in an English one of two. . . . If those who have given petroleum for rock oil had had the making of our language in past times, our evergreens would have been called sempervirids." P. 137. "Lithological" [lith-o-loj'ik-al]. Pertaining to the character of rocks, relating to stones. Lithology is the branch of science which is concerned with the minute study of rocks, having for its specific object the finding out of what minerals compose the different varieties. The word is a Greek compound of lithos, stone, and logos, discourse. "Witch-hazel." A North American shrub of the order Hamamelaceæ. It blossoms late in the autumn, when the leaves of most other trees are falling. Its twigs, forked, slender, and elastic, are used as divining rods by pretenders. "One branch of the twig is taken in each hand between the thumb and fore finger, the two ends pointing down. Holding the stick in this pocition, the palms toward the face, the operator passes over the surface of the ground; and wherever the upper point of the stick bends over and points downward, there he affirms the spring or metallic vein will be." Its use can be traced back as far as the eleventh century. It is probably a relic of the virgula divina superstition mentioned by Cicero. Lichtenstein speaks in his "Travels in South Africa" of a tribe who "seek to learn beforehand the issue of an enterprise by consulting their staffs like the ancient Jews." See Hosea iv. 12. A most famous representative of those professing skill in the use of the hazel is Dousterswivel, the German swindler, in Scott's "Antiquary." P. 138. "Bi-tū'mi-nous." Having the qualities of bi-tū'men, which is a mineral pitch. "Com-mi-nut'ed." Made small or fine, reduced to powder. From the Latin verb comminuere, the root of which is found in minor, minus, the comparative degree of the adjective parvus, small. Note the English word, minute. "Argillaceous" [ar-jil-la'shus]. Consisting of clay; argilla being the Latin word for clay. P. 141. "Sar-găs ́so seas. A name given to large areas in the ocean which are covered with floating seaweed. The principal Sargasso sea lies southwest of the Azore Islands and reaches westward to the Bahamas. Columbus passed through vast fields of this seaweed on his first voyage, which caused great alarm to his sailors who thought they were in danger of striking on rocks or shoals. The sargasso (the name of the seaweed) is believed to grow on shallow banks, on the sea-bottom, from which it becomes detached and floats. "Cement" [sem'ent or se-ment']. P. 156. "Aleseia" [a-lē'se-a].—“In-digir'kä" (the g has the hard sound as in get). -Vilhoui [vil-oo'e].—"Tungusian "[toon'goo-sian].- -"Yakutski” [yä-koot'ske]. P. 159. "Meg-a-thē'ri-um." Greek megas, great, and therion, beast. "Myl'o don." Greek mulos, mill, mill-stone, odous, tooth.“Scelidotherium" [skel'i-do-thē'ri-um]. Greek skelis, leg, therion, beast. "E den'tates." Animals of the sloth kind, wanting the fore teeth and in some species the canines. Latin e, from, out of, and dens, tooth. P. 160. "Cuvier" [kū'vē-ā]. The "Scap'u-la." The shoulder blade. A Latin word. "Hu'me-rus." The bone of the upper arm (or fore leg of a quadruped) reaching from the shoulder to the elbow." Pel'vis." hip bones taken together form an irregular basin called from the Latin name for basin, pelvis.—“ Fē'mur." The thigh bone; the bone in the upper leg, reaching from the hip to the knee. P. 161. "Ef-fö'di-ent." Fitted for digging. Latin ex, out of, and fodere, to dig. "Flu'vi-ä-tile." Belonging to rivers; from the Latin word for river, fluvius. P. 163. "Debris" [dā-brē]. A French word for broken fragments. "Căr-a-pā'çes." The shells which cover the backs of turtles, tortoises, and other crustacean animals. P. 164. "Cheyenne" [shi'en]. "Ne'o-cene." Written also neogene. Α term applied to the Miocene and Pliocene formations taken together. (See table on page 73 of the text book.) P. 165. "Zeug'lo-don." "The ancient theory of earthquakes." The Rev. J. Michell (1760) thought they were [hy