lished for the school year 1890-91. The total attendance of students in the winter session was 129,539; the number of directors and teachers, 8,514. The detailed statistics presented in seven groups following the classification of the schools are as follows:

The report of the examinations of candidates for positions as teachers in secondary schools, shows a total of Soo presenting themselves in 1891 as against 889 the previous year. Of these 269 secured the full diploma, i. e., 190 in language and history, forty-five in mathematics and natural sciences, and thirty-four in Hebrew and religion.

GREAT BRITAIN.

Movements affecting Technical Training in Great Britain. — Among the most important movements of the day are those relating to manual and technical training in Great Britain. Successive educational commissions have emphasized the need of fuller provision in these respects and have warned the government that without them England must lose supremacy in manufactures and be beaten in the markets of the world. The present activity is the outcome of these representations.

The recent acts making provision for these interests have been noted from time to time in EDUCATION, i. e., Technical Instruction Acts. (Scotland) 1887, (England) 1889 and 1891, and the Act of 1890 (Customs and Excise Act) by which surplus funds from the duties on beer and spirits are turned over to the county councils with permission to apply the same to technical instruction.

A new technical bill for Scotland has just been passed which remedies many defects of the first bill. From recent official statistics it appears that eleven counties out of thirty-three in Scotland have applied the whole of their share of the duties on spirits, amounting to $44,882 to technical instruction, and two other counties about a third of their share or $616 to the same purpose. Of 173 burghs five have applied their whole share and seven a portion to technical instruction, the amount so disposed being $23,686.

In England and Wales the councils of ninety county boroughs have also appropriated the whole proceeds, and twenty-nine councils

part thereof to the same purpose. The amount so applied by these councils in 1891 was $2,282,848. Since the report was issued the London County Council, which it was feared would devote the fund wholly to the relief of local taxes, has decided to apply a portion to technical instruction, and has allowed $150,000 for preliminary work in this direction. So far as reported only two local authorities in Ireland have taken action under the Technical Instruction Act, i. e., the town councils of Belfast and Londonderry. As one result of the provision here outlined an association has been formed for developing lacemaking in Northamptonshire, Buckinghamshire and Bedfordshire. This action has renewed interest in the lace-making industry of Ireland. No subject pertaining to manufactures excites more attention than applied chemistry. Committees of experts have been sent to Germany and Switzerland to report upon features of laboratory equipment and instruction which might profitably be introduced into England.

The report of the Science and Art Department for 1892 gives detailed descriptions of the university laboratory, Strassburg, and the laboratories of the polytechnic schools of Aachen and Zurich.

While measures are in progress for developing technical instruction of a high grade the elementary schools have not been overlooked. Drawing was made compulsory for boys in 1891, and under this stimulus the number of schools examined in the subject rose from 6,210 in that year to 18,693 the present year. The government also announced in 1891 that grants would be allowed for manual instruction in elementary schools, and the same year sixty-three schools fulfilled the requirements in that respect the number of pupils instructed in the branch being 2,568. The work is increasing especially in the manufacturing centres.

Free Education in England. - Those familiar with the law of 1891 providing for the remission of school fees in English elementary schools will recall that the fifth section provided that after the expiration of a year parents might demand free education for their children in districts where it was not granted. The time having expired complaints of the evasion of the clause are pouring into the department. The burden of the complaint is that the stigma of poverty is put upon parents who make the demand. This is done by requiring them to make declaration of their inability to pay the fees. In Liverpool intense excitement has been created by reason of the school board pursuing such a policy. Protest proving futile, an immense public meeting was held at which resolutions were passed condemning the action of the board. A similar resolution was passed by the Liverpool United Trades Council representing 47,000 workers. Finally a depu

tation proceeded to London and laid the case before Mr. Acland, virtual chief of the education department. Mr. Acland expressed the hope that the local authorities would be persuaded to carry out the law in its spirit and intent which is to secure free elementary education for all children, but declared that in every case the government would insist upon this policy without any unpleasant discriminations affecting either parents or children.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

Measures affecting Superior Instruction in France. The number of students inscribed in the French state facultés (corresponding to universities of other countries) Jan. 15, 1891, was 20,785, of which, 9,215 were in the Paris facultés. At the same time there were in the private facultés 931 students, or a total of 21,716 university students, equivalent to one for every 1,760 inhabitants. The enrollment in the Paris facultés the present session has increased 10,174 students. Of these the United States furnished 170, the majority (149) being in medicine. The women students numbered 252. The majority of these were foreigners (Russia furnished 115), and a little more than half the number were in the faculté of medicine. Three Russian women obtained the diploma of Doctor of Medicine, one, Mlle. Meilhak, with honorable mention for her thesis. In the faculté of letters, a young Greek, Mlle. Callisperi passed a brilliant examination for the degree of licencié.

The annual report of the "Association of Students" shows a flourishing condition of the society. The number of new active members admitted in 1891 was 720, giving a total of 4,700. The income of the society reached a total of $8,839. The library was considerably increased during the year, and the measures for securing a permanent building advanced.

