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Skepticism again. These inquiries terminating thus fruitlessly, a new and desperate spring was made in Alexandria: reason was given up for ecstasy; Philosophy merged itself in Religion. In Germany a similar spectacle presents itself: Schelling identified Philosophy with Religion. Thus has Philosophy completed its circle, and we are left in this nineteenth century precisely at the same point at which we were in the fifth.

Observe, however-and the fact is full of significance-how, in the course of speculation, those questions which were susceptible of positive treatment, gradually acquired strength and development. If we are as far removed from a solution of any ontological problem as we were in the days of Proclus, we are not nearly so ignorant of the laws of mental operation. Psychology is not a mature science yet; but it boasts of some indisputable truths. Although much remains to do, much also has been done; and whatever be the ultimate results of the new Method, it is satisfactory to feel that we have at least escaped from the vicious circle of verbal quibbling and logomachy, and are advancing on a straight road, every step bringing us nearer to positive knowledge, every addition being that of inalienable truth.

Modern philosophy staked its pretensions on the one question: Have we any ideas independent of experience? This was asking, in other words, Have we any organon of Philosophy?

The answer always ends in a negative. If any one, therefore, remain unshaken by the accumulated proofs this History affords of the impossibility of Philosophy, let him distinctly bear in mind that the first problem he must solve is, Havė we ideas independent of experience? Let him solve that ere he begins tc speculate.

THE END.

INDEX.

Abelard, his character, birth, de-
scent, studies, 846; love of dia-
lectics, taste for notoriety, personal
appearance, triumph over his mas-
ter, origin of his misfortunes, 348;
establishes a school of philosophy,
his debate with Champeaux, 349;
his brilliant career, intrigue with
Heloise, 350-355; becomes a monk,
founds the convent of the Para-
clete, his philosophy and contribu-
tions to the development of specu-
lation, 355; peculiarity of his doc-
trine, 357-359; object of his work
Introductio ad Theologiam, his trea-
tise Sic et Non, 359.
Academy, the New, difference be-
tween the skepticism of the New
Academicians and that of the Pyr-
rhonists, 293; its derivation from
Plato explained, 296.
Academicians, the New, problem re-
specting perception presented by
them, 298-304.

Alcibiades, his description of Socra-
tes, 123.
Algazzali: birth, parentage, studies,
profession, 363; resemblance be-
tween him and Descartes, 363; his
skepticism, 364; his examination
of doctrines held by the faithful,
366; his career and endeavors to
attain the ecstatic state, 367; his
attempts to prove the existence of
prophetism, 369.

Alexandrian schools, the, 307; schools

of philosophy formed at Alexandria,
308; illustrious men assembled
there, 309; direction given to the
mind by the Alexandrian school,
313; in what its originality con-
sists, its dialectics, 315; its theories
of inspiration, 319; the Alexandrian
Trinity, 320-324; similarity of the
Alexandrian Trinity to that of Spi-
noza, 326; aim of the Alexandrian
school, 333; its termination in Pro-
clus, 336.

Ameinias, his statement respecting
Parmenides, 49.

Anaximander, his birth, inventions
ascribed to him, 10; astronomica!
and mathematical knowledge, lead-
er of a colony to Apollonia, resi-
dence at the court of Polycrates,
doctrines and speculations, 11; his
distinction between finite things
and the Infinite All, 18; his specu-
lations wholly deductive, 14; his
physical speculations, 15; harmony
between him and Pythagoras, 33.
Anaximenes, doctrines of, a develop-
ment of those of Thales, his birth-

place, his theory respecting air, 6;
his doctrine an advance on Thales, 7.
Anaxagoras: birth, patrimony, char-
acter, passion for philosophy, and
residence at Athens, 71; his pov-
erty, career as a teacher, pupils,
accusation, banishment, death, 72:
his philosophy, 72; leading doc-
trines, 74; cosmology, 75; his re-
jection of Fate and Chance, 76;
Plato's objection to him, 78; his
notion respecting Intelligence, 80;
mistakes made by him, inapplica-
bility of the title Eclectic to him, 82;
admission of both Sense and Rea-
son into his system, 83.
Antisthenes, his life, teachers, sys-
tem, 177; his manners and gloomy
temper, school founded by him, 178.
Arabians, two great epochs in the in-
tellectual development of the, 369;
Arabian philosophy, 361; Arabian
philosophers, their familiarity with
Greek writers, 362; obligations of
Europe to, 370.