drar'kus]. -"Hydrarchus P. 166. "Ver'te-bræ." The joints or segments of the back-bone. "U-in'tä." "Herb'i-vores." vorare, to devour. Herb-eating animals. P. 198. "Alexandrian Library." This was the largest collection of books made before the art of printing. It contained volumes, or rolls, Latin herba, herb, and gathered from all nations, and in the time of Ptolemy Philadelphus, in the third century B. C., numbered one hundred thousand books, and was afterward increased to seven times as many. In 640 A. D. it was burned by the conquering Arabs. The current story is that Caliph Omar declared, "If these writings of the Greeks agree with the Book of God [the Koran], they are useless and need not be preserved; if they disagree, they are pernicious and ought to be destroyed." They were used to heat the baths of the city for which purpose they were sufficient to last for six months. P. 167. "Bron-to-theʼri-um." Thunder beast, from the Greek word for thunder, bronte. -"Dinoceras" [di-nos'e-ras]. Greek deinos, terrible, keras, horn. -“Ti-noc'e-ras." Greek tinein, to avenge. ---"Di-no-theʼri-um." Terrible beast. P. 168. "Fau'näs." The animals of different epochs or areas; all the animals of any one age or country form the fauna of that age or that country. P. 170. "Cahaba " [kä-haw'bä]. "Iron pyrites" [pi-ri'tēs]. A combination of sulphur with iron. The second word comes from the Greek pur, fire. The act of P. 204. "Vol-a-til-i-za'tion." rendering volatile, or capable of passing into an aëriform state. That language is "fossil P. 171. "Mos'a-saur." Latin mosa, the poetry" has a strong proof in this word. As Meuse River, and Greek saurus, lizard. P. 173. "Pin-na'tions." Feather-like shapes, the Latin for feather being pinna. Arrangements of several leaflets, or separate portions, on each side of a common leafstalk, as in the leaves of the rose-bush or sumac. "Bi-pinnā'tions." Double pinnations, leaf forms like those of the locust tree. -"Ser-ra'tions." Formations in the shape of a saw, with notched edges. "A-cu-mi-na'tions." Formations terminating in a sharp point. P. 176. P. 177: deeply impressed upon its structure as are the remains of extinct forms of life upon the earth's rocks, is the poetic imagination which saw in the ready escape of a substance converted to vapor, a likeness to rapid flight through the air on wings, and which named the act from the Latin verb volare, to fly. P. 208. "Comets." Another word to be placed in the same category with the preceding; "long-haired stars." The Greek word for longhaired is kometes. P. 213. "Neb'u-læ." The Latin word for clouds, vapors; the singular form is nebula. P. 214. "Pe-riph'e-ry." Greek peri, around, and pherein, to bear. The circumference of a "Cheirotherium." The first sylla- circle, or circular body, the surface, or outside ble is pronounced kire. "Brachiopods" [brak'i-o-pods]. Greek, brachio, arm, pous, foot. A class of animals belonging to the molluscs. P. 183. "Pa-læ-on-to-log/ic-al." Belonging to pa-læ-on-tol'o-gy, the science of the ancient life of the earth. Greek, palaios, ancient, onta, the things which exist, and logos, discourse. P. 192. "Sault Ste. Marie" [soo sent ma'ri]. P. 197. "Vit'ri-fied." The definition is a literal translation of the Latin roots of which the word is compounded, made into glassvitrum, glass, and facere, to make. parts. P. 219. "Prolate." Stretched out in the direction of a line joining the poles. A prolate spheroid is the opposite of an oblate spheroid. "CLASSIC FRENCH COURSE IN ENGLISH.” P. 66. P. 67. P. 68. "Sorbonne " [sor-bun]. A school of theology in the ancient university of France named from its founder, Robert Sorbonne, who lived in the thirteenth century. P. 72. "Nem'e-sis." "A Greek goddess who measured out to mortals happiness and misery and visited with losses and sufferings all who were blessed with too many gifts of fortune. This is the character in which she appears in the earlier Greek writers; but subsequently she was regarded like the Erinyes or Furies, as the