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erroneous; the translator showed the alleged errors to be all reducible to the general rendering of about six words, and triumphantly appealed to his adversary's own knowledge of the Greek in testimony of their correctness. Instead of church he had written congregation; instead of priest, elder; instead of confession, knowledge or acknowledge; instead of penance, repentance; instead of grace, favour; and instead of charity, love! These controverted renderings were few and simple; but well might the Chanceller tremble, for, if vanquished here, he left a breach through which ten thousand assailants might penetrate, to shake at its centre his favourite system. Tyndale followed up this blow by publishing an Exposition of the First Epistle of John;" and before the year was out, came the "Prophecy of Jonah," uttering its silent warnings to king and people.

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"How comes it," said Tonstall in London to the Antwerp merchant who had purchased those books he had recently burned, "how comes it that there are so many New Testaments from abroad? You promised me to buy them all." "They have printed more since," was the answer;" and it will never be better so long as they have type and dies. My lord, you had better buy these too, and then you will be sure.' Others, however, were angry beside Tonstall; the whole hierarchy was rising in vengeance; and statesmen, and even the patrons of learning, and the King himself, were eager for it. Persecution had its course, and victims were abundant. | To possess the Testament was a crime worthy of banishment. A list of prohibited books was read at St. Paul's Cross, in which thirteen of Tyndale's publications were honoured by denunciation. Heavy fines were inflicted on numbers of individuals. Bilney, the associate of the translator when at Cambridge, led the van reanimated, and courageously endured the flames. John Tyndale was punished for sending five marks to his brother William, and for receiving and keeping certain letters of his! Tyndale was the grand object of hostility, and though invisible, their mightiest foe. It was determined to renew the pursuit. Vaughan had failed; Sir Thomas Elyot was now despatched. These infuriated partisans of a tottering system little thought that their violence was multiplying the dreaded sentiments

and agencies; but so it was. Attempt to dam a deep and constant stream, and its waters, overflowing former boundaries, will make a wider channel.

Tyndale proceeded with his labours, carefully avoiding unnecessary collision with his enemies. He next put forth an "Exposition of our Lord's Sermon on the Mount." The Pentateuch was previously completed. Elyot was vainly seeking to apprehend him, when the invasion of Solyman, in the East, drew off his attention in that direction. At this time Fryth, who had proved a valuable assistant to the reformer, left him a while, and went into England. He was taken for a vagabond, at Reading, and placed in the stocks; but as his opinions and name became known, the Tower of London was deemed a residence more fitting for him, and it was not long before he was incarcerated there. Tyndale wrote him letters of encouragement; they were welcome, but the young man had a brave heart and resolute will, and nothing daunted by coming dangers, exulted in the sublimities of faith. His commanding genius excited sympathy; by slightly swerving, escape was easily practicable He disdained it on such terms, and in & few months was standing before his judges. All as yet had recanted at the first trial; his death was to be all glorious, his memory without a stain. He replied to their interrogations, and when asked if he would subscribe his answers, at once took the pen, and wrote: "I, Fryth, thus do think, and as I think, so have I said, written, defended, and avowed, and in my books have published." Before the expiration of another month he had joined the noble army of martyrs.

Meantime Sir Thomas More had published a voluminous “ Confutation" of Tyndale's answer to his previous assault. The reformer again replied, and More rejoined. The latter brought his wit and intellect to bear through many a folio, but his cause betrayed him, and it was soon evident that the despised exile was again to be victorious. Events at home were slowly disclosing the influence acquired by the "new learning." The king's passions and interests needed support of some kind; he was like a veering wind, but which ever way he moved, it was with violence. It was too apparent that to repress these spreading ideas was impossible-they must there

fore be modified in their development. So argued many; but the zealots of the "old" party were the more enraged. At the head of these was Stephen Gardiner, bishop of Winchester. He determined at this crisis to make another effort for the capture of Tyndale, and selected for the purpose, one Henry Phillips, of Poole, in Dorset; and a monk, Gabriel Donne, of Stratford Abbey. The former played the part of a gentleman, and the latter, in disguise, of his counsellor and servant. Coming to Antwerp and mixing with the merchants there, they soon discovered Tyndale's abode. Phillips meeting with him at the table of friends, immediately sought to win his confidence, and so successful was he in his mean and villanous stratagems, that the frank and unsuspecting Tyndale told him his heart, and engaged him to lodge in the same house. Phillips having thus completed the first act, rode to Brussels, the nearest resort of the imperial ambassadors, and, by treachery to his own sovereign, gained the emperor's assistance in accomplishing his murderous intent. He brought back with him the emperor's attorney and various other officers. Then proceeding to Tyndale's house, he engaged in friendly conversation, and consented to go out to dinner with him. The way lay through a narrow passage; at its end he had planted his emissaries, and walking behind his generous victim with feigned courtesy, by raising his hand over his head, gave the signal for his capture. His person was directly seized, a few ceremonies were passed through, and he was carried off to the castle of Vilvorde. A few bold friends made an ineffectual attempt to secure his release; but his life-work was accomplished, and "the crown of righteousness" was full in view.

