mere grace or favor of the government of Spain or Mexico, and of the United States as the successor to the rights of those governments.

Nor do certain expressions contained in the opinion in City and County of San Francisco v. Le Roy, 138 U. S. 656, 11 Sup. Ct. 364, and Knight v. Association, 142 U. S. 161, 12 Sup. Ct. 258, when properly understood, conflict with the foregoing conclusions. Those cases dealt with the rights of San Francisco after they were recognized by congress, and to the extent only of that recognition. The language referred to, therefore, simply amounted to saying that, as congress had to a certain extent recognized the claim of San Francisco, to the limit of this recognition, and no further, the rights of that city would be treated as relating back and originating from the nature of the claim presented, and which in part, through the grace of congress, had been allowed. In the case at bar we are not concerned with considering or determining to what period of time or source of right the claim would relate if it were found to be within the reach of the provisions of the act of 1891.

The petition is framed upon the theory merely of a right to four square leagues, vested in the city by operation of law, and as the record contains no proof whatever as to the possessory claims of lotholders in the city of Santa Fé, or as to the actual possession enjoyed by that city of public places, these latter rights, if any, as well as the asserted title of the city to the swamp tract to which reference has been made in the course of this opinion, are not to be controlled by the rejection now made of the pretensions of the city to a title to the four square leagues tract asserted to have been acquired by operation of Spanish laws.

The decree below is reversed, and the cause remanded, with instructions to dismiss the petition.

1. A single verdict and judgment in ejectment, in the Pennsylvania courts, not being conclusive of the rights of the parties, a decision of the state supreme court construing a will in a first ejectment suit is not controlling in a subsequent ejectment suit in the federal court, unless its opinion is simply declaratory of the settled law of the state as to the effect of such devises, and not merely a construction of the particular devise.

2. By the settled rule in Pennsylvania, a devise over to named living persons, on the fail

ure of the issue of the first taker, imports, not a definite, but an indefinite, failure of issue.

3. In Pennsylvania, when there is a devise to a person named, with a devise over, "in case of his death unmarried or without issue," these words are equivalent to simply "dying without issue," unless there is something else in the case to require a different construction.

4. A power to sell on the expiration of an estate tail, and to divide the proceeds among persons then ascertainable, is not within the rule against perpetuities.

5. While, strictly speaking, no one is the "heir" of a living person, yet a devise to the "heirs" of a person named (who is a living person and is so recognized in the will) describes with sufficient certainty the persons intended, and shows that the word is not used in the strict sense, but as meaning the heirs apparent of that person, or the persons who would be his heirs were he dead when the devise takes effect.

6. In Pennsylvania, a devise to Amanda Stephens, and, in the event of her "dying unmarried, or, if married, dying without offspring by her husband, then these lots are to be sold, and the proceeds to be divided equally among the heirs of John Barber," creates an estate tail in Amanda Stephens.

7. The construction of a will, executed and attested as required by law, cannot be affected by testimony as to the testator's health at the time of publishing the will, or his length of life afterwards.

On a certificate from the United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit.

This was a certificate from the circuit court of appeals for the Third circuit of questions on which it desired the instruction of this court, and, as originally made, was (omitting the words printed in brackets below) as follows:

"This was an action of ejectment, and comes before this court on a writ of error to the United States circuit court for the Western district of Pennsylvania, which entered | judgment for the defendants.

"First. The parties to the action both claimed title to the land in controversy under the will of James S. Stevenson, deceased, dated March 11, 1831, which is in the words following, to wit:

"I, James S. Stevenson, or the city of Pittsburg, in the state of Pennsylvania, aged fifty years, on the 12th day of January, 1831, reflecting on the certainty of death, and desirous of making a distribution of my property in the event of my decease, do hereby declare this writing to be my last will and testament, made this twelfth day of March, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and thirty-one.

"I give and bequeath to Amanda Stephens, daughter of Margaret Stephens, lots 67, 68, 69, and 70, in the city of Pittsburg, in their full extent, bounded by Penn street, Wayne street, the Allegheny river, and by lot 71. Said Amanda Stephens is now five Steyears old (born April 7, 1826). phens and his wife, the parents of Amanda's mother, live near Connellsville, in Fayette county, Pennsylvania.