goddess who punished crimes." "Rhad-a-man'thus." The son of Jupiter and Europa, and the brother of Minos, King of Crete. From fear of this brother, he fled to Ocalea in Boeotia, and there married Alcmene, the widow of Amphitryon, and the mother of Hercules. "In consequence of his justice throughout life, he became after his death one of the judges in the lower world." "Finesse " [fi.nes']. keenness. ten in defense of some question or system. In the plural form it is applied to that branch of theology which sets forth the evidence of the divine authority of the Bible. The Greek verb from which the word is formed means to speak in defense of; it is compounded of logos, a discourse, Delicacy, subtlety, and apo, from. P. 73. "Pluto's ferryman." Charon [kā'ron], who conveyed in his boat the shades, or souls, of the dead across the rivers of the lower world. "For this service he was paid with an obolus [a small coin] which was placed in the mouth of every corpse previous to its burial." Pluto was the god of the lower world. P. 104. "Cy'cloid." A curve produced by a point in the circumference of a circle when the circle is rolled forward in a straight line. P. 108. "Louis d'ors" [loo-e dōr]. Literally translated, Louis of gold. "A gold coin of France, first struck in 1640 in the reign of Louis XIII., equivalent in value to twenty shillings sterling, equal to about $4.84.”————A “franc " is P. 76. "Gelid" [jel'id]. Cold, icy. Latin equal to about 19 cents, and a "crown," to $1.20. gelidus, from gelu, cold, frost. P. 78. "Bourgeois Gentilhomme" [boorzhwä zhong-ti-yŏm].—“Jourdain" [zhoor-dang]. P. 80. "Marchioness" [mar'shon-es.]"Les Femmes Savantes" [lā fem sä-vongt]. P. 81. "Coterie " [ko-te-re]. A set of persons who meet familiarly, for literary, social, or other purposes. “Trissotin” [très-so-täng]. P. 84. "Les Precieuse Ridicules " [lā prāsi-euse ri-di'kul. The sound of the French u cannot be indicated]. P. 92. "Bi-nō'mi-al theorem." The theorem which demonstrates the law of formation of any power of a binomial.” A binomial is an algebraic expression consisting of two terms, as a+b, x-y. A theorem is a statement of a principle to be demonstrated. The binomial theorem gives the rule for writing out the square, cube, fourth power, or any other power of such expressions as a+b, x-y, and shows the reasons for the rule. "Ascetic" [as-set'ic]. Very rigid in devotions and mortifications. As a noun the word is applied to one who withdrew from the customary vocations of life and gave himself up to the duties of religion; a recluse, a hermit. It comes from the Greek verb askein, meaning to exercise, to practice gymnastics. P. 93. P. 109. "Vulcan." The god of fire, but as fire is indispensable in the working of metals he came to be regarded as an artist. His palace in Olympus was imperishable and shining like the stars. It contained his workshop and twenty bellows which worked spontaneously at his bidding. —The "Cyclops are beings differently described by different writers. Homer called them a gigantic and lawless race of shepherds, each one of whom had but one eye in the center of his forehead. The tradition alluded to in this reference is one regarding them as the assistants of Vulcan, and the makers of metal armor and ornaments for the gods and heroes."Æneas" is the great Trojan hero, the subject of Virgil's poem named from him the Æneid. P. III. Chantilly" [shong-te-ye]. P. 114. "Gnomic" [no'mic]. Of the nature of maxims or aphorisms. From the Greek gno-me, maxim, or thought. P. 115. "Guilleragues" [gē-yer-äg. Both g's have the hard sound as in get]. P. 116. "Rheims" [rēmz]."St. Ger. main" [săng zher-măng]. "Nanterre " [nängter]. P. 118. "Eschylus" [es'ki-lus]. "Soph'oclēs." · Eu-rip'i-dēs." "Mon'o-graph." Greek, monos, single, and graphein, to write. A written account of a single "Sal'a-din." See "Outline History subject, or class of things. of England," page 104. P. 94. "Versailles" [vair-sâ-ye. The â in the second syllable has the sound given it in care; the final syllable is very obscure]. P. 96. "Si-mō'ni-acs." Those who practice simony, or buy and sell preferments in the church. See note on simony in THE CHAUTAUQUAN for December, page 399. P. 97 and 98. The Latin expressions used are the mere repetitions in that language of the clauses immediately preceding them. P. 119. ""The Cid', an epoch-making production." Saintsbury in his "History of French Literature" speaks of this play as the first complete model of French classical style in verse, and the most remarkable example of that style which has ever been produced."