Time sped rapidly onward with the captive. For eighteen months and more he had endured confinement without repining. His consistent bearing had won the gaoler and his daughter, with others of the household, to the side of truth. All within the castle declared that if he were not a good Christian man, they could not tell whom to trust, and even the emperor's attorney testified favourably of his learning and piety.

It was the 6th of October, 1536. The day of trial was passed. Tyndale had fearlessly defended his own sacred cause, and the sentence was pronounced, He

came forth now to die-glorious consummation of a pure and earnest life! He blanched not at the sight of the stake. Amidst foes in a strange land, deserted, nay hated and betrayed by his own countrymen, the last utterance of his patriotic heart was a prayer for the monarch of his fatherland. With loud voice and fervent zeal he cried, "Lord! open the eyes of the King of England." He was then strangled, and his body afterwards burnt. Never were the words of Cowper more applicable—

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So fell William Tyndale. No victor slain on the battle-field of his fame ever perished so nobly. Truth hailed from above the spirit of her champion, and welcomed him to the honours of immortal climes. Compare Tyndale's death with that of his most prominent opponents-with that of Wolsey, owning, as he ceased to breathe, "If I had served God as I have served my king, he would not have deserted me in my grey hairs;" - with that of Fisher, the preacher of the sermon at the grand Bible-burning, on whom Henry's brutal taunt was fulfilled, that they might send him a cardinal's hat from Rome, but he should not have a head to wear it on; - or even with that of More or of Cromwell;Tyndale's death is in proportion more glorious than theirs, as his career was more honourable and sublime.

His legacy to his country was the entire English Bible, translated from the original languages. This was published in the year succeeding his martyrdom. What Wyckliffe had partially effected in manuscript, he did worthily and completely in print. The correctness of his version is evident in the fact, that the major part of that commonly used is substantially his; many a minor alteration was made for the worse. Its superiority to Coverdale's translation resulted in good part from the independence of its author. He had no patron; Coverdale could compare that monster of tyranny and wickedness, Henry VIII., to Moses, David, Jeho

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saphat, Hezekiah-he was "yea, a very | sistent in opposition; and he preached. Josias!" Tyndale wrote, Repent," truthfully and manfully we allow; Coverdale, pandering to Romish doc- but Tyndale took the book of ages, the trines," amende yourselves:" the former truth itself robed in divinity, and by its declared that there was joy in the pre- omnipotent power undermined supersence of the angels of God over one sin- stition and vice. He opened to England ner" that repenteth," the latter "over those pages, where were written the one sinner that doeth pennaunce." secrets of its future greatness. In conTyndale's character is apparent in tending for spiritual, he aided the adhis life. Long neglected, or under- vance of civil, liberty. In proclaiming valued, let him now take his true posi-a pure Christianity, he gave that element tion among the great of past time. His to society which is most needed — an virtues and unostentatious genius, his element progressive in its influences, resolution and perseverance, the loftiness of his aims, his self-denying life and courageous death, surround his memory with fragrant recollections. To English men and English Christians, it should be peculiarly dear. He was a patriot in the highest sense of the word; and though an exile, our island's chief reformer. The glimmering rays of truth had scarcely dawned on the vacillating Cranmer, when Tyndale's sun had gloriously set. Latimer was the only man bold in denunciation of error and con-world.

stable in its consequences. Humanity has built monuments to freedom and mind, but on narrow views, on factious purposes, on self-interest and passion. Christianity raises her temple on the rock; its adornments are as imperishable as pleasing, its pillars no less firm than well-proportioned, strength and majesty combine throughout the pile. All honour then to the man- -to William Tyndale, who died to secure for his country the genial sway of this regenerator of the

CHARLES JAMES NAPIER.