Arcesilaus: birth, studies, promotion
to the academic chair, character,
death, 294; his doctrine of a acata-
lepsy, 297.

Archytas and Timæus, works attrib-
uted to them, spurious, 24.
Aristippus, founder of the Cyrenaic
school; his acquaintance with Soc-

rates, 178; residence at Corinth;
disposition and character, return
to Cyrene, 174; his philosophy, a
precursor of Epicureanism, its re-
lation to Socrates, 175; his doc-
trine of pleasure, 177.
Aristotle birth, origin, 241; educa-
tion, visit to Athens, 242; writes
his History of Animals, 243; founds
the school of the Peripatetics, in-
fluence of his writings, 244; nature
of his method, 246; difference be-
tween him and Plato, 247; his doc-
trine of induction, 249; commence-
ment of positive science in Aris-
totle's method, 250; difference be-
tween the Aristotelian method and
the method of positive science, 250;
difference between Aristotle's and
Plato's use of the term dialectics,
252; his categories, 255; object of
his logic, 256: his propositions,
257; his definition of the syllo-
gism, 259; his metaphysics, 261;
errors in his theory, 262; his va-
rious doctrines, 263; compared
with Plato, his versatile intellect,
264; results of his labors, 266;
his long authority explained, 372;
his influence on the sixteenth cen-
tury, 378.

Authority and Liberty, principles
of, 871.

Bacon, Francis: birth, ancestry, edu-
cation, 398; visits France, studies
common law, distinguished as an
orator, 399; sworn a member of the
Privy Council, appointed keeper of
the Great Seal; created Baron Ver-
nlam, accused of corruption, 400;
impeached, retires from public life,
401; his death, his method, 402;
his four classes of idols, 402; his
description of induction, 404; his
doctrine illustrated, 405; his Pre-
rogative Instances, 406; distinguish-
ing characteristic of his philosophy,
408; his chief merit, 409; division
of his method into two parts, his
Aphorisms, 410; positive tendency
of his speculations, 411; his sepa-
ration of science from theology il-
lustrated, 412; his declaration re-
specting physics, 418; his testimo-
nies to the genius and errors of the
ancients, 415; the groundwork of
his Organum, 416; his constant
aim, 417; inquiry into the ori-
ginality and usefulness of his
method, objections brought against

it by Le Maistre and Macaulay re-
futed, 420-434.

Baillarger, M., his method for meas-
uring the surfaces of the brain, 766.
Belief and perception, difference be-
tween, 585.

Berkeley, George: birth, education,
publication of his writings, visit to
London, reception there, character,
548; career, travels, preferment,
visit to America, return to Eng-
land, made Bishop of Cloyne, re-
moval to Oxford, death, his ideal-
ism, 549; misunderstanding of
him by his critics, his rejection of
the noumenon explained, 550; ne-
cusation brought against him re-
futed, doctrine of the reality of
things maintained by him, 552;
his definition of substance, 558; his
starting-point, 556; his theory of
the origin of knowledge, 557; ker-
nel of his system, 558; his identi-
fication of the object with sensa-
tion, 559; fundamental principle
of his theory, 560; his refutation
of realism, 561; his triumph over
dualism, 563; his theory irrefuta-
ble, 564; his main position incon-
trovertible, 566; causes of his fail-
ure, results of his labors, 569.
Brain, function of the, 597; discrep-
ancies in the size of the, 767.
Bruno, Giordano, his martyrdom,
378; rarity of his works, 374; his
birth and disposition, character,
adopts the Dominican frock, 375;
his doubts on transubstantiation
and respecting Aristotle, his ad-
venturous course, 376; his perse-
cutions, 377; his teachers, 379;
his position among teachers, his
travels and adventures, 879-884;
flight to Venice, thrown into pris-
on, 385; sent to Rome, excommuni-
cated and perishes at the stake,
886; historical value of his system,
character of his writings, 388; his
anticipation of Spinoza and Des-
cartes, impulse given by him to the
study of Nature, 390; his creed,
391; grandeur of his system, 392;
his comedy, 393; his various writ-
ings, 894-397.

