fore they had been manipulated in any way. erred. He undertook excavations which These archæologists were unanimous in their judgment that no traces were found of the incineration of the dead, and no one seemed to doubt that if there were a Homeric Troy, it stood on the site of Hissarlik. That the Homeric poet was a contemporary of the Trojan War is very improbable. Doubtless he never saw the city which he represents Agamemnon as besieging. His poem cannot have been intended as a literal history of the war. But the discovery that at about the same time Mycena and Tiryns in Greece and a city in Asia Minor, within a couple of miles of the place where Homer places Troy, were wealthy and powerful cities, gives incomparably greater probability to the belief that Homer's story was "founded on fact." Schliemann had two small railroads constructed to carry away the debris, and intended to remove the entire great mass of earth, more than thirty feet deep, which covered the ruins of the second city from below (for the site has never remained long unoccupied, and the ruins of five or six successive settlements form layers, which are distinguished with greater or less ease), of which the ruins contain the most marks of wealth and culture, and bear the clearest resemblance to those of Tiryns and Mycenæ;-all being from about the fourteenth to the tenth centuries B. C. But last December, Schliemann was taken suddenly ill when alone in the streets of Naples, and died within a few hours. His remains were conveyed to Athens, and interred on January 4. The American Minister and the Director of the American School of Classical Studies made addresses at the funeral, which was largely attended, by the King and Queen of Greece as well as by many men of science, learning, and public life. Schliemann's services to science consist rather in the material which he furnished than in the use which he himself made of that material. His inferences were often hasty, and his methods unsatisfactory. But his work of a score of years ago must not be judged as if it were of to day. We must remember that he was a pioneer in excavating, and that what has now become a science was then in its very infancy. He was quick to learn from his critics, and no one has done more than he to establish fixed rules for the conduct of excavations. He had no divining rod for the discovery of treasure. He often yielded no results, and several times stopped digging just too soon. Thus he hastily concluded that the mound on the battlefield of Marathon contained nothing of interest, but renewed digging by the Greek Archæological Society, a year ago, found many interesting indications that this was the tomb of the Athenians who fell in the battle with the Persians. He had his little weaknesses, like most men. He wanted his attendants to have ancient Greek names. Even his overseers were asked to take the name of Ilus instead of Gregory, and Laomedon instead of George. His personal attendants in 1882 were Edipus and Jocasta, who we may be sure were not thus baptized. He named his oldest son Agamemnon and his oldest daughter Andromache. Schliemann was by nature a man of affairs rather than a scholar. He desired the excitement of making brilliant discoveries. But that a man of business should be ready to give his money and his time to such work, is worthy of all praise. The occupation must have been much more wearisome than that by which he gained $50,000 a year. The inconveniences and hardships of life at Hissarlik were enough to discourage most men. The weather was generally either too cold or too hot. No material comforts or society were to be found in the neighborhood. A squad of soldiers was needed for personal safety. Dr. and Mrs. Schliemann themselves had to be on guard all the time, to watch the workmen who might ignorantly destroy what was of archæological value or appropriate any treasures which might be found. Only the most lively enthusiasm could continue the work of excavation against such obstacles. Professor Sayce's words may form a fit conclusion to this sketch: "Schliemann has introduced a new era into the study of classical antiquity and has given the impulse to that 'research with the spade' which is producing such marvelous results through the Orient, and nowhere more than in Greece itself. The light has broken over the peak of Ida, and the long-forgotten ages of prehistoric Hellas and Asia Minor are bathed in it before us. We now begin to know how Greece came to have the strength and will for that mission of culture to which we of this modern world are still indebted. We can penetrate into a past of which Greek tradition had forgotten the very existence." I AMERICAN GLASS WORKERS. BY F. M. GESSNER. N 1877 Mr. Henry Fountaine, of France, published an elaborate statistical computation of the extent and value of the glass manufacture of the world, in which he arrived at the conclusion that the annual production of glass in the preceding twenty years, had almost doubled; and he estimated the value of the world's annual product at about six hundred million francs. Marvelous as such industrial growth appears, it has been surpassed in the United States during the last ten years. The glass industry of this country at present embraces almost every variety of manufacture, and is especially remarkable in the production of pressed tableware, in which, for many years past, we have surpassed