AFTER a long life passed in stormy conflicts another great warrior has been removed in peace from the world. A man whose "poor shattered body," as his brother has described it, carried seven deep wounds; whose sword had cut his path in many and terrible strifes; whose name was associated with deeds of reckless daring and military skill; has been allowed to pass through Badajos and Corunna; Busaco and Fuentes d'Onore, Meeanee and Hydrabad, to Oaklands; from battlefields to his quiet, English country seat, that he might die there.

Napiers; and both of these leaders, although belonging to different professions, could officiate in either department. They had brought the military and naval service into close and personal alliance; for Admiral Sir Charles Napier occasionally made inroads on the land service, and General Sir Charles James Napier had served, like a marine, on land and water. Now England has but one of the two; and the loss might be severely felt in any hour of danger and dismay.

It seems to memory but a little time, and in reality it is only a few years, The Napiers have earned for their since the Anglo-Indian empire was conname a high place in literary, military, sidered to be shaken. A battle had been and scientific history. The living gene- lost-a great battle—or if not quite lost, ration are accustomed to read their it had not been gained. The public were achievements on sea and shore. The unaccustomed to disaster; for the rehistory of their services gains nothing collection of Affghanistan, and the gallant in colouring or extent, when narrated men who died at Cabul, had been effaced. by one of themselves; yet our best mili- Popular names may fade away, and be tary historian is a Napier. A few weeks forgotten in seven years. Burnes and since the country could command in MacNaughten, who lived, and in the any danger the services of two Sir Charles | flower of manhood died by a traitor's

claimants in reference to the General are strong, and the case is not clear. He belonged, as one of the Napier family, to Scotland. His father was a Scotsman. He was born in England, in London, in Whitehall; and his mother was an Englishwoman. And he was educated in Ireland, at Castletown, county of Kildare; but the period of education, in its usual meaning, was short. He had an ensign's commission in his twelfth or thirteenth year; and, like Abercromby, Harris, Moore, and other distinguished soldiers, acquired the greater part of the knowledge which he possessed in the camp.

hand, close together, once the hope of “Young India," were not remembered then. The public dwelt on the last loss. Politicians wrote, statesmen talked, and military men were compelled to act in the new crisis of Indian affairs. The conqueror and ex-governor of Scinde had returned home in a bitter mood with Anglo-Indian administration, and his anger was not groundless. The panic of the year had even entered Apsley House, and the Commander-in-chief sent for Sir Charles Napier. The conversation was short. The Duke of Wellington offered the chief command of the Indian army. The owner of Oaklands began his usual complaints of the civil The private biography of Sir Charles authorities of India; but his old general Napier, like that of all other men, might had no right to redress, and no wish, be compressed within a few lines. He therefore, to hear them. He cut short was born, in London, on the 10th every argument with the announcement, August, 1782, and he died at Oaklands, "India is probably lost, and you or I must his country seat, near Portsmouth, on go; if you cannot, then I can." The the 30th August, 1853, in his 71st command was accepted. Three years year. He had, indeed, completed his have come and gone-the grave has 71st, and entered a few weeks upon his closed over the peer and the commoner | 72nd year. His father was a military - St. Paul's has the first and Ports- man -the Hon. Col. George Napier; mouth the last, and who would now save and his mother was a daughter of the India, for Britain's great men die fast? second Duke of Richmond. The Hon. The death of Sir Charles Napier Col. George Napier received a military leaves a vacant place in the Army List appointment in Ireland; and the rethat will not be easily occupied. A moval of the family to that country soldier for sixty years, and from boy- formed the only connection between hood, he was ardently attached to his Sir Charles Napier and that island. profession. His zeal for the character He has left two brothers, an elder and and efficiency of the army rendered him a younger, both soldiers, both lieutenanta radical reformer of military abuses. generals, both literary men and writers His education, either in, or attached to of high standing: the former, Lieutenantthe camp, produced contempt for civil General Sir George Thomas Napier, administrators, which was strengthened once governor of the Cape of Good by his communications with corrupt Hope; and the latter, Lieutenant-Genofficials. Bravery in battle, combative-eral Sir William Francis Napier, the ness at his desk, and discipline of the distinguished historian. strictest character in all circumstances and at all seasons, inherent in his family, were conspicuous in his life. These qualities secured for him that esteem in the army essential to successful operations in the field. The conqueror of Scinde has left no leader in the British forces more likely to inspire his foes with dread or his friends with courage; and yet he has gone down to the grave, in a time of peace, an untitled soldier, and until the Scinde war not a very wealthy man.

