that the mind is a passive recipient,
453; his doctrine respecting innate
ideas, 454.

Dialectics, Zeno of Elea, the inventor
of, 57; creation of, to what owing,

62.

Diogenes of Apollonia: birth, tenets,
7; theory of life, 8; the last ancient
philosopher attached to the physi-
cal method, 9.

Diogenes of Sinope: birth, parent-
age, flight to Athens, poverty, life,
179; his ostentation, 182; charac-
teristics, death, 184.

Eclecticism, 769; origin and growth
of, 771; definition of, 778; crite-
rium, necessity of a, 774; want of
a criterium in the system, 775;
valuable as a subsidiary process,
776.

Ecstasy, faculty of, place it holds in
Neo-Platonism, 318.

Ego, the activity and passivity of the,
696.

Eleatics, the, 87.

Empedocles, contrary opinions as to
the place occupied by him, 83; in-
terpretation of the disputed pas-
sage in Aristotle respecting, 84;
birth, station, espousal of the dem-
ocratic party, travels, character,
and anecdotes respecting him, 86;
uncertainty as to his teachers and
his writings, 88; diversity of opin-
ion with respect to his position sig-
nificant, his relation to the Eleatic
school, his resemblance to Zenoph-
anes, 88; his attempts to prove the
existence of Reason and of the Di-
vine Nature, 90; his attacks on an-
thropomorphism, 90; his relation
to the Pythagorean school, 91; ad-
vance made by him on Anaxago-
rus's doctrine, 92; his conception
of God, 93.
Epicureans, the, 274.
Epicurus: birth, origin, and educa-
tion, 274; his travels, opening of
his school in the garden, his char-
acter, accusations brought against
him refuted, misrepresentations of
his doctrine, 275; dislike felt for
him by the Stoics, 276; his doc-
trine and system, 277, 278; his
ethical doctrine, psychology and
physics, 279; his doctrine review-
ed, 280.
Epochs in Philosophy: first epoch-
speculations on the nature of the
universe, 1; second epoch-specu-

era

lations on the creation of the uni
verse and the origin of knowledge,
63; third epoch-intellectual crisis,
101; fourth epoch-a new
opened, 122; fifth epoch-partial
adoption of the Socratic method,
169; sixth epoch-complete adop-
tion of the Socratie method, 186;
seventh epoch-philosophy again
reduced to a system, 241; eighth
epoch--second crisis of Greek phi-
losophy, 268; ninth epoch-phi-
losophy allies itself with faith, 307;
conclusion of ancient philosophy,
836. Transition period, 343. First
epoch, foundation of the inductive
method, 898; second epoch-foun-
dation of the deductive method,
435; third epoch-philosophy re-
duced to a question of psychology,
495; fourth epoch-the subjective
nature of knowledge leads to ideal-
ism, 548; fifth epoch-the argu-
ments of idealism carried out into
skepticism, 570; sixth epoch-the
origin of knowledge referred to
sensation, 589; seventh epoch--
second crisis, 618; eighth epoch-
recurrence to the fundamental
question respecting the origin of
knowledge, 680; ninth epoch-on-
tology reasserts its claim, 675;
tenth epoch-psychology seeking
its basis in physiology, 740; elev-
enth epoch-philosophy finally re-
linquishing its place in favor of
positive science, 769.

Euclid of Megara; birth, delight in
listening to Socrates, 170; his re-
semblance to the Eleatics, his dia-
lectics, 172.

Existence, belief in, 583.
Experience, dispute concerning, 546;
the foundation of our belief in
causality, 663.
Experimentum crucis, value of the,

408.

Fathers, the Christian, 343.
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb: birth, pre-
cociousness, 675; anecdotes of, 676,
677; education, 678; life at Sehulp-
forte, 679; becomes a candidatus
theologia, residence in Switzerland,
acquaintance with Kant's writ
ings, 681; writes an abridgment of
Kant's Kritik, 683; extracts from
his journal, made professor of phi-
losophy at Jena, 684; residence at
Berlin, 685; death, character, his-
torical position, 686; his opinions,

his definition of faith, and place
occupied by it in his system, 688;
basis of his system, 690; his doc-
trine of the Ego and Non-Ego,
691; his doctrine of the identity
of Subject and Object, 692; his
doctrine of the Will, 693; his
idealism, his distinction between
the Ego and Non-Ego, 694; differ-
ence between him and Berkeley,
698; application of his idealism,
his doctrine of the aim of man's
existence, 699; his definition of
Duty, his doctrine of the condition
of existence and the freedom of the
Ego, 700; his opinions respecting
God, 701; his philosophy of his-
tory, 702.

