or may be summed up as the socalled "extractive industries."

culture or mining industries. We may sum up all such industries in the phrase "extractive industries."

17. Condition Wrongly Denoted.- Even when the writer perceives that he is expressing a conditioned statement, he may fail to denote the exact nature of the condition. Not infrequently the writer puts such connectives as "when," "though," although," in the wrong sentence-member, thereby upsetting the sentence.

66

* A short distance was passed when a simple fellow, called David Gamut, joined them.

*They had travelled nearly all day, when the Indian pretended that he was lost.

They were just entering the door of the... hotel for the last time, when a young man met them.

After they had gone a short distance, they were joined by a simple fellow, named David Gamut.

After they had travelled nearly all day, the Indian pretended that he was lost.

Just as they were entering the door of the . . . hotel for the last time, a young man met them.

Before they had gone much farther, they came unexpectedly upon Hawkeye and Chingachgook.

*They had not proceeded far before they came unexpectedly upon Hawkeye and Chingachgook. This blundering use of "when" ("before") arises from the writer's failure to perceive that he is dealing with a conditioned statement which may be reduced to the logical formula: When A is B, then C is D. The "when" is general and antecedent; the "then" is particular and consequent, and also demonstrative. Usually the "then" is suppressed; the "when" cannot be suppressed. The careless writer, however, puts his "when" in the "then-" member.

Note the following examples of the correct use of “when": Thou shalt talk of them when thou sittest in thy house, and when thou walkest by the way, and when thou liest down, and when thou risest up. -Deut. vi., 7.

And when he had so said, he shewed unto them his hands and his side.-John xx., 20.

Now when they heard this, they were pricked in their heart.-Acts ii., 37.

"When" is not always the proper word to use in the ante

cedent member. If we wish to say that a particular action took place during the continuance of a general action, we should use "while" or 66 as" in the antecedent member.

As I sit at my window this summer afternoon, hawks are circling about my clearing.-THOREAU.

As the sun rises higher, the splendor becomes more widely diffused.J. C. VAN DYKE.

As I slowly approached the child, I could see commonly lovely.-THEODORE WATTS-DUNTON.

.

that she was un

These are the words which I spake unto you, while I was yet with you.-Luke xxiv., 44.

We took the freedom to break it [the sealed letter], while Lockwood stared with wonder, etc.-THACKERAY.

While Addison was in Ireland an event occurred to which he owes his high and permanent fame among British writers.-MACAULAY.

*I was walking down - Street this morning, when I noticed a crowd gathered at the corner of Street.

*At the same time these people were proceeding on their journey, two men, Hawkeye and Chingachgook, were seated by a stream, engaged in earnest conversation.

He had had a hard struggle, he knew, although he did not suspect that more than once he had wrestled with death itself.

* Both writers [Dante and Milton] imprinted their works with their personal feelings, though their idiosyncrasies have not been obtruded.

* Magua was considered a friend to Munro, though Heywood suspected him a little.

If Shakespeare did not know the ancients, I think they were at least as unlucky in not knowing him.— LOWELL.

As (while) I was walking down Street this morning, I noticed a crowd gathered at the corner of Street.

While the party was thus proceeding on its journey, two men, Hawkeye and Chingachgook, seated by a stream, were engaged in earnest conversation.

Although he knew that he had had a hard struggle, he did not suspect that more than once he had wrestled with death itself.

Though both writers impressed upon their works their personality, they did not obtrude their idiosyn

crasies.

Though Magua was considered by others to be a friend to Munro, Heywood suspected him a little.

If Shakespeare did not know the ancients, they were at least as unlucky, I think, in not knowing him.

The phrase "I think" is quite subordinate; whereas in the original form of the sentence it is made to bear the stress of the parallel. See § 28.

As originally worded, the sentence seemed to convey the opinion that English I. is difficult because the students are familiar with the English language!

If he [Harold] was forced to give battle, he resolved to give it on ground he had himself chosen. -J. R. GREEN.

He resolved that, if he were forced to give battle, he would give it on ground he had himself chosen.

The following is hopelessly bad: Taking her from the realistic point of view, she might have punished her unworthy husband.

Had she acted as the characters in realistic novels act, she might have punished her unworthy husband.1

Sometimes the when-construction is to be avoided altogether, the sentence being really an unconditioned statement.

* The English are pre-eminently a practical people; they care very little for sentiment. When they consider a question, whether political or industrial, it is always from the practical side.

When Swift left his first charge in the church one can see no other than mercenary motives which should influence him to do so.

The English are pre-eminently a practical people; they care very little for sentiment. Every question, whether political or industrial, they consider from the practical side.

For Swift's action in leaving his first charge in the church no motives but mercenary ones can be found.2

The following, from Fielding, will illustrate the length to which a careless genius may go in constructing an impossible sentence of conditioned statement :

However, as there is scarce any difficulty to which the strength of man, assisted with the cunning of art, is not equal, I was at last hoisted into a small boat, and, being rowed pretty near the shore, was taken up by two sailors, who waded with me through the mud, and placed me in a chair on the land, whence they conveyed me a quarter of a mile farther to a house, etc.

However, there is scarce any difficulty to which the strength of man, assisted with the cunning of art, is not equal. [Thus far, a general proposition; now comes the particular application.] After much discussion I was hoisted into a small boat and rowed pretty near the shore. Then two sailors took me up and waded with me through the mud to the firm land. Here they placed me in a chair, and thus conveyed me, etc.

1 Quoted from Hill, Foundations of Rhetoric, p. 218.
2 Hill, Foundations of Rhetoric, p. 274.

Unity in the Balanced Sentence.

18. Improper Change of Structure. The object of casting the sentence in the balanced form is to give to the thought a peculiar pungency. This effect is obtained by making the several parts of the sentence alike in structure; the similarity of structure heightens the antithesis of thought. The examples of balanced sentence cited in § 7 illustrate the principle sufficiently. Consequently, the unity of the balanced sentence is diminished by every unnecessary difference of structure. For example:

As distinctly as Mr. R is at the head of the men, so is Miss W- the premier lady player.

He was the first of the host who struck a blow, and he was the first to fall.-J. R. GREEN.

While she [Dinal] was near Seth's tall figure she looked short, but when she had mounted the cart and was away from all comparison, she seemed above the middle height of woman, though she did not in reality exceed it-an effect which was due to the slimness of her figure, and the simple line of her black stuff dress.-GEORGE ELIOT.

There was no keenness in her eyes; they had the liquid look which tells that the mind is full of what it has to give out, rather than impressed by external objects.— GEORGE ELIOT.

As distinctly as Mr. R— is at the head of the gentlemen, so Miss Wis at the head of the ladies. He was the first of the host to strike a blow, and he was the first to fall.

While [As long as ?] she was near Seth's tall figure she looked short, but when she had mounted the cart and was away from all comparison she looked tall. Yet in reality she was not above the middle height of woman; the effect was due to the slimness of her figure and to the simple line of her black stuff dress.

There was no keenness in her eyes; they had the liquid look which tells that the mind is full rather of what it has to give out than of what it is taking in.

The passages from the Old Testament, cited in § 7, are apparently departures from the strict rule of unity. It may be observed in explanation, however, that the Hebrew original is in verse, at least in quasi-verse, rather than in prose. In fact, this peculiar form of structure is not called balance but parallelism.