Kingdoms, or their writers, have contended regarding the descent of Sir Charles Napier, as the cities of Greece contested the honour of Homer's nativity. The arguments of different

Sir Charles J. Napier was not married until 1827, when, in his 45th year, he married the widow of John F. Kelly, Esq., who died in 1833. He married, in 1835, the widow of Richard Alcock, Esq., R.N. The mutual attachment of the Napiers contributed to their domestic happiness, without aiding their progress in life. They have admirably served their country, without securing those rewards which are bestowed on men less gifted. The remark is equally applicable to their cousin, Admiral Sir Charles Napier. Blunt speech and plain writing do not recommend officers in the army and navy; and we must allow, that the rebukes of these distinguished officers have been less courteous

than honest; and that they have been involved in many disputes, which either more cunning, or greater prudence, would have taught them to avoid.

although Ensign Napier held an inferior position, yet his ardent mind found hard work to perform. But however necessary the measures consequent on this rebellion were deemed, they were permitted to pass without an efficient record; for still greater events followed rapidly, spreading consternation through the land; and amid the continental convulsions, forgetfulness of the Irish battles was desirable.

But even now, when more than half a century has passed, the memory of the dead survives in wearied breasts, much longing for their promised rest in those quiet graveyards that sometimes creep down to the edge of the lochs that deeply indent the northern province - rest long promised, long

Although Sir Charles J. Napier entered the army at an early age, his progress in the profession was not remarkably rapid. He was a captain in 1803, nine years after he had joined the service. In 1806, he was major in the 50th regiment; in 1811, he was a lieutenant-colonel. Thirteen years afterwards he obtained the colonelcy of the 22nd regiment. After the peace of 1815, he was named governor of the Ionian Islands; and if he did not succeed in pleasing the Colonial Office and the Home Government, he gave great satisfaction to the Cephalonians, who have not yet forgotten the man whose withheld-beside those who were laid qualities of mind gained the hearts of there in a red winding-sheet, in haste strangers. Twelve years after the at- and bitter sorrow, when war rent tainment of his colonelcy, he was, in asunder the families of the land. Even 1837, a major-general; and, in 1846, he yet the peasant at the twilight time attained the higher step of lieutenant-passes softly by dark spots, where aged general. He passed some years of his life peaceably and at home, in the command of the northern district, redressing abuses and reforming evils in the discipline of the regiments which came within his circle. Although destined to perform a great part in India, yet he had reached his 59th year before the commencement of his connection with that country. He then received the command of the Bombay Army. The events that colour in brilliancy and brightness the last decennial period of his life will be more fully estimated as we recede from the passions of the time; and its history is studied by the light of its results.

The first active services in the deceased General's life occurred in the Irish rebellion of 1798; and although few honours could be gathered in a civil war, yet its duties were extremely arduous. This rebellion originated partially in ecclesiastical and partially in political motives. The northern malcontents were actuated exclusively by political feelings. They sought the establishment of an entirely independent government for Ireland; and although they did not sympathise with the demands of the Irish Roman Catholics at first, yet they were compelled by the exigencies of their position ultimately to make common cause with the men of the south and west. The hardest fighting occurred in the north; and

friends have told him that a gallows was erected for the brave, if also they were-as no doubt they were-the erring. Even now, in brilliant rooms, when the day is over, and the hours of night are beguiled by song or story, when mirth and music chase away many cares, deep shadows sit on old brows, beneath a fringe of silvered hair

and these are shadows that never can be lightened; for old men will tell a stranger that her husband, or father, or brother were out in ninety-eight, were shot upon a dark field, or, harder still, were hung upon a darker hill. Rapidly rushes the foaming tide round sharp out-jutting rocks in those deep lochs that run so far into the land, and give a charm to the scenery that nothing else can ever supply. Behind these low rocks the deep green sea wheels and whirls, not hastily, but in slow and solemn circles; like as if it were a living creature that knew its irresistible might, and was to devour its prey with leisure. Now and then, gurgling and gushing upwards from the lowermost recesses of deep pits, waters greener still than those that float habitually in the sunlight, look out to see this world of light, and then sink again to their appointed place amid the long green weeds, greener than the waters themselves, that kindly fold up in their silken threads many mysteries, many secrets, many sins and sorrows connected with that dark time.

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