Talas, under a pioneer, Miss Sarah A. Closson, those at Smyrna, Sivas, Broosa, and Marsovan, where Miss Fritcher has been principal for nearly thirty years, are representative of the Western Turkey mission. Both at Smyrna and at Marsovan there is a band of King's Daughters. A kindergarten is about being established at Smyrna. The boarding schools at Aintab and Marash in the central Turkey mission, at Samokov and Monastir in the European Turkey mission, at Mardin, Van Bitlis,- under the Misses Ely Harpoot, and others in the Eastern Turkey mission also do honor to the work. That at Harpoot, the woman department of Euphrates college, closed its last school year with over two hundred members. The boarding schools at Ahmednager and Sirur, the normal school at Madura, Bowker Hall in Bombay, and others that might be mentioned, testify to progress of women in India. Important changes are being made by which the Kyoto Girls' school in Japan with its over one hundred and fifty girls may take the stand it ought as a department of the Doshisha College. Were there space, mention might be made of other schools supported by the Woman's Boards,- those of the Ceylon, Micronesia, Foochow and other missions; also those in Mexico. For these were reädopted by the Board when the Dakota mission with its home built by the women was transferred to the American Missionary Society. But the medical work must not be forgotten. Dr. Kate C. Woodhull's dispensary at Foochow has received three thousand patients in one year; while Dr. Pauline Root of the Madura mission has received from seventy to one hundred patients daily, some coming from three hundred to five hundred miles. These are but two instances of a work which is more and more claiming the attention of the Boards.

But perhaps the most striking result of this woman's work for woman is the school in Constantinople recently incorporated as the American college for girls, a plea for which was made at the first annual meeting of the Boston Board, and an authoritative account of which was published in EDUCATION for October, 1892.

The depth and magnitude of this work as a seed-sowing in educational fields is to be more and more felt. Two Macedonians, each bringing a daughter some days' journey to the girls' school at Samokov were rebuked by some neighbors

"We know what we are about," was the reply, "Where is there another school in our country that raises up teachers for our girls?"

IN THE ENGLISH LAKE COUNTRY.1

II.

THE LAKES AND THE LAKES MEN.

DAVID N. BEACH, CAMBRIDGE.

WHILE those two daft men are hurrying along toward the

church, saying to each other: "How fortunate in every way the day has been, rain, mist, cloud, sun!"-" And how fortunate to be alone again!"-"And how " (though neither of them would have known which of their beloved circle of six he would have singled out for a companion here)" And how fortunate, where a man's feelings are so stirred, that there are only two of us!" (in his secret heart, for the same reason, each of them could have wished, I suspect, that there were only one of them), --while, I say, they are hurrying thus along, let me set down, before they get to the churchyard, two or three things about the Lakes, compacting into a succession of paragraphs, and collating summarily in (if possible) their real relation, facts and sequences which it were easier to write a monograph upon.

(a) The unique power of the Lakes scenery is due, then, primarily, I take it, to the geology of the district. Amply indicative of glacial action, and, prior to that, "sculptured and molded by atmospheric denudation into its present form," "the roughhewn block" of this area, "out of which, during long succeeding ages, mountain and valley were carved," was, still earlier, the subject of "a long series of volcanic outbursts, at first sub-marine in character, but soon becoming sub-aerial."2 Hence - by what stages it is not for other than experts to say the indescribable variety of form, of outline, and of grouping, of the hills and mountains. Hence, too, their abruptness and definedness. From the level floor on which Grasmere village stands, for example, the mountains start up almost like the roof of a house. And hence, likewise, the glens, shut away by themselves, often practicably inaccessible except by a single pass, and provided each with its tarn, or blind tarn: that is, tarn basin only; or, as De Quincey

1 Copyrighted by David N. Beach, Cambridge, 1893.

* Cumberland, Geology of, in Encyclopædia Britannica.

says, "the tarn which wants its eye-in wanting the luminous. sparkle of the waters of right belonging to it."

(b) The next obligation of the Lakes scenery is to meteorological conditions. I have already alluded to them. The day I am describing ran the whole gamut of them, I should say, and most exquisitely. But what might appear to the reader almost like a rainy season, being coupled with a soil and with a surface conformation favorable to drainage, results in a partly dry and always fresh effect. Cloud, mist, sunlight, these are the true genii of the place.

(c) Then, I know not for how long, or from what causes,the absence to a considerable degree of forests from the mountains gives an indescribable charm to these heights and fastnesses. For so many of the hills and mountains as are thus denuded, are not altogether bald and bleak, but are largely grassed over, so that they seem like kindly hills for pasturage, rather than the giant heights which several of them are. It is these conditions which make many of the people shepherds, so that one is always coming upon the sheep with their keepers. The great Hebrew poet began with being a shepherd. One understands that better in Westmorland and Cumberland.