every other glassproducing country of the earth. opera In the manufacture of flint glassware there were 163 furnaces, with 1,559 pots, in tion during the census year of 1880. According to the annual report of Mr. Wm. J. Smith, President of the American Flint Glass Workers' Union, June, 1890, there were in operation 273 furnaces, with 2,905 pots, showing an increase of 86.3% in the number of pots during the past ten years. This branch of the industry embraces the manufacture of tableware, medicine vials, globes and shades, flint bottles, lamp chimneys, fine blown flint and colored glass articles, etc.; and taking into consideration the enlarged size of the pots now used, and the faster melting capacity of improved furnaces, largely operated with natural gas, the increased production will closely approach 100%. A similar expansion has taken place in the manufacture of window glass. Ten years ago there were in operation 88 furnaces, with 768 pots; at present there are 158 furnaces, with a capacity of over 1,400 pots. The manufacture of green glass bottles and druggist's ware has grown from 88 furnaces in 1880, to 132 furnaces in 1890. furnaces, with 116 pots, in 1880; there are at present 48 furnaces, with 922 pots. The production of plate glass amounted to 1,700,227 square feet in 1880; the present product, according to the statement of Mr. James A. Chambers, President of the Standard Plate Glass Company, Butler, Pennsylvania, is 12,000,000 square feet per annum, and the new works, now being built at Irwin, Ford City, and Charleroi, Pennsylvania, will increase the annual production to fully 15,000,000 square feet. The following comparative statement shows at a glance the remarkable development of the American glass industry during the past ten years. Glass workers (or more properly, the skilled workmen directly employed at the most important manipulatory processes of manufacture) are firmly organized in the different branches of the industry, and their trades unions regulate the number of apprentices, the rules for working, the hours of work, the number of articles to be made in a specified time, and the wages to be paid, and all, except the plate glass workers, enforce a summer vacation of from six weeks to two months, during the months of July and August, annually. The number of organized skilled workmen in the window glass industry is about 4,000; in the flint glass branch, 6,700; in the green glass division, 3,200; and in plate glass manufacture, 1,200. By compact and well-disciplined organization, wages in most branches have been kept above the average paid to skilled mechanics in other industries. The manufacture of cathedral, architectural, and rough plate glass was confined to two small furnaces in 1880; at present there are A fair statement of the weekly wages 16 furnaces of much larger capacity in suc- earned by flint glass workers is as follows: cessful operation. pressers, $16 to $25; finishers, $16 to $22; Plate glass was manufactured in only ten gatherers, $12 to $16; chimney blowers, $20 to $25; shade makers, $20 to $30, and mold of their number, still in the prime of life, makers, $16 to $24. Green glass bottle blowers earn from $4.50 to $8 per day; druggist's ware blowers, from $3.50 to $6, according to the class of work. Plate glass grinders earn from $15 to $24 per week; polishers, from $16 to $24; cutters, $12 to $15; and glass examiners, $18 to $20. Window glass blowers, on account of the skill and extraordinary strength required in handling large cylinders of double strength glass, aided, also, by a powerful organization which embraces every window glass blower, gatherer, flattener, and cutter in the United States directly employed at the factories, and by vigilantly guarding and restricting the number of apprentices, earn by far the largest wages paid in any branch of the glass industry. The Statistics of Wages, comprising Vol. XX., Tenth Census United States, compiled by Mr. Joseph D. Weeks, from data furnished by R. C. Schmertz and Co., Belle Vernon, Pennsylvania, show that the average wages earned by the boss blower (working large sizes of double strength glass) was $14.54 per day in 1882. A statement furnished the writer by Mr. William Loeffler, of R. C. Schmertz and Co., shows that for the settlement of four weeks ending October 16, 1890, the boss blower earned $617 in twenty blowings of eight hours, or $154.25 per week, or $30.85 per each day's work of eight hours, or $3.85 per hour. The average wages of forty blowers at the same works, during the same time, was $208 per four weeks, or $52 for forty hours' work. Of course it is not fair to assume that this average holds good throughout all the factories, because window glass workers receive 10% less wages in New York, New Jersey, Maryland, and Massachusetts, than is paid in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and the West. The Window Glass Workers' Union allows this difference in wages, to make up for the cost of fuel, difference in markets, and increased cost of manufacture. Blowers, besides, make the highest wages. Gatherers earn from $80 to $120 per month; flatteners from $90 to $130; cutters, from $80 to $120 per month. Regarding the social and economic condition of glass workers, it is painful to be forced to admit that, in view of the high wages they earn, the majority of them do not improve their opportunities to secure intellectual or