved Pioneers who come annually to Chautauqua, I send to each member of our Class of '82 whose face we have not seen, but long to look into, "greetings" and a personal invitation to be present with us this coming season at Chautauqua. Not only to those who come semi-occasionally, but to those who have never been there we say, come! Wherever you are, Chautauqua honors you! Pioneers from the family altar of Pioneer Hall where the vestal fire is ever burning send to brothers and sisters this invitation, together with loving, helpful thoughts of all that is good and uplifting, saying, Come to Chautauqua. Come to see our Hall, your Chautauqua home. We want to make arrangements this coming season for the observance of our tenth anniversary, which will occur next year. Come to tell us what you have done in the past years, what you are doing now, and what you purpose doing in the future.— President of the Pioneers. A MEMBER of '86 writes: "The delay in returning the annual circle report is due to my wish to induce all our readers to join the regular C. L. S. C. I had hopes that I could secure all of them for regular membership but the small fee seems to stand in the way as they are all working girls who must earn all the money they expend. I can never express to you all the C. L. S. C. membership has been and will be to me. I joined the Class of '86 when fifty-five years of age and from that day to this much help and enjoyment have come through its delightful studies." The following names are added to the list of the graduates of the Class of 1890: Mrs. Eda Smitten, California; Jennie R. Messer, Connecticut; Nellie A. Noyes, Mrs. James F. Todd, Illinois; Mary D. Brackenridge, Indiana; Mrs. James E. Bell, Mrs. Emily F. De Riemer, Iowa; Helen Newbert Brainerd, Mrs. Florence M. Merrill, Miss Lucilla Reed, Cornelia R. Tilton, Maine; Ella Stewart Hopkins, Georgianna F. King, Lizzie L. G. Stage, Michigan; Leona M. McKinney, Mississippi; Mollie Caldwell, Frances M. Steele, Missouri; Mrs. Hannahette Baker, Louise M. Henermann, Hiram Jason Knapp, Jennie C. Webber, New York; Alma Wood, Ohio; Sue R. Reighard, Pennsylvania; Mrs. Mariam R. Warriner, Wisconsin; Kate M. Middlemiss, Canada; Mrs. Eleanor Elwes, England; John Laker, India. ERRATUM. To the Editor of The Chautauquan: DEAR SIR :--Please permit me to correct a strange and most annoying oversight in my article on the major planets in THE CHAUTAUQUAN for June. I have there said, though what could have induced me to say it I cannot imagine, that the satellites of Uranus never cause eclipses of the sun and are themselves never eclipsed by the shadow of Uranus. The statement is wrong and indefensible, for the fact that the satellites revolve nearly at right angles to the plane of the planet's orbit does not prevent them from coming, at certain times, between Uranus and the sun. Very truly yours, GARRETT P. SERVISS. |