his true position and content himself with such moderate scholastic honors as are easily within his reach. . In this he has an immense advantage over his sister, that he realizes at an early age that many avenues are open to him toward success, and in only a few of these is high scholarship of any advantage whatever."

Admitting this to be true, it is an argument in favor of coeducation since it is reasonable to suppose that the excessive sensitiveness of the girl will be checked in contact with the indifference of her brother educated at her side. But Dr. Edes would not be quoted as attributing the evils he depicts to coeducation, for he says further on "On looking over my case-books I have been surprised to find the same statements repeated again and again, namely, that the sufferer had taken the highest honors at some noted Female College." All the cases he cites from his own practice have but few references to school life, but these few are to female seminaries. The same Journal of November 24, 1881, gives a table of valuable statistics prepared by Dr. Tuckerman of Cleveland, O., for which the assistance rendered me by Dr. Lincoln of Boston, is gratefully recognized. These statistics prove the futility of the argument under consideration.

For physical reasons it is certainly not good policy to cultivate in woman that "impelling force" which Dr. Edes finds it so difficult to define, and which his case-book traces to "Female colleges." Nor is it well to encourage the indifference of the young man. If these tendencies are inherent in sex, might it not be best for both sexes that they be brought into mutual action and that excessive sensitiveness be checked somewhat in its contact with too great indifference?

Separate schools quite naturally emphasize the tendencies of

sex.

The presence of girls in my own class at the preparatory school gave me an inspiration, which was gradually lessened in power during my college course, when boys were my only classmates boys over whose minds indifference gained gradual power as their years of exclusion advanced.

If no good argument can be adduced against the policy of coeducation in colleges, with either a psychological, physiological, or moral basis; and if it be agreed that under the present plan of organization young men and young women may be educated together as well as in the separate schools then one strong

plea may be made for coeducational colleges on the score of economy. Duplication of all essential equipments libraries, laboratories, apparatus of a material nature and of the sources of living inspiration within professional chairs can hardly be justified.

A PHILOSOPHICAL CONGRESS.

LOUIS J. BLOCK, CHICAGO, ILL.,

(Member of the Committee of Arrangements for Philosophical Congress, World's Congress Auxiliary, World's Columbian Exposition of 1893.)

THE

HE World's Columbian Exposition to be held in Chicago in 1893, proposes to make not only an exhibit of the world's material resources, but also to inaugurate a series of Congresses at which men and women, eminent in their respective departments, will present the results of human effort in the spheres of science, philosophy and philanthropy. The organization of these Congresses is rapidly progressing, and they will be a new departure in the management of expositions. Congresses of the character contemplated have been held before, but not in such variety, with such a serious attempt to represent the whole of knowledge, with such liberality of promise for their success. The world is not only to see how nature is controlled and made subservient to needs of the race, what astonishing products she permits the industry of man to fashion from her inexhaustible raw material, but is also to hear in these Congresses, from the lips of those best qualified to speak, the conquests which thought is making in the regions which have been given it to cultivate.

The Philosophical Congress, in whose interest these pages are written, will meet in August, 1893. The coöperation of the most distinguished thinkers in this country has been cheerfully given, and definite plans will be fully formulated at a meeting of the Committee of Arrangements with its Advisory Council, consisting of Dr. Harris, President Schurman, President De Garmo, Professor Butler, Professor Royce, and many others. Papers will be read by the representative men and women in their respective branches at home and abroad, and the volume to be published containing these papers ought to be a summary of the deepest thinking of

the time.

The objects of the World's Fair Congresses are presented in the following extract from an address prepared by Mr. C. C. Bonney, President of the World's Congress Auxiliary:

1. To provide for the proper presentation of the Intellectual and Moral Progress of the World, in connection with the Columbian Exposition of 1893, in a series of World's Congresses under the auspices of the Auxiliary, with the assistance of the leaders in all the chief departments of human achievement.

2. More particularly, to provide places of meeting and other facilities, for appropriate organizations of a kindred nature to unite in World's Congresses in Chicago, at a convenient time during the Exposition season of 1893, for the consideration of the Living Questions pending in their respective departments; and to arrange and conduct a series of Popular Congresses in which will be presented Summaries of the Progress made, and the most important results attained in the several departments of civilized life, voiced by the ablest living representatives whose attendance can be procured.

3. To provide for the proper publication of the proceedings of such Congresses, as the most valuable and enduring memorial of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893.