—"As beautiful as the Cid," became a proverb in France. "Pol-y-euc'tēs." P. 121. "De'ci-us."-"Se-vē'rus." P. 125. “El-eu-sin'i-an Cē’rēs.” The goddess of agriculture, to whom a temple was erected P. 102. "Apologetic." An argument writ- in Eleusis. P. 127. "Dii Majores” [di'i ma-jō'rēs]. powerful party in the Roman Catholic Church.” Greater gods. The Latin plural is more com- P. 130. P. 138. "Meaux " [mō]. P. 139. "Princess Henrietta." The secret mission of state to England upon which she was sent was for the purpose of influencing her brother, King Charles II., to detach England from the alliance with Holland and Sweden which had been formed to operate against the interests of France. The princess had been taken to France while an infant, and was reared in a convent. She was married to Philip, Duke of Orleans, the brother of the French King Louis XIV. P. 143. "Psychological" [si-ko-loj'ic-al]. Pertaining to psy-chol'o-gy, the science of the human soul; "the systematic knowledge of the powers and functions of the soul so far as they are known by conscience." The Greek word for soul is psuche, and the beautiful goddess Psyche is a personification of the soul purified by sufferings and misfortunes and prepared for the enjoyment of true and pure happiness. P. 145. "Jansenist." "A follower of Cornelius Jansen, a Roman Catholic bishop of Ypres in Flanders, who received certain views of grace similar to those taught by Calvin, and formed a P. 180. "Morceaus" [mor-sō]. The French word for morsels, bits, pieces. "Boeotian." Heavy, dull, obtuse; so called from Boeotia, in Greece; a district noted for its heavy, thick atmosphere, and the dullness of its inhabitants. P. 181. "Ximenes" [zi-me'nēz]. (14361517.) A powerful Spanish statesman who was everywhere reverenced for his sanctity. P. 182. "Aristarchus" [ar-is-tar'kus]. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. ON THE C. L. S. C. TEXT-BOOKS. 7. Q. Assuming their vegetable origin, what poetic names may be fittingly given to natural gas, oil, and coal? A. Gaseous, liquid, and solidified sunlight. 8. Q. What other fact goes to prove that coal is of vegetable origin? A. The fossil forms found in it. 9. Q. What is graphite assumed to be? A. Metamorphic coal. 10. Q. How does anthracite coal differ from the bituminous varieties? A. In it the volatile hydrocarbons have been driven off, causing it to burn with a feeble bluish flame. II. Q. How do coal formations occur? A. In strata interbedded with sedimentary rocks. 12. Q. Where must these different strata have been formed? A. The coal on dry land, and the rocks on the ocean bed. 13. Q. What is peat? A. A vegetable ac 5. Q. What is it that burns in oil, in gas, in cumulation at the surface of the earth, not yet coal? A. Essentially carbon. 6. Q. Where is the source of uncombined carbon found? A. In vegetation. consolidated into coal. 14. Q. What remarkable stories of animal life are told to modern science by peat beds? A. Those of moustrous creatures that formerly crystalline bowlders forming the lowest sediwalked the earth. mentary deposits. 15. Q. Where besides in peat beds have the remains of these extinct mammals been found? A. In caves and ice fields. 16. Q. To what geological age did these buried monsters belong? A. The Quaternary. 17. Q. Mention some of the forms of animal life marking this age. A. The mammoth, the mastodon, and strange giants of the order of edentates. 