"In the event of Amanda dying unmarried, or, if married, dying without offspring

by her husband, then these lots are to be sold, and the proceeds to be divided equally among the heirs of John Barber, of Columbia, Penna.

"I give and bequeath to John Barber, of Columbia, and to his heirs, the lots in the city of Pittsburg numbered 71 and 72, bounded by Penn street, by lot 70, by the Allegheny river, and by lot 73.

"I give and bequeath to Mary Livingston's children the lot 74 in the city of Pittsburg. And to her unmarried sister, Eliza Stevenson, I give and bequeath the lot 73 in the city of Pittsburg, and, in the event of her death, the lot to go to her sister's children. Mary Livingston and Eliza Stevenson are daughters of the late Colonel S. Stevenson, son of Robert Stevenson, of York county, Pa.

“I give and bequeath to the sons of James Stevenson, formerly of York county, but who died in Lycoming county in 1810 or 1811, the brick and other buildings, with the ground on which they are erected, situated at the corner of Wood and Fifth streets, Pittsburg. These sons are Stephen, Manning, Reuben, Samuel, and I. Stephenson.

"All the remainder of my property to be sold, and, after paying my debts, to be divided into sixteen shares, and to be disposed of as follows: To Amanda Stephens, one share; to Mary Livingston, one share; to Eliza Stevenson, one share; to Stephen Stevenson, within named, one share; to James Wright, of Columbia, or his heirs, two shares; to John Barber, of Columbia, two shares; to Ann Elliott, formerly Ann West, now wife of Rev. Mr. Elliott, of Washington county, one share; to Jane E. Thecker, niece of the late Rev. Mr. Kerr, one-sixteenth (or one share); to the heirs of John Barber, of Columbia, two shares; to the heirs of James Wright, of Columbia, two shares; to Charles Avery, J. M. Snowden, and John Thaw, to be divided equally, two shares.

"I hereby constitute and appoint the said Charles Avery,*J. M. Snowden, and John Thaw, and John Barber the executors of this my will.

"Second. That on October 16, 1831, when confined to his room by sickness [and after a dangerous illness for two weeks preceding his death], the testator [though he had theretofore signed his will] first published [the same] his will in the presence of witnesses, whom he called to attest it, and a few hours thereafter died; and this will, on October 18, 1831, was duly probated [which facts as to the time and circumstances of publication were not found by the special verdict, on which judgment was entered in the ejectment suit in the state courts of Pennsylvania].

"Third. That the said Amanda Stephens, then a child of five years of age, survived the testator, and in 1847 intermarried with Samuel Haight; that in 1848 she and her husband executed a deed, intended to bar a supposed estate tail in the land covered by the devise, which, upon the assumption that she had taken an estate tail, would have been sufficient for that purpose; that she had children by her said husband, who, as well as her husband, died in her lifetime, and that she died [never having married again] on September 21, 1891. [But she and her husband in their lifetime, and after said steps to bar the entail, conveyed in fee simple to the defendants and others the property here in dispute.]

"Fourth. That, at the date of the death of the testator, John Barber was alive, married, and had children, some of whom are plaintiffs in this action.

"Fifth. That on March 20, 1893, S. Duffield Mitchell, administrator de bonis non cum testamento annexo of James S. Stevenson, deceased, brought an action of ejectment against these defendants in the court of common pleas in and for Allegheny county, Pa., to recover the land here in controversy, *in which action a verdict was rendered un-** der the direction of the court for the defendants, on which judgment was entered accordingly; that on writ of error to the supreme court of the state this judgment was affirmed. 31 Atl. 67.

"Sixth. That on February 2, 1895, a second action of ejectment for the same land was brought by the plaintiffs in this suit in the circuit court of the United States for the Western district of Pennsylvania, in which a verdict under the direction of the court was rendered for the defendants (69 Fed. 501), on which judgment was entered accordingly; to which judgment a writ of error was sued out from the circuit court of appeals of the Third circuit, being the writ of error upon which the questions now to be submitted have arisen.