4. To bring all the departments of human progress into harmonious relations with each other in the Exposition of 1893; to crown the whole glorious work by the formation and adoption of better and more comprehensive plans than have hitherto been made, to promote the progress, prosperity, unity, peace and happiness of the world; and to secure the effectual prosecution of such plans by the organization of a series of world-wide fraternities through whose efforts and influence the moral and intellectual forces of mankind may be made dominant throughout the world.

The Philosophical Congress intends to take steps looking to the organization of a National Philosophical Society. The committee in charge of the arrangements would find their task considerably lightened, if such a society were in existence. As it is they are obliged to collect the scattered elements of a Congress, and they hope that one of the permanent results of the great exposition will be the bringing together of the thinkers of the land in an association whose value will be of the greatest.

The World's Congresses of 1893 will be held in the Permanent Memorial Art Palace, erected on the Lake Front Park, through

the coöperation of the Art Institute of Chicago, the city of Chicago, and the Directory of the World's Columbian Exposition. This "World's Congress Art Palace" will have two large audience rooms arranged to seat about three thousand persons each; and more than twenty smaller rooms, which will accommodate from three hundred to seven hundred persons each. Meetings of such a character as to draw a large popular audience will be held in the main audience rooms, while meetings of Chapters or Sections of different Congresses for the discussion of subjects of a more limited interest, will be held in the smaller rooms. It will thus be possible to have two General Congresses and twenty Special Congresses or Conferences in session at the same time, and to have three times as many meetings within a single day by arranging different programmes for morning, afternoon and evening sessions; but it is not anticipated that so many daily meetings will be required in any department of the World's Congress work; nor that, as a general rule, any Congress or Section will desire to meet more than once or twice in a given day.

Teachers ought to be especially interested in the Philosophical Congress. Many of the problems with which they are obliged to deal will be discussed from the highest point of view, and the education of the individual will be seen in the larger movement which constitutes the education of the race. This will be an opportunity to breath the free air of larger conceptions, and bring into the school-rooms those ideas which underlie all civilization, and which should be reflected in the smaller sphere where the untrained are inducted into them as the foundation of their subsequent living.

As far as practicable the several Departments of the World's Congress Auxiliary have been planned to bring to Chicago, during the time assigned to the Department, the largest number of kindred organizations for simultaneous or alternate sessions, thus enabling persons interested in several subjects of a kindred character reasonable opportunities to attend several Congresses, without a too prolonged stay at the Exposition.

The program for the Philosophical Congress is now in preparation, and among those who are to deliver lectures are Dr. Harris, Professor Howison, Professor Davidson, Professor Royce.

To make the proceedings of the Congress as worthy of a worldwide publication as possible; to reduce as far as practicable the

expense of such publication; to prevent repetitions of matter and duplicate assignments of speakers; to secure such a strength and force of treatment as will ensure the widest reading; to guard against encroachments by one speaker on the time which justly belongs to another; and to secure a just representation of all the participating countries, the themes to be presented in the Congress will be selected with a view to make a complete and orderly treatment of the general subject embraced in the Department; and all papers and remarks will be strictly limited to an allotted time. It will obviously be better, in a given hour, to have two or three compact papers from as many different leaders, than to give the time at command to one of them for a long discourse, embracing several subjects. The object will be to state results and present existing problems, and for this purpose lengthy papers are neither necessary nor desirable.

The good offices of all teachers devoted to the genuine elevation of their profession are solicited to aid in making this Congress the success which it ought to be, and which it assuredly will be. The presence of a large body of teachers will be an indication that they have risen into those realms of thinking in which the true settlement of all questions lies. They will find their labors receiving an enlarged significance from the new lights in which they are seen, and from their understood relations to activities that are the widest in scope and highest in importance.

The government of the United States, recognizing the World's Congress Auxiliary as the proper agency to conduct a series of International Congresses in connection with the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893, has directed the Diplomatic and the Consular officers of the United States in all countries to request "that a convenient number of the most eminent representatives of the various departments of human progress, be selected as delegates to attend the respective Congresses, by or under the direction of the government to which they are respectively accredited, in addition to those who will come as the representatives of the leading institutions and societies of different countries; and to extend the assurance that the largest practicable participation of foreign peoples and governments in the whole series of the Congresses is especially desired; and that such a coöperation on the part of other governments will, it is confidently believed, tend in the highest degree to promote, strengthen and extend those fra