The controversy about Rationalism and orthodoxy is assuming a more practical and personal character than formerly. There are three different, though connected, disputes on this general subject which seem to attract great public attention in Germany. The fundamental question is, 'Shall the public servants and ministers of the established church be required to preach according to the authorized creeds or not?' The orthodox take the affirmative, and the Rationalists the negative side of the question. The first controversy is of a somewhat personal character between Prof. Hengstenberg of Berlin, and Prof. and Consistorial Counsellor, David Schulz of Breslau. The second originated in Altenburg, and was occasioned by Superintendent Hezekiel's requiring of the ministers under his charge to obligate themselves to adhere to the creeds. The third was occasioned in Hesse, by an order from the minister of state, according to which preachers were released from such obligation.

As it respects the first of these disputes, perhaps Hengstenberg was the aggressor. Prof. Schulz published a work on Faith, in 1834, and another on the Spiritual Gifts of Christians, in 1836, in which he spoke disparagingly of the creeds, and placed the educated preacher above their authority. Prof. Hengstenberg, in the Evangelische Kirchenzeitung, in 1838, reviewed these works, or rather their author, and criticised the public course of the ecclesiastic, more than he did the sentiments of the writer. The accusation is, that Dr. Schulz, in urging the strict men of the creed to retire from the Evangelical [i. e., established Prussian] church, directly violates the principles established by the ecclesiastical authorities of the state, to which he himself, by virtue of his office, belongs; that his violent procedure is the cause, in part, of the secession of the orthodox, which recently took place in Silesia [Dr. Scheibel and his party]. This article of Prof. Hengstenberg called forth a volume of one hundred and seventy-nine pages from Dr. Schulz, in 1839, entitled the Character and Conduct of the Berlin Evangelical Journal [edited by Hengstenberg], illustrated by David Schulz, in which he begins with the childhood of Hengstenberg, follows him through the gymnasium and university, and gives the more edifying portion of his history up to the present time, in order to show that neither his learning, character, nor standing, qualifies him to be a public censor. Hengstenberg replied in his paper, and his reply was separately printed in a pamphlet of one hundred and ten pages. Both of the combatants are strong men, and skilled in the art of war; both are violent and intolerant; both are partly right and partly wrong. Therefore, we say, if they will fight, let them fight.

The second controversy is not limited to a few men, the extremes of opposite parties, but involves the whole body, inasmuch as the question is of such a nature, is so connected with the every day practice of the whole church, that every one must take some positive ground. Hence it happens, that there are thousands of voices graduated on the scale between the extremes of yes and no. The superintendent, supported by the consistory, took the position, that fidelity to his office required him to maintain the creed of the church, and presented as a special ground of urgency to duty, the fact, that many of the inhabitants of the Duchy of Altenburg had emigrated to America chiefly because they were obliged to sit under a Rationalist ministry.

As the question was one of the utmost intricacy and difficulty in the present state of the church, the opinion of the four theological faculties of Berlin, Göttingen, Jena and Heidelberg was requested, and the deVOL. V.-NO. XX. 80

cisions of these faculties were drawn up by professors Hengstenberg, Lücke, Hase and Umbreit respectively. Berlin heartily approved; Heidelberg loudly condemned in the spirit of Paulus; Göttingen and Jena replied moderately, holding a position midway between the other two. In Hesse Cassel, where the question was differently decided by the public functionary, both parties, including lawyers, theologians and ministers, seized the pen, and every month the press sends forth a new book on the subject. We have before us the titles of no less than twenty-five books devoted to this controversy, and others we are informed are in a course of preparation. Such is the interest now felt, in the creeds, that even the Hebräist Hupfeld is preparing a new edition of the Augsburg Confession with a commentary!

The Basle Magazine of the most recent history of Evangelical missions is a substantial quarterly journal, recently conducted by the late Dr. Blumhardt, and is to be ranked among the most learned and excellent of missionary periodicals. The first number of the year 1837 is devoted to the biography of Carey, "who belongs to the first class of modern missionaries." The second number of the same year is wholly occupied with an account of the Burman empire. The third contains the annual report of the Missionary Society of Basle, and extracts from the journals and letters of missionaries. The fourth number contains the travels of Joseph Wolff through Central Asia, with a map and an estimate (not very high) of his labors. The first number of the next year, 1838, presents J. Williams's history of missions in the South Sea Islands; the second, the life of the Moravian missionary, David Zeisberger; the third, the annual report and appendices. There are one hundred alumni of the Institution now laboring among the heathen, and sixty persons still connected with the Institution. The closing number of 1838 gives an account of the travels and labors of the Methodist missionary, Stephen Ray, among the Caffres.