Gall, Francis Joseph: birth, atten-
tion early called to phrenology,
lectures at Vienna, 749; Gall and
Spurzheim visit Paris, quarrel be-
tween them, his historical position,
services rendered by him to phys-
iology and psychology, 752; his
influence, 753; his systematization
of the affective faculties, 755; his
anatomy of the nervous system,
761; consequence of the abandon-
ment of Gall's method, 768; his
predecessors, necessary rejection
of his system, 764.
German Pantheists, 706.
Greek ethics, their range, 337.
Greek inquiry, its results, 337.
Greek philosophy, nature of the sec-
ond crisis of, 306.

Greek speculation, conclusions ar-
rived at after reviewing the history
of, 327.

Hartley, David: birth, parentage,
studies, profession, 603; publica-
tion of his Treatise, misapprehen-
sion of him by Dr. Parr, death,
604; character, his system, his
definition of man, 605; his opinions
respecting mind and matter, 606;
his theory of vibrations, applica-
tion of the doctrine of association,
607; position occupied by him, 608.
Hegel, George Frederick William,
birth, education, residence at Tü-
bingen, intimacy with Schelling,
715; residence at Jena, publica-
tion of his dissertation De Orbitis
and his essay Glauben und Wissen,
intimacy with Goethe and Schiller,
lectures at Jena, publishes his
Phänomenologie, 716; leaves Jena

for Bamberg and Nürnberg, mar-
riage, residence at Heidelberg, pub-
lishes his Encyclopädie, made pro-
fessor at Berlin, death, his method,
teaching, 717; his position, inven-
tion of a new method, 718; nature
of his method, 719; results of his
method, 720; his doctrine respect-
ing contraries, 721; process of his
law respecting contraries, 722; his
notion of God, his method, whith-
er it led him, 723; similarity to
Hume, 724; estimate of his phi-
losophy by his disciples, 725; his
greatness, uselessness and perni-
ciousness of his system, 726; his
logic, in what it consists, first prop-
osition in his logic, how treated by
him, 727, 730; his system, why
overrated, 731; application of his
method, 732; his Philosophy of
Nature, 733; his Philosophy of In-
telligence, his Lectures on History,
784; Philosophy of Religion, 736;
applicability of his method to all
subjects, 737; analysis of his History
of Philosophy, 738; editions and
abridgments of his works, 739.
Heloise, her history, 350-355.
Heraclitus, the crying philosopher,
his origin, birth, and character,
64; his philosophy, tendency of
his doctrines, contradiction be-
tween him and Xenophanes, 65;
a materialist, 66; his doctrine a
modification of the Ionian system,
69; his explanation of phenomena,
70; his office negative, 70.
History, two principal epochs in, 708.
Hobbes, Thomas, depreciation of,

his errors, writings, 495; his style
and matter, 496; his position in
the history of philosophy; 497;
the precursor of the eighteenth
century-school of psychology, his
discovery respecting our sensa-
tions, 498; his definition of imagi-
nation, 500; definition of memory,
501; association of ideas demon-
strated by him, 502; his psychol-
ogy, 504; definition of understand-
ing, 505.

Humanity, five periods in the life of,

704.

Hume, David, birth, parentage, visit
to France, 570; publication of his
treatise on Human Nature, and his
Essays, travels, publication of his
Political Discourses and his In-
quiry, appointed librarian to the
Faculty of Advocates, publication

of his History of England, his
death and character, 571; his skep-
ticism, his influence on specula-
tion, his theory respecting matter
and mind, 572; unreasonableness
of the objections to him, 573; his
theory of the source of our reason-
ing, 574; charges brought against
him refuted, 575; nature of his
mission, 576; his skepticism, na-
ture of, 577; his theory of causa-
tion, 578; source of the opposition
to it, 579, 580; incompetency of
his explanation of our belief in
causation, 581.

Idealism, unsatisfactory nature of,
569; idealistic arguments answer-
ed, 566; errors and truths in the
system, 568.

Idea, use of the word, 558.
Ideas, innate, doctrine of, antici-
pated by Parmenides, 50; ideas,
innate, 458; inquiry into the ori-
gin of, by Locke, 518; theory of
fundamental ideas, 583.
Induction and Syllogism, distinction

between, 258; nature of induction,
404; how to be conducted, 405;
co-ordination of its elements into
a compact body of doctrine, 409;
difference between simple-incau-
tious, and cautious-methodical,
423; a graduated and successive,
insisted upon, 426; ordinary con-
fused with scientific, 427; induc-
tive method as distinguished from
induction, inductive rules, im-
portance of, overrated by Bacon,
428.