18. Q. In what formation do the "Bad Lands" of North America occur? A. In the Tertiary. 19. Q. Why are they of great interest to the geologist? A. In their deep excavations they expose to view relics of animal life buried beneath the rubbish of hundreds of thousands of years. 20 Q. To what order did the animals characterizing this age belong? A. To the most ancient mammals. 21. Q. In this downward search for monsters of a buried world, what form of life is found to have prevailed in the Cretaceous Age? A. Reptiles of gigantic size. 22. Q. By what other name is the Cretaceous Age known? A. The Age of Chalk. 23. Q. Among the curious vegetable growths of the coal strata, what animal remains are found? A. Those of the order of amphibians. 24. Q. What are the leading types of the fossils of the Jurassic and Triassic Ages? A. Saurians and bird-like reptiles. 25. Q. Mention the most characteristic of the coal-measure forms of life. A. The labyrinthodont. 26. Q. What fossil remains are very conspicuous in certain parts of the Devonian system? A. Corals. 27. Q. What are the most astonishing forms belonging to this age? A. The plates and teeth of monstrous fish. 28. Q. To what formation does the rock belong over whose brink the water pours at Niagara Falls? A. The Silurian. 29. Q. Name a living representative of a remarkable dynasty of this age? A. The nautilus. 30. Q. Describe the crinoids which also belonged to this age. A. They were animals of plant-like form rooted on the ocean bottom and floating on long stems in the water. 31. Q. In the twilight ages of the Cambrian formation what was the typical form of life? A. The trilobite. 32. Q. After passing the last-named system what rocks are reached? A. The vitrified and 33. Q. The fossil "dawn animal" found in these rocks is represented by what tiny living creature of to-day? A. The amoeba. 34. Q. Re-name in order the successive formations through which this search for fossil life has lead. A. The Quaternary, Tertiary, Cretaceous, Jurassic, Triassic, Carboniferous, Devonian, Silurian, Cambrian, and the Eozoic formations. 35. Q. Repeat the orders of animal life to which the creatures found in each age belong. A. Mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fishes, invertebrates, protozoans. 36. Q. Where may rocks from all these strata be found at different places? A. At the surface of the earth, owing to upheavals and disturbances. 37. Q. How is the absence of a formation in any place to be accounted for? A. By the fact that the place must have been dry land during the formation. 38. Q. Upon what must the ocean have rested before any of these strata could be deposited? A. Upon rocks formed by the cooling of the surface of the fiery earth. 39. Q. In this backward tracing of history to what final condition of the earth as an individual existence does science lead? A. An im mense ball of fire mist. 40. Q. Whence may the material composing this fire mist have been gathered? A. From wandering germs of worlds, such as those now revealing themselves in the form of comets, meteors, and nebulæ. 41. Q. Explain the theory accounting for the whole solar system. A. It existed originally as one vast, rotating nebulous mass; parts, often in the form of rings, were thrown off from the outside; and these gathering into new masses, formed the separate planets. 42. Q. According to this theory, what is the sun? A. The relic of the primordial fire mist. 43. Q. Explain the theory of the gathering of the waters of the first ocean. A. As the earth's mass cooled, forming a crust, the water existing in the air in the form of gas was gradually condensed and precipitated. 44. Q. What two statements in Biblical history are corroborated by science which shows the earth first a fiery self-illuminated mass, and then enveloped in dense clouds and drenched with water? A. "In the beginning there was light" and "darkness was upon the face of the deep." 45. Q. Whence came the material forming the first deposits in the world wide ocean? A. The rain carried certain acid gases from the |