In the city of Berlin there are twenty-one German places of worship, containing twenty-five thousand seats, and accommodating (as most of the males stand) fifty-one thousand persons, or about one-sixth of the whole population. The largest of these accommodates four thousand persons, the five next three thousand five hundred each, the three next three thousand each, the average of the whole number of churches, a little more than two thousand and four hundred each.

AMERICA.

New Books.-Memoir of Rev. Luther Rice, one of the first American missionaries to the East, by James B. Taylor. The biographer appears to have done his work well.-Introduction to the French Language; comprising a French Grammar and a French Reader, with notes and a vocabulary, &c., by David Fosdick, Jr.-Airs of Palestine and other Poems, by John Pierpont.-The Life and Correspondence of Mrs. Adams, by her grandson, Charles Francis Adams. A second edition is in a course of preparation.-Foster's Essay on Living for Immortality, a new edition or rather reprint, in an improved form, of what appeared several years ago under the title of the Importance of Religion.-History of Baptism, from the inspired and uninspired writings, by Isaac Taylor Hinton.-The Young Mother's Delight in the Guidance of her Child's Intellect, by William Martin, editor of the London Educational Magazine. Also, the Duties of Mothers, by Rev. E. N. Kirk.

ENGLAND.

The Life and Times of S. Cyprian, by the Rev. George Aycliffe Poole, M. A.-Religion and Education in America; with notices of the state

and prospects of American Unitarianism, Popery and African Colonization, by John Dunmore Lang, D. D., senior minister of the Presbyterian Church in New South Wales, Principal of the Australian College. The author visited this country a year or two since, for the purpose of interesting the Presbyterian church in the South Sea mission. He appears to be a great admirer of the voluntary principle in support of religion, and, in some respects, at least, much more candid than most preceding travellers. The Life of Martin Luther, by Gustav Pfizer, translated from the German, by Mr. Williams, teacher in Hamburg. The original is highly commended in Tholuck's Literary Index. It takes middle ground between the worshippers and the revilers of the Reformer.

The foundation-stone of the intended monument in Edinburgh to Sir Walter Scott, was laid Aug. 15. The building is to be one hundred and eighty feet high, and to cost £12,200, of which £2,200 are to be expended on the statue and pedestal.

GERMANY.

A new interest in the character and works of Schiller appears to be excited in Germany, particularly by Schiller's Leben or Life, written by the poet Gustav Schwaab.-Prof. Baumgarten-Crusius of Jena, has just published a Compend of the History of Christian Doctrines (Compendium der Christlichen Dogmengeschichte).-Prof. Bopp has conmenced the publication of his great work, Glossarium Sanscritum, containing all the words in use compared with those of the Greek, Latin, German, Lithuanian, Sclavonic and Celtic Languages. Part I, quarto, has already appeared.-We notice the advertisement of J. Johlson's Lexicon of the Biblical Hebrew, with the synonyms.-W. Becker, author of Gallus, or Roman Scenes in the Age of Augustus, has issued another work on the same plan, entitled Characles, or Pictures of Ancient Grecian Manners, designed to illustrate the Private Life of the Greeks (Bilder altgriechischen Sitte. Zur genaueren Kentniss des griechischen Privatlebens), 2 volumes, with plates.-Homer is to be explained again, it seems; and in truth, a good commentary on the Iliad is needed. C. F. Stadelmann has put forth a volume of Notes, Grammatical and Critical to the Iliad of Homer (Grammatisch-kritische Anmerkungen zur Ilias Homer. Für Schüler und Studirende, Leipsic). As yet, the work only reaches through the first four books.-As this is the hundredth year since the death of Frederic the Great, the press is teeming with works relating to him. Preuss and Kugler have most distinguished themselves as his biographers. The work of the former is in nine vols. He judges quite otherwise of his hero than Lord Brougham has done.The Life and Writings of Frederic III, with which the celebrated Prussian minister, von Altenstein was charged, have, since his death, been committed to Prof. Preuss.-A splendid work on the Costume of the Middle Ages of Christianity is in course of publication at Manheim, by von Hefner, assisted by several distinguished scholars.

Death of Prof. Karl Otfried Mueller, of Goettingen.-Prof. Müller died at Athens, Aug. 1, and was buried on a little hill above the Academy. He was taken ill at Delphi, where he was copying inscriptions. Mr. Curtius and Dr. Schöll of Berlin were with him. He intended, on his return to Germany, commencing his great work on the General History of Greece. He was but forty-three years of age, and yet how much has he done for Greek literature, history and antiquities. We notice also the death of Professor G. H. Schäfer of Leipsic, a veteran Greek scholar, and editor of many Greek and Roman classics.

QUARTERLY LIST.

Bede, Venerable, his Church His- Deists, English, their influence on