635; his theory of knowledge, 686;
his theory of the purpose of criti-
cism, 637; his answer to the
skeptic and dogmatist, 639; dif-
ference between him and Hume,
his theory of the veracity of con-
sciousness, 640; leading points of
his analysis of the mind, his divi-
sion of judgments into analytic
and synthetic, 641; his theory that
mind does add something to sense-
experience, 642; his psychology,
object of his Critique, 644; his in-
quiry into the objective reality of
space and time, 646; his analysis
of the forms of the understanding,
647; his Categories, his inquiry
into the pure forms of reason, 648;
his theory of the office of reason,
his theory of the three pure forms
of reason, 649; consequences of
his psychology, 650; his theory of
an external world, 651; his theory
of the constitution of knowledge,
his assumption of the impossibility
of ontology as a science, 652; re-
sults of his analysis, 653; his
theory of moral certitude, of the
freedom of the will, 654; funda-
mental principles, examination of,
655; vital point in his system,
656; his theory of causation and
doctrine of necessary truths, 657-
659; his distinction between a
pure and an empirical cognition,
660; his views on causation re-
stated by Whewell, 661-664; error
in his theory of causation, 665-667;
latest development of his doctrine,
668; his doctrine of fundamental
ideas, 669; his notion of progres-
sive intuition, 670-673; result of
his system, 674.

Leibnitz: his arguments against
Locke, reputation as a philosopher
and mathematician, 541; influence
of the ancients over him, 542; his
arguments respecting universality
and necessity, his doctrine of ne-
cessary truths, 543; real force of
his theory, 545.

Locke, John: birth, parentage, edn-
cation, life at Oxford, contempt for
university studies, 506; his pro-
ficiency in medicine, turns his at-
tention to politics, travels, plans
his Essay, 507; returns to Oxford,
is deprived of his studentship,
goes to the Hague, publication of
his letter on Toleration, returns to

England, publication of his Essay,
its success, opposition excited, ac-
quaintance with Newton, 508;
death, spirit of his writings, charges
brought against him, 509; proof
that he did not borrow from
Hobbes, 510, 511; his good quali-
ties and originality, 512; his esti-
mate of the value of hypothesis,
his readiness to change his opin-
ions, 513; characteristics of his
Essay, 514; his method, 515; the
founder of modern psychology,
516; object he had in view, 517;
plan laid down by him in the con-
duct of his inquiry, 518; his posi-
tivism, 519; his theory of the origin
of our ideas, 521; and of the origin
of our knowledge, 523; his defini-
tion of reflection and sensation,
525; elements of idealism and
skepticism in his system, 527; his
theory of the primary and second-
ary qualities of bodies, 528; his
anticipation of the doctrine of cau-
sation, 529; his definition of knowl-
edge, his doctrine respecting sim-
ple and complex ideas, 530; his
denunciation of skepticism, 532;
object of his essay, 533; his critics,
533-539; careful study of him rec-
ommended, 540.

Logic, definition of, 252; object of
Aristotle's logic, 256; bad logic de-
fined, 585.

Macaulay, his argument against the
originality and usefulness of Ba-
con's method refuted, 420-434.
Materialism, principle of, stated, 493.
Mathematicians, the, 10; collision be-
tween the mathematical and physi-
cal systems, 62.
Megaric school, the, 169.
Metaphysics, science of, denied by
the Sophists, 121; three questions
propounded by metaphysics, an-
swered by the Alexandrian school,
328; metaphysical and scientific
methods, germinal difference be-
tween, xxii; irrationality of spec-
ulation or metaphysics, xxxi.
Method, estimate of, by Socrates,
158; peculiarities of a philosophi-
cal method, Socratic method, its
vagueness, 169; Aristotle's method,
246; spirit of Bacon's method, 408;
method of verification, 410; useful-
ness of Bacon's method, 427; radi-
cal defect of Bacon's method, 429;
Bacon's method only indirectly use-

ful, 482; Bacon's method latent in
the spirit of the age, no evidence
against his originality, 433; full es-
tablishment of the deductive meth-
od, 444; Descartes' method, good-
ness of, examined, 449; Spinoza's
method, novelty of, 472; Locke's
method, 515; Hegel's method, 717;
the history of the rise of the psy-
chological method, 740; the posi-
tive method, 776; value of the
positive method, 784; illustrations
of the superiority of the positive
method, 785; the birth of the new
method, xii.

Mill, John, his strictures on the dog-
ma cessante causâ cessat et effectus,

587.

Mysticism, infusion of, into philoso-
phy, 331.

Neo-Platonism, antagonism between
it and Christianity, causes of its
failure, 814; Neo-Platonic theory
of God, 322; Neo-Platonic doctrine
of emanation, Neo-Platonic theory
of the origin of the world, 828;
their doctrine respecting God, 329.
Nominalism, dispute concerning, 346.