"The said court of appeals, desiring the instruction of the supreme court of the United States for its proper decision of the following questions or propositions of law, respectfully certifies the same:

"First. Is the decision of the supreme court of Pennsylvania, before referred to, conclusive? If not, then,

"Second. What estate did Amanda Stephens take under the devise?"

At the suggestion of both parties, and by order of the circuit court of appeals, the certificate was afterwards amended by inserting the words above printed in brackets in the second and third paragraphs thereof; by striking out those in italics in the second paragraph; by adding to the äfth paragraph copies of the opinions delivered, in the action therein described, by Judge Ewing in the court of common pleas of Allegheny county, not reported, and therefore (omitting the pre

liminary statement of facts) printed in the margin, and by the supreme court of Penn• sylvania, as reported in 165 Pa. St. 645, 31 Atl. 67; and by adding to the sixth paragraph a copy of the opinion of the circuit court of the United States in the present case, as reported in 69 Fed. 501.

*97

John S. Ferguson and S. Duffield Mitchell, for plaintiffs in error. D. T. Watson and John McCleave, for defendants in error.

*Mr. Justice GRAY, after stating the case, delivered the opinion of the court.

The real question between the parties, upon which the decision of this case must turn, is what estate Amanda Stephens took under the will of James S. Stevenson, by which he devised to her certain lots of land in Pittsburg, and further provided as follows: "In the event of Amanda dying unmarried, or, gif married, dying without offspring by her husband, then these lots are to be sold, and the proceeds to be divided equally among the heirs of John Barber."

The testator duly published his will on Oc

1 ""The testator evidently intended to dispose of all his property. The devise to Amanda Stephens, followed by the limitations over, or without them, created a fee, whether in tail or contingent. The circumstances, the age of the devisee, and the will leave us in no doubt that the contingency of Amanda's death did not mean her death before the testator.

"What is the true and legal meaning of the words, 'dying without offspring by her husband'? Legally, if not defined by other parts of the will, we take offspring' to mean descendants, however remote. Thompson v. Beasley, 3 Drew. 7; Young v. Davies, 2 Dr. & S. 167; Allen v. Markell, 36 Pa. St. 117. Webster defines it: "That which is produced, especially a child or children; descendants, however remote from the stock.' The Century Dictionary says: Progeny; descendants, however remote from the stock; issue; a collective term applied to several or all descendants.' True, it may be confined to children, as in Lister v. Tidd, 29 Beav. 618, in a division of money at death of widow. In the present case, we interpret the phrase 'dying without offspring by her husband' to have the same legal effect and force as the words 'dying without legitimate issue' or 'heirs of her body.' They are words of limitation, not of purchase.

"Does the will of James S. Stevenson refer to a definite or an indefinite failure of issue or offspring of Amanda Stephens?

"To undertake to cite, and still more to reconcile, the numerous decisions on this general question would not only be confusing and interminable, but to any clear-headed lawyer it is impossible. The decisions are irreconcilable.

"But there are general rules, well established, which govern this case. That the words 'dying without issue,' or 'without legitimate issue,' standing alone and uncontrolled by other parts of the will. 'import an indefinite failure of issue, is well established, and in all the departures from fundamental rules,' it has not been shaken in this state; Eichelberger v. Barnitz, 9 Watts, 447. being the leading case, affirmed in Middleswarth v. Blackmore, 74 Pa. St. 414. and in all subsequent cases when the question has been raised. Prima facie, then, on the settled rule of interpretation, this phrase in the will imports an indefinite failure of issue.

"Another canon of interpretation is properly invoked by the plaintiff, to wit, that the intention of the testator must govern; and if, from read

tober 16, 1831, and died on the same day, be ing 50 years old. At that date John Barber was alive and married, and had children, some of whom are plaintiff's in this action of ejectment. Amanda Stephens, then a child of five years of age, and so described in the will, survived the testator, and afterwards married. She and her husband executed a deed of the land, intended and sufficient to bar an estate tail therein, and afterwards conveyed the land in fee simple to the defendants and others.