The facultés of Lyon are rapidly assuming organic character, and are now generally known as the University of Lyon. The first stone of the new physiological laboratory of the university was laid in September, and quite recently the first stone of the Institute of Maritime Biology was laid with imposing ceremony.

Scholarships for Primary Schools. At the recent examination. for scholarships tenable in the national technical schools and the superior primary schools of France, 3,593 candidates (2,353 boys, and 1,240 girls) presented themselves. Of these 1,670 were admitted to the examination. The number of scholarships to be awarded was, for boys, 607; for girls, 431.

The Paris council allowed last year, $76,790 for the service of manual training in its public schools.

CHANGES IN GRAMMAR SCHOOL COURSES.

A

Recommended by College Officers.

T the 36th annual meeting of the Association of Officers of Colleges in New England held at Williams College, Williamstown, Mass., Nov. 3d to 5th, 1892, it was voted that the following memorandum be furnished to all educational journals for publication, but with the declaration that this action of the Association does not commit any college faculty to the recommendations made in the memorandum. Memorandum: The Association of Officers of Colleges in New England impressed with the real unity of interest and the need of mutual sympathy and help throughout the different grades of public education, invites the attention of the public to the following changes, which, without insisting upon details, it recommends for gradual adoption in the programme of New England grammar schools. Art. 1. The introduction of elementary natural history into the earlier years of the programme as a substantial subject, to be taught by demonstrations and practical exercises rather than from books. 2. The introduction of elementary physics into the later years of the programme as a substantial subject, to be taught by the experimental or laboratory methods, and to include exact weighing and measuring by the pupils themselves. 3. The introduction of elementary algebra at an age not later than twelve years. 4. The introduction of elementary plane geometry at an age not later than thirteen years. 5. The offering of opportunity to study French, or German, or Latin, or any two of these languages from and after the age of ten years. 6. The increase of attention in all class-room exercises in every study to the correct and facile use of the English language.

In order to make room in the programme for these new subjects the Association recommends that the time allotted to arithmetic, geography and English grammar be reduced to whatever extent may be

necessary.

The Association makes these recommendations in the interest of the public school system as a whole; but most of them are offered more particularly in the interest of those children whose education is not to be continued beyond the grammar school.

Williams College.

RICHARD A. RICE, Secretary.

AMONG THE BOOKS.

To accommodate readers who may wish it, the Publishers of EDUCATION will send, post-paid, on receipt of price, any book reviewed in these columns.

Lee & Shepard publish a delicately beautiful calendar called "ALL AROUND THE YEAR, 1893,” with entirely new designs in colors, by J. Pauline Sunter. A dainty love tale is carried out in the verses and pictures on the twelve giltedged cards, ending, as the year dies, with "Good-bye, my Lover. Good-bye." Price, boxed, 50c.

We acknowledge the receipt from the American Book Company, of four volumes in the series of English Classics for Schools, viz:--IVANHOE,by Sir Walter Scott; TEN SELECTIONS FROM THE SKETCHBOOK, by Washington Irving; THE TRAGEDY OF JULIUS CÆSAR, by William Shakespeare; THE SIR ROGER DE COVERLEY PAPERS, from The Spectator. These books are attractively printed and bound and contain notes and introductions calculated to aid the student in acquiring an intelligent idea of the authors and their writings as well as of the life and times of which they treat.

Rev. Arthur W. Eaton, Instructor in English in the Cutler School, New York, has gathered the entrance examination papers in English, of the leading colleges in the United States and published them under the title of COLLEGE REQUIREMENTS IN ENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONS. The book will be useful to all students in preparatory schools. Boston: Ginn & Co. Price 90

cents.

In 1870 Dr. Wm. W. Goodwin published his first Greek Grammar consisting of 235 pages, this work was revised in 1879 and is now further revised and enlarged and published in a volume of 487 pages under the title of A GREEK GRAMMAR, by Wm. W. Goodwin, Professor of Greek in Harvard University. In this new book the chief increase in matter is to be found in the department of syntax, although additions and emendations have been made in every section of the book. As it stands to-day, it is without a peer as a Greek Grammar; it is a monument of the widest learning, most elaborate study and research, most intelligent and logical arrangement; it leaves the student and teacher no ground for regret over omissions; it furnishes to the beginner and to the highest grade classical scholar all that may be desired. It is Professor Goodwin's book, an American product, and is not a reconstructed German treatise, or a compilation of a score of other grammars. Boston: Ginn & Company.

IN THE PLACE OF THE STORY IN EARLY EDUCATION, Miss Sara E. Wiltse, who is a lover and student of children, has given several essays in which the place, power and educative influence of the story in the early education of children are philosophically set forth and charmingly told and illustrated. Miss Wiltse believes that there is no bad habit, no wrong tendency or weak point that may not be attacked or propped by a right use of the story; no fact