Cabanis, Pierre Jean Georges, 740;
physiological method to be sought
in him, 742; birth, profession, res-
idence at Auteuil, death, his work
entitled Rapports en Physique, his
position in the history of philoso-

phy, 742; his recognition of the
unity of life and mind, 743; his
predecessors, his physiological psy-
chology, 744; results of his survey
of the human organism, 746; object
of his treatise, 746; popularity and
influence of his work, 747.
Carneades, birth, teachers, promo-
tion to the academic chair, sent as
ambassador to Rome, 295; influ-
ence, return to Athens, death, 296.
Cartesian doctrine, 454.

Causation, defined, 586; weakness of
the theory of, exposed, 662; in-
stinctive belief in causation proved
to be false, 666; belief in causa-
tion, on what founded, 668; uni-
versal causation, source of the be-
lief in, 664; reflection required for
the belief in, not an instinct, 666.
Century, the sixteenth, its place in
history, 377.

Certainty, how attainable, xxxiv.
Christology, Hegelian, Spinoza's an-
ticipation of, 466.
Collard, Royer, 772.

Common sense philosophy, failure of
and benefits conferred by, 629.
Comte, Auguste: historical position,
nature of his method, 776; his
Cours de Philosophie Positive, 777;
his inauguration of a philosophy of
science, 778; his three initial con-
ceptions, 779; his fundamental law
of evolution, 780; nature of, 781;
its three stages not strictly chrono-
logical, 782; his classification of the
fundamental sciences, 785; his in-
fluence, 787.

Condillac, Etienne de, birth, career,
publication of his essay, appointed
tutor to the Prince of Parma, made
a member of the French Academy,
publication of his Logic, death, 589;
the representative of Locke in
France, object of his Traité des Sen-
sations, peculiarity of his system,
590; his misconception of Locke,
his doctrine refuted, 591; his error
respecting the mental faculties,
592; his theory of sensations, 593;
his definition of ideas, 594; the
systematic error of his system, 597;
examined into, 598, 599; destruc-
tion of the basis of his system, his
discovery that our faculties are not
innate or even connate, 600; merits
of his works and style, his want of
a true psychological method, 602.
Consciousness, limitation of, 451.
Continuity, law of, 405.

Cousin, Victor, 772.
Cranioscopy, 755-759; difficulties be-
setting, 760.

Cyrenaic school, the, 173.
Cynic school, the, 177; effect created
by the school in Athens, great
qualities of its disciples, 181; causes
of the want of respect felt for them.

182.

Dareste, Camille, his researches into
the convolutions of the brain, 766.
Darwin, Erasmus: birth, studies,
profession, his poem of the Botanie
Garden, his Zoonomia, his theory
the same as Hartley's, his defini-
tion of the word idea, 609; his
conception of psychology, 610; hi-
theory of vibrations, explanation of
perception, 615; theory of beauty,

616.

Definitions, employment of, by Soc-
rates, 153; importance of, in the
Socratic method, 156; in what they
consist, 253.

Democritus, the laughing philoso-
pher birth, 94; character, station,
career, anecdotes respecting, ob-
scurity of his philosophy, difficulty
of assigning him a position, 94;
differences between him and other
schools, nature of his doctrine and
teaching, his identification of sensa-
tion and thought, 95; his doctrine
of reflection, 96; his hypothesis to
explain perception, 98; his doctrine
of atomism, 99; superiority of his
system, 100.

Descartes, René: birth, parentage,
precocity, studies, 435; travels,
pursuits, 436; conceives the design
of a reformation in philosophy,
publication of his Discourse on
Method, sensation produced by it,
visit to Stockholm, death, 487;
character, 438; causes which led
him to the invention of his method,
489; logical imperfection of his
Cogito, ergo Sum, 440; vital portion
of his system, 441; psychological
portion, 442; mathematical or de-
ductive portion, 443; differences
and resemblances between him and
Bacon, nature and tendency of his
method, 445; applications of his
method, 446; weakness of his at-
tempts to demonstrate the exist-
ence of God, 447; physical specu-
lations, 448; position, 450; his
criterion examined, fallacy of his
system, 451; fallacy of his notion

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