The testator died, and his will took effect before the passage of the statute of Pennsylvania of April 8, 1833 (chapter 128, § 9), providing that "all devises of real estate shall pass the whole estate of the testator in the premises devised, although there be no words of inheritance or of perpetuity, unless it appear by a devise over, or by words of limitation or otherwise in the will, that the testator intended to devise a less estate"; and long before the statute of April 27, 1855 (chapter 387, § 1), providing that "whenever hereafter, by any gift, conveyance or devise, an estate in fee tail would be created accord

ing the whole will, it is apparent that the testator meant, and has potentially said, that the devise over is to take effect in case the first taker dies leaving no issue living at the time of her death, it is a definite failure of issue.

"Middleswarth v. Blackmore, 74 Pa. St. 414, was a case of this kind, where each of several provisions of the will pointed distinctly to a distribution at the death of Jonathan without issue living at his death, and all these provisions taken together showed clearly and conclusively that that was the intention of the testator.

"Is this such a will? Counsel for plaintiffs have made a very ingenious argument in the affirmative, and, while the case is not free from doubt, they have failed to convince us that the intention of the testator was different from the ordinary legal import of the terms used in the devise.

"The arguments mainly are that it must be presumed that he intended the event to occur, if at all, in the lifetime of his executors named, who would then sell the property and divide the proceeds: also that testator in the devise uses the words in the event of' Amanda dying, etc., and that he uses these words in the preamble of his will, in the event of my dying,' and in the second [sixth] paragraph of the will, in the event of her (Eliza Stevenson's) death,'-in these two other cases referring to what is to be done immediately upon the death; that he. in declaring what was to be done in the contingency of Amanda's death, must have intended at and immediately after her death. It may be he did so intend; but we start with the presumption, the legal rule of interpretation, against it, and, in our opinion, it is not overcome by the other clauses.

"The legatees of the proceeds of the property, if sold, were not necessarily in being or known to testator; it is to 'the heirs of John Barber,'the same words he uses in another part of the will. John Barber and his heirs,' evidently in the latter not meaning children.

"If an indefinite failure of issue was intended, the fact as to Amanda having had offspring, or her having survived them, is immaterial.

"We are of the opinion that the will of James S. Stevenson devised an estate tail in the property in question to Amanda Stephens, which having been duly barred, and the title conveyed to the defendants, they have a good title to the property, and the plaintiff has no title thereto."

Ing to the existing laws of this state, it shall be taken and construed to be an estate in fee simple, and as such shall be inheritable and freely alienable." Laws Pa. 1832-33, p. 249; Laws 1855, p. 368; Purd. Dig. (12th Ed.) 2103, § 11; Id. 810, § 8.

A former action of ejectment was brought by the administrator with the will annexed of the testator against these defendants in the court of common pleas of Allegheny county, in the state of Pennsylvania, which directed a verdict and rendered judgment for the defendants, on the ground that Amanda Stephens took an estate tail, which had been duly barred, and the title conveyed to the defendants.

Upon a writ of error, that judgment was affirmed by the supreme court of Pennsylvania, on the ground that the devise over to the heirs of John Barber was an alternative and substitutionary devise, dependent upon the contingency of Amanda's dying without offspring in the lifetime of the*testator, and, this contingency not having happened, that she took an absolute estate in fee simple. 165 Pa. St. 645, 31 Atl. 67.

This second action of ejectment was afterwards brought in the circuit court of the United States, which directed a verdict and rendered judgment for the defendants, on the ground that Amanda, if she did not take a fee, took at least an estate tail. 69 Fed. 501. To reverse this judgment, the plaintiffs sued out a writ of error from the circuit court of appeals, which has certified to this court these two questions:

"First. Is the decision of the supreme court of Pennsylvania, before referred to, conclusive? If not, then,

"Second. What estate did Amanda Stephens take under the devise?"

The first question, in the terms in which it is expressed, and taken by itself, is somewhat difficult to answer.

The decision of the supreme court of Pennsylvania, in the former action of ejectment, is certainly not conclusive as an adjudication of the rights of the parties, inasmuch as a single verdict and judgment in ejectment, not being conclusive under the laws and in the courts of the state, is not conclusive in the courts of the United States, and is no bar to a second action of ejectment. Smelting Co. v. Hall, 106 U. S. 86, 1 Sup. Ct. 128; Britton v. Thornton, 112 U. S. 526, 5 Sup. Ct. 291; Gibson v. Lyon, 115 U. S. 439, 6 Sup. Ct. 129; Smale v. Mitchell, 143 U. S. 99, 12 Sup. Ct. 353.