material advancement. who diligently saved and judiciously invested his earnings, so that at the age of forty years he secured an interest in one of the finest factories in this country, writing of this phase of the subject, says: “I am sorry to say that the number of our people who have risen from the ranks to higher positions, is indeed very small, considering their opportunities. This may be largely due to the high wages earned by glass workers. There are but few professions that offer the same return with as limited education as one finds among the members of our craft." In spite of this pessimistic view, it is a pleasure to record that a considerable number make the best use of their earnings, and embrace the opportunities thereby afforded for intellectual improvement. A very fair proportion own their homes, and take pride in making them all that the homes of American workmen should be. Many of them possess fine libraries; are extensive readers of the best literature; their homes are elegantly furnished, and adorned with etchings, engravings, and paintings of the better class, and their children are provided with all the educational and religious advantages that parental ability can procure. Their wives and daughters are largely interested in social and industrial reforms; many take a leading part in Christian work; others are valiant laborers in the cause of temperance, and still others, as in Pittsburgh, have opened schools for the free training, education, and advancement of the working girls of that crowded, enterprising, and busy city. During July and August of each year, on account of the excessive heat, no work is done in any of the glass factories under control of the workers' unions. This annual cessation of work acts as a trade tonic, a regulator of prices, and allows demand to gain on supply. During these months their conventions assemble, and, guided by another year's experience, they proceed to alter, amend, enact, and repeal laws in conformity with the changed conditions of trade. Wage commit-\ tees are appointed to confer with like committees of the manufacturers, wages are agreed on for the following year; new articles of manufacture are listed, and the number to be made per day and wages to be paid therefor, are mutually agreed upon. During these two months the great maOne jority hie away from the hot furnaces before which for ten months they have exhaled the breath that formed the multifarious products of the glass blower, and fly to the mountains, or beside tree-fringed stream or restless ocean, surrounded by their wives and children, they inhale the pure, health-giving air of the open country, recuperate their wasted energies, lay themselves close to nature's pulse, and, like school-weary children during vacation, forget the world and laugh at care. But all of them do not forget the serious business of life. Some of them, following the idea that a change of work is also a rest, attend college and fit themselves to serve society in avocations and professions more congenial to their tastes, and in closer accord with their aspirations and ambitions. who, by years of patient research, sacrifice, and toil, have succeeded in accomplishing the industrial independence of the United States, and made their country the most formidable competitor of the century-old glass-producing nations of the Old World, until from a glass-importing, we are rapidly (far more rapidly than history has ever recorded of any other nation) changing into a great glass-exporting nation-most of these manufacturers were formerly glass workers, and learned their trades in American factories. L. L. Pierce, stockholder in, and superintendent of, the immense American Plate Glass Works of the W. C. De Pauw Co., New Albany, Indiana, was formerly a window glass blower. Alexander Chambers, father As a result of such a course, Thomas M. of James A. Chambers, the largest window Farrell was selected to represent the people glass manufacturer in the United States, was of New Jersey in the State Legislature; a window glass blower, and afterward a large Andrew Burtt stepped from the foot-bench of manufacturer; Terrence Campbell, whose a window glass factory into a professor's descendants still operate a works in Pittschair, became the author of an excellent burgh, was a window glass blower before he grammar, published a splendid primer, and became a manufacturer; so were Joseph S. dedicated the largest part of his life to the Stewart and Harrison Estep, proprietors of a cause of education in Western Pennsylvania. large works at Marion, Indiana; the Hirshes His family closely followed his example. and Elys, of Covington and Blossburg, Several daughters became enthusiastic and Pennsylvania, sprang from families of glass successful educators; one of his sons left the workers; Charles Hurrle, of Toledo, and bottle blower's stand and became one of Samuel J. Tappan, of Findlay, Ohio, worked Pittsburgh's successful business men; an- at the trade before they invested their earnother son left the mold shop and represented ings in glass manufacture. the people of Wheeling in the West Virginia House of Delegates. Charles Gleason and John Corcoran, members of the West Virginia Legislature, were flint glass workers, and John A. Howard, who studied law while working at a Wheeling glass factory, is at present Prosecuting Attorney of West Virginia. Andrew C. Robertson, formerly a