(d) Once more, for some cause which I cannot explain, unless the borderland nature of these counties is key to it, the land has, at any rate until recently, been held largely by small owners estatesmen (" 'statesmen ")-who have had prominence enough from their proprietorship to exert the conserving influence supposed to reside in extended proprietorship, and yet who have been humble enough not only not to be "absentees," but to mingle with some freeness among the plainest people. This circumstance, the isolation of the region, certain perils of the mountains, and doubtless also the tonic "influences of nature," have made the inhabitants of these vales and mountain sides, an uncommon people.

Robert Perceval Graves, from 1835 for nearly thirty years rector of Windermere, described them, in a lecture given at Dublin some years ago, as "tall in general and of finely formed features, which have a certain hardness of expression, derived from constant conflict with an ungenial climate "; as, "independent in their feelings and bearing; but this independence" "usually free from rudeness, and ""oftener allied to a

proud and sensitive shyness. Completely devoid of hypocrisy, they are honest and truthful, save, it may be, from a certain slackness in the exercise of judicial condemnation, arising, in part at least, from the kindness of heart which makes them unwilling permanently to depress a neighbor's character or fortunes."

De Quincey in his "Recollections of the Lakes and the Lake Poets," presents in that inimitable manner of his, without method, but with an artlessness which is the very reflection of reality, touch after touch of their life. His descriptions accord entirely with Mr. Graves's statement, and supplements it with testimony to a chasteness of life among them which would have done credit even to the Teutonic fathers. Who has not laughed over his "man-mountain," the 'statesman of the Vale of Legberthwaite, who, indeed in eccentric manner, stands for one of those free spirits of these counties? It is obvious that this personal element of the equation should be borne in mind in reading Wordsworth's sketches of humble life.

We come, now, to the more important matter of the eminent men associated with this region, and particularly to the "Lake poets." That here was set up, consciously or of design, a "school of poetry," is no more true than that anywhere else there was ever really set up a "school" of anything that had worth. First, there is growth. Then we look back and recognize it. We may at this stage call it a "school," if we like, or anything else; but it is a growth, a life.

Four persons figure here, mainly. They are Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey and De Quincey. The four are supplemented by John Wilson ("Christopher North "), by some association with Sir Walter Scott, and, much later, in a different direction, by Thomas Arnold of Rugby.

I. What are the facts in this matter?

1. In the summer of 1797, Wordsworth and Coleridge met. They were then aged respectively twenty-seven and twenty-five. There sprang up a noble, passionate affection between them. It led to some joint publication, and foreign travel. One wishes he might have seen these magnificent fellows in their young enthusi

asins.

2. In the autumn of the second year later, they made a tour of the Lakes together. Wordsworth had been born at Cockermouth, thirteen miles northeast of Keswick, but had been residing, now

for some time, outside the Lake district with his bright, appreciative sister, Dorothy, herself also a poet. Both the young men wrote letters to Dorothy about this tour. Coleridge, who was the fire-kindler, was carried away particularly with the Vale of Grasmere. He wrote Dorothy, that "at Rydal and Grasmere [opening the latter into the former, within the Vale] I received, I think, the deepest delight." He spoke of the "divine sisters Rydal and Grasmere." Wordsworth caught the fire. "Coleridge," he writes, "was much struck with Grasmere and its neighborhood. I have much to say to you. You will think my plan a wild one, but I have thought of building a house there by the lake-side. There is a small house at Grasmere empty, which, perhaps, we may take; but of this we will speak."

3. The outcome of this journey was that he hired the "small house" before the year closed. There he lived until 1809, first with Dorothy, and then with Dorothy and the good lady whom he married, and who survived him. In that year, having outgrown the cottage, the family took a larger house, "Allan Bank," near by. This, in turn, they vacated after three or four years, for the house called "Rydal Mount." It is in the same Vale. Here Wordsworth continued until his death in 1850.

4. In 1800, the year following Wordsworth's settling at Grasmere, Coleridge, - why thirteen miles away I do not understand, - took Greta Hall at Keswick, where, in combating rheumatism with a specific known as "Kendal black drops," he unwittingly became a slave of opium. Southey and he had married sisters, and Southey, losing a daughter in 1803, wrote of his wife: "Edith will be nowhere so well as with her sister Coleridge. She [Mrs. Coleridge] has a little girl some six months old, and I shall try and graft her into the wound while it is yet fresh." Coleridge, soon after the advent—for so convenient a reason as this of the Southeys at his house, quit Keswick for his health, leaving his brother-in-law master of the house, and the Coleridge family in his care, an arrangement which became permanent.

5. Coleridge was back among the Lakes, publishing "The Friend," in 1809-10. But he was a shattered man, and seems, in that condition, to have made by preference Wordsworth's commodious Allan Bank his home. Certainly it was here that he resided. In the latter year he quitted the Lakes, permanently, as a place of residence, regaining, in the home of a friend in London,