The question whether the opinion of the supreme court of the state in the former action is conclusive evidence of the law of Pennsylvania in a court of the United States depends upon the further question whether the opinion is declaratory of the settled law of Pennsylvania as to the effect of such devises, or is a decision upon the construction of this particular devise.

When the construction of certain words in

deeds or wills of real estate has become a settled rule of property in a state, that construction is to be followed by the courts of the United States in determining the title to land within the state, whether between the same or between other parties. Jackson v., Chew, 12 Wheat. 153, 167; Henderson v. Griffin, 5 Pet. 151; Suydam v. Williamson, 24 How. 427; Burgess v. Seligman, 107 U. S. 20, 33, 2 Sup. Ct. 10.

But a single decision of the highest court of a state upon the construction of the words of a particular devise is not conclusive evidence of the law of the state, in a case in a court of the United States involving the construction of the same or like words, between other parties, or even between the same parties or their privies, unless presented under such circumstances as to be an adjudication of their rights. Lane v. Vick, 3 How. 464; Vick v. Vicksburg, 1 How. (Miss.) 379; Homer v. Brown, 16 How. 354; Brown v. Lawrence, 3 Cush. 390; Gibson v. Lyon, 115 U. S. 439, 446, 6 Sup. Ct. 129.

It becomes important, therefore, that the opinion of the supreme court of Pennsylvania in the former action of ejectment should be carefully examined and compared with the previous judgments of that court.

In that opinion, delivered by Chief Justice Sterrett, the principal grounds of the decision were stated as follows:

"Although the devise to Amanda Stephens was made before the act of 1833, and without words of inheritance, yet, when read in connection with the introductory clause of James S. Stevenson's will, there is a plain intent manifested, in the first instance, to give her an absolute estate. In McCullough v. Gilmore, 11 Pa. St. 370, where substantially the same expression was used, this court said: "These words, and the like of them, are generally carried down into the corpus of the will, to show that the testator meant to dispose of his whole interest in a particular devise, unless words are used which plainly indicate an intent to limit it.' Numerous cases to the same effect are cited in Schriver v. Meyer, 19 Pa. St. 87. The first taker is always the favorite object of testator's bounty, and as such entitled to the benefit of every implication.

"There are no words used in the second paragraph of the will, containing the devise to Amanda, which indicate any intent to limit her estate. Had the will stopped there, the devise would unquestionably have been absolute. The following paragraph was not intended to operate by way of limitation, but was manifestly substitutionary in its character. The thought would very naturally occur to testator to make an alternative devise for the contingency of Amanda's dying without issue (Biddle's Appeal, 28 Pa. St. 59); and this was in effect what was done. 'In the event,' said testator, 'of Amanda dying unmarried, or, if married, dying without offspring by her husband, then these lots are

to be sold and the proceeds to be divided equally among the heirs of John Barber.' The word 'offspring' here used is but a synonym for 'issue,' and 'issue' cannot be lawful without marriage. The devise is, then, in the first instance, to Amanda; and, in the event of her dying without issue, over to alternate beneficiaries. Dying without issue was thus made the contingency upon which the substituted beneficiaries could take. Coles v. Ayres, 156 Pa. St. 197, 27 Atl. 375. But death when? Where, as here, there is nothing to indicate an adverse intent, additional limitations dependent on no other contingency than is implied from the language *if any of them die,' or 'in case of death,' or the like, cannot be referred to the event whenever it may happen,-for that would be to give a forced construction to the words, -but must be construed as referring to death in association with some additional circumstance which makes it actually contingent. That circumstance is said to be naturally in regard to the time of happening, and that time, where, as here, the gift is immediate, is necessarily the death of the testator, there being no other period to which the death can refer. Caldwell v. Skilton, 13 Pa. St. 152." 165 Pa. St. 649, 650, 31 Atl. 68.