member of the Pennsylvania Legislature, and now a successful Pittsburgh lawyer, was once a bottle blower. Indeed, the number of those who have risen from the ranks and won honor and distinction in what the world chooses to call "higher spheres of usefulness," would make a "roll of honor" of which any class of mechanics should justly feel proud. Some are in the pulpits preaching the Word of Life; others are leading little children up the steps of letters to the light-flooded heights of literature and knowledge, expanding their mental vision and flooding souls with the light and love of God. In flint glass manufacture the above list can be duplicated, without even making a fair beginning: the Bakewells, Pears, Bryces, Adamses, Atterburys, Ripleys, Wards, David and Thomas Evans, and Jenkin Jones, of Pittsburgh; the Leightons, of Wheeling ; James Dalzell, Wm. Patterson, and David Jenkins, of Findlay, Ohio, all rose, by slow gradations, from the glass blower's bench, the finisher's chair, or the presser's stand. Just a little below these are the managers and metal makers, the designers of forms and shapes, and the inventors of new processes and improved machinery. They take care of the producing end of the business, avoid waste, oversee and direct, regulate and adjust, properly apportion the work, attend to details, and keep things straight generally. As a rule they are those who once were "glass house boys," who, by dint of application and intelligence, merited a place above the common average. Many of these men were formerly members or officers of glass Most of the glass manufacturers of to-day, workers' unions. E-Jun. The influence of these unions on the whole has been good. They increase in power as they grow older, and experience begets conservatism. There is the best of feeling between employers and workmen. They meet in conference on trade matters on perfect equality, and mutually discuss existing differences in the spirit which ever marks the intercourse of gentlemen. During the recent tariff tinkering, committees of manufacturers and workmen went to Washington and jointly enlightened our statesmen as to the amount of protection their industry required. The character of their statistical data and the arguments advanced may be inferred from the fact that they succeeded in securing tariff advances on many glass products. Human progress has ever been slow, and slowest of all along those lines on which moral gains must be accomplished by changing deeply-rooted habits and customs. There are before us, as we write, two ledgers in which Jeremiah Fox, who manufactured window glass at Nassau, Rensselaer County, New York, from 1801 to 1806, kept the accounts of the workmen. There was a company store in connection with the works from which goods were furnished the employees. These old ledgers show that a "quart of spirits" cost 2 shillings, 9 pence, and a quart of rum 2 shillings, 6 pence. The frequency of these charges for "spirits" and "rum" is sufficient to cast suspicion on the reputation for sobriety and temperance of those pioneers of the American window glass industry. Since that day the cause of sobriety and total abstinence has made considerable progress, not only among workmen but among manufacturers. We do not believe that there is a single glass manufacturer in the United States to-day who would sell his workmen liquor. More than that, they all prohibit the use of intoxicating drink in their works, and most of them peremptorily discharge all violators of this rule. Some go even further than that. Some years ago a workman at Belle Vernon, Pennsylvania, got drunk, and while in that condition quarrelled with and beat his wife. One of the proprietors immediately discharged him. A few days later the offender penitently confessed his error, apologized, and begged for re-instatement. Mr. Schmertz turned squarely on him and said, "You know that I never tolerate a drunkard in my works. But that is not your only offense. I want you to understand that no man, drunk or sober, who is mean enough to beat his wife, can ever work for me." All glass workers' unions take advanced ground on the liquor question. The window glass workers impose heavy fines on all members who carry intoxicating liquors into the works, and allow summary discharge for drunkenness. The flint glass workers, green glass blowers, and plate glass workers enforce similar prohibitive laws, and the results have been marked and gratifying. As a whole, the influence of these organizations, officered almost exclusively by native Americans, is thrown in favor of sobriety, temperance, and social purity; and among officers and members there are thousands who daily strive and materially aid in hastening the dawn of the day in which, though our race may not all be "pure and good," it shall yet steadily move toward grander heights and vaster issues than ever occupied its attention in the past. A THE COUNTRY BOY WHO GOES TO A GREAT CITY. FARM may seem a lonely place, when sees all these people apparently so indifferent to his happiness or his misery. They pass into homes from which he is barred, and he can only imagine what goes on within. He is surrounded with men and women, and yet for the first time in his life he feels that he is altogether shut out from human sympathy. Young or old, a man grows homesick under such circumstances; he longs for companionship and for some manifestation of |