ANON', ad. On An, on or in one: in one, [minute] immediately, in an instant: the reply of waiters at an inn was formerly, 'Anon, Sir;' equivalent to, Coming, Sir.' Right now the highe windes blowe, Gower. Con. A. the Prologue. And Arcite anon his honde up hafe. Chaucer. Knyghtes Tale, f. 8. c. i. But this that is sowen on the stoney lond: this it is that hereith the word of God, and anon with joie takith it. Wiclif. Matt. c. xiii. He was not without design at that present, as shall be made out anon; meaning, by that device to withClarendon. draw himself. Swift's Description of a City Shower. ANONYMOUS, A, not, and oνομα, ANONYMOUSLY, name; without a name: ANONYMAL. particularly applied to writings from which the names of the authors are withheld. I would know whether the edition is to come out anonymously, among complaints of spurious editions. Swift. These animalcules serve also for food to another anonymous insect of the waters. Ray. They would forthwith publish slanders unpublished, the authors being anonymous, the immediate publishers thereof sculking. Notes on the Dunciad. ANONYMOUS, in commerce. Before the late revolution, partnerships in trade in France were styled anonymous, when they were not carried on under any particular name, but wherein each of the partners traded visibly on his own account, and in his own name; after which all the partners gave one another an account of their profit or loss. These sorts of partnerships were known only to the parties themselves. There was also another species of anonymous partnerships in France, wherein persons of fortune and quality deposited sums of money, in order to share the profit and loss. Those who furnished the capital had no trouble in carrying on the trade, nor did their names appear to be any way interested therein. ANONYMOUS, in law. The sending anonymous letters demanding money, &c. is felony by the Black Act, 9 Geo. I. cap. 22. ANONYMOUS SPIRIT, in chemistry, a spirit extracted from tar and wood. ANOPSHEHER, an ancient town of Hindostan, on the Ganges, in the district of Bareily (finally ceded to the British in 1802), and province of Delhi. Its name signifies the 'incomparable city.' A strong mud wall, which has formerly been its principal defence, nearly surrounds the town. In some places it is between thirty and forty feet thick. On the south is a brick fort, of considerable size, containing loopholes for the use of bows and arrows, but incapable of defence by cannon. This place commands a fine view of the Ganges, and of the Cummoes, or Snowy Mountains (distant 200 miles) to the north-east, from which the bleak winds frequently bring agues. Eastward the lands are annually overflowed by the river, and are productive of grain, cattle, and game. Anopsheher has a good cotton and indigo trade, and receives from the Sambler lake considerable supplies of salt. It stands in lat. 28° 21′ Ν. long. 78° 13′ E. The Ganges is fordable here in December. ANOREXY; from a neg. and ορεξης, appetite; in medicine, is either original or symptomatic. When it is original, its causes are bad diet, too free drinking, voraciousness, &c.: in which cases, a vomit of ipecacuanha may be taken; after which temperance, a light but cordial nourishing diet, and daily exercise, persisted in, will generally effect a recovery. But it is more frequently a symptom of some other disorder; and then the cure depends on the removal of the original one. ANOSMIA, in medicine; from a privative, and οσμη, smell, i. e. without smell; a disease attended with a diminution or loss of smell. ANOSSI, a province of the island of Madagascar, lying between lat. 23° 18', and 26° S. It is watered by many rivers. In 1642 Captain Rivault obtained a permission to establish a colony in this part of the island, and accordingly he took possession of it in the name of the king of France, in September. The French landed 200 men, well armed, and provided with stores of ammunition and other necessaries for building a fort, which they immediately set about; but no sooner did the natives observe their intention, than they used their utmost art to prevent their design from taking effect. This created a war, in which the French were victors; and, the natives becoming in time much better reconciled to them, they intermarried, and lived in several towns at some distance from one another, not above five or six in a place. This tranquillity lasted for some years; but at last the natives growing jealous, resolved to free themselves from a foreign yoke, and accordingly formed a conspiracy to cut off all the French in one day; which they soon after effected, not leaving a single person alive. In 1664, Fort Dauphin was erected, in lat. 25° 6'S. Many buildings were erected behind the fort, adjoining to the governor's house, with great enclosures that produced every sort of fruit and kitchen herb. In 1656 this fort was accidentally destroyed by fire, but was soon after repaired; and notwithstanding the above catastrophe the French maintained a garrison here until the neighbouring settlements of Bourbon and Mauritius fell in the late war into the hands of the English. ANOURAMA, a river of Brasil, in the province of Para, which, running east, joins the Amazons between the Urupi and Maracupuca. ANOUT, a small island in the Scaggerrac, or that part of the sea of Denmark, which has Norway on the north, Jutland on the west, and the isle of Zealand on the south. Long. 13° 0' E., lat. 56° 36′ Ν. ANPITS, in the military art, in writers of the middle age, a breast-work, or barbacan. ANQUETIL (Louis Peter), a French historian, and political writer, was born in 1723, and died in 1808. His principal writings are, 1. Histoire Civile et Politique de la Ville de Rheims, 3 vols. 12mo. 1756, 1757. 2. Almanach de Rheims, 24mo. 1754. 3. L'Esprit de la Ligue, &c. 3 vols. 12mo. 1767. 4. Intrigue du Cabinet sous Henri IV. et sous Louis XIII. &c. 4 vols. 12mo. 1780. 5. Louis XIV. sa Cour et le Regent, 4 vols. 12mo. 1789. 6. Vie du Marechal Villars, écrite par Lui-même, suivie du Journal de la Cour de 1724 à 1734, 4 vols. 12mo. 1787-1792. 7. Précis de l'Histoire Universelle 9 vols. 12mo. &c. ANQUETIL DE PERRON (Abraham Hyacinth), brother of the subject of the last article, was born in 1731. In order to gratify his thirst after Oriental literature, he quitted all thoughts of the ecclesiastical profession, ssion, in which he had very excellent prospects, and actually joined the expedition fitting out for India in 1754, as a private soldier. At Chandernagore, Pondicherry, and Surat, though interrupted by illness, he employed every moment of his leisure in the study