The first statement, that by the devise in the second paragraph of the will, read in connection with the introductory clause, there was a plain intent manifested, in the first instance, to give Amanda an absolute estate, was in accord with the settled law of Pennsylvania. Schriver v. Meyer (1852) 19 Pa. St. 87, 90, 91, and cases there cited. And the statement that the word "offspring," in the next paragraph, was used as a synonym for "issue," was in accord with a judgment of that court delivered in 1859 by Mr. Justice Strong (afterwards of this court), as well as with the English decisions. Allen v. Markle, 36 Pa. St. 117; Thompson v. Beasley, 3 Drew. 7; Young v. Davies, 2 Dr. & S. 167.

Whether the conclusion that the devise over to John Barber's heirs was substitutionary, and could take effect only at the time of testator's death, and not afterwards, was in accord with the law of Pennsylvania as declared in previous decisions, is a question requiring more consideration.

Chief Justice Sterrett's propositions as to the meaning of the words "in case of death," or the like, are taken, almost verbatim, from the opinion of Mr. Justice Bell in Caldwell v. Skilton (1850) 13 Pa. St. 152, to which he refers. In that case the testator devised real estate to his wife during her life or widowhood, and, at her decease or marriage, to his children in equal shares in fee, and, in case of the death of any child, his share to go to his issue, or, if he should "die without issue born alive," to the testator's surviving children. The decision was that the devise over to the children, upon the death or marriage of the widow, must take effect

upon her death, or upon the testator's death if he survived her, and therefore the devise over of the share of each child must take effect at the same time; and in the opinion, immediately after the propositions above referred to, Mr. Justice Bell added: "But, as a testator is not supposed to anticipate himself surviving the object of his bounty, this construction is only made from necessity, and gives way when the contingency of the death of the first beneficiaries may be referred to some other time." 13 Pa. St. 156.

There is, indeed, a line of cases in that court in which a devise over, after a devise in fee, has been held to be substitutionary, when expressed by such words as if the first taker die "without children" (Biddle's Estate [1857] 28 Pa. St. 59; McCormick v. MeElligott [1889] 127 Pa. St. 230, 17 Atl. 896); or "without leaving issue living at the time of his death" (Mickley's Appeal [1880] 92 Pa. St. 514; Stevenson v. Fox [1889] 125 Pa. St. 568, 17 Atl. 480; King v. Frick [1890] 135 Pa. St. 575, 19 Atl. 951; Morrison v. Truby [1891] 145 Pa. St. 540, 22 Atl. 972); or “intestate and without issue" (Karker's Appeal, [1869] 60 Pa. St. 141; Coles v. Ayres [1893] 156 Pa. St. 197, 27 Atl. 375). In none of these cases, however, was the devise so expressed that it could be construed as creating an estate tail.

Two other cases were cited at the bar, as favoring the substitutionary rule, in one of which "die unmarried or without issue" (Schoonmaker v. Stockton [1860] 37 Pa. St. 461), and in the other "die without heirs" (Shutt v. Rambo [1868] 57 Pa. St. 149), were held to mean "die in the lifetime of the testator." But in each of them not only the first devise was to a child of the testator in fee, and the limitation over was to the testator's other children, but the whole scope of the will was thought to show that he I could not have meant an indefinite failure of issue. And in the second case Chief Justice Thompson said: "But giving the words of the clause all that could possibly be claimed for them, to wit, an implication of a limitation to issue, by the words 'die without heirs,' equivalent to 'dying without issue,' as in Eichelberger v. Barnitz, 9 Watts, 447, and kindred cases, the devise to Emma Rambo, the plaintiff below, would be a fee tail, which by the act of April 27, 1855, would be turned into a fee simple, the will bearing date May 27, 1857. That the word 'heirs' meant issue' must be inferred, in the presence of the fact that her brothers and sisters were living and would be her heirs. It must, therefore, have been 'issue' that was meant by the words. In either view of the case, the plaintiff below was vested with the fee simple of the property in question." 57 Pa. St. 151.

Where a testator specifically devised lands to his daughter in fee, and provided that should she "die in her minority, and without lawful issue then living, the lands here