Object, the, and sensation, want of
correspondence between, 303.
Ontological speculations, basis of all
modern, 455.

Parmenides, his birth, 48; wealth and
devotion to study, his politics, char-
acteristics of his philosophy, 49;
his doctrine respecting the duality
of thought, 50; his antithesis to
δόξα always πίστις, 53; central point
in his system, his notion on the
science of Being, 58; his doctrine
of the identity of thought and ex-
istence, 54; his physical specula-
tions, ideal element introduced in-
to his speculations, skeptical tend-
ency of his doctrines, 55.
Perception and reasoning, difference
between, xxv; perception and sen-
sation, difference between, xxvi;
nature of perception defined, 301;
process of, 611.

Philo: birth, genius, education, his
teachers, Greek and Oriental' ele-
ments of his mind, 310; agreement
and difference between him and
Plato, 311; his theology, 312.
Philosophy, distinction between it
and science, present decadence of,
circular movement of, xi; spectacle

presented by the history of, xii;
definition of, ancient philosophy es-
sentially metaphysical, xiii; supe-
riority of science to, xiv; charac-
teristics of, xv; difference between
and science illustrated, xvi; re-
garded as a system of credit, xxii;
contrast between philosophy and
science, xxii; proved to be impos-
sible, xxx; the initiator of science,
xxxi; purpose of the author in
writing the history of, xxxi; mor-
al philosophy created by Socrates,
266; conclusion of ancient philoso-
phy, 336; influence of, 337; Chris-
tian philosophy a misnomer, phi-
losophy, in what it consists, 388;
modern philosophy, commence-
ment of, medieval philosophy, 343;
influence of Aristotle over media-
val philosophy, 845; emancipation
of philosophy, 370; fundamental
question of modern, 455; first cri-
sis in modern philosophy, 493; re-
action against the eighteenth cen-
tury philosophy, 769-771; office of
positive philosophy, 779; reduc-
tion of positive philosophy into five
fundamental sciences, 787; two
characteristics of modern philoso-
phy, present condition of, impos-
sibility of a, 788.

Phenomena, order of their depend-
ence, 786.

Phrenology, rise of, 748; changes
made in the localization of the or-
gans, 750; two distinct aspects of,
755; difficulties of, 759; proper ob-
ject of, 760; assumptions of, 761;
initial question affecting, 765; im-
portant point it has to determine,
766; chaotic aspect of, 768.
Physics, organic and inorganic, treat-
ed by the positive method, 786.
Physicists, the, 1.

Plato: interest felt in him, his char-
acter, nature of his metaphysics,
morals, and politics, 186; parent-
age, birth, and education, 188; his
skepticism, and correction of, by
Socrates, his travels, 189; his lec-
tures, 191; their purely argument-
ative character, visit to Sicily, 192;
sold as a slave, visit to Syracuse,
death, disposition, 193; character
of his writings, 195; his Dialogues
and Epistles, various of them spu-
rious, 165, 166; his opinions illus-
trated in his Dialogues, 197; design
of his Dialogues, his dialectics, 199;
attempts to classify his Dialogues,

chronology of, 201; necessity for a
positive arrangement of his works,
variations in his opinions, 203, 204;
new classification of his works pro-
posed, purpose of his Dialogues,
206; his method, nature of his phi-
losophy, 207; nature of his method,
209; his conception of philosophy
as dialectics, his great dogma, 210;
his thecry of general terms, 212;
his doctrine of ideas, 214-216; his
psychology illustrated, 216-220; his
doctrine of innate ideas, 221; his
doctrine of recollection, 222; divi-
sion of his philosophy into two
branches, 223; passage from the
Republic illustrative of his method,
224; his doctrine of rational and
sensitive souls, his system a résumé
of the conflicting tendencies of his
age, 226; summary of his dialectics,
227; his theology and cosinology,
228; his analogical reasoning, 229;
his doctrine of evil, 231; doctrine
of metempsychosis as applied by
him, 232; his view of the beautiful
and the good, 233; his ethics, 236;
contradictions in his ethical opin-
ions, his Republic, 236-240.
Platonic philosophy, central error of,

154.

Platonism, its union with Oriental
mysticisin, 312.

Plotinus, 314; his agreement with

Plato, 816; his resemblance to Ger-
man metaphysicians, 324; spirit of,
revived by Schelling, 710.
Position of the Socratic method in
the history of speculation, 266.
Process, the exclusive, necessity of,
insisted on, 406.

Proclus: birth, visit to Alexandria
and Athens, his theological tend-
ency, 832; his estimate of faith, his
method, 333; his assumption re-
specting mathematics, 334; his as-
sertion respecting the mind, 385;
the last of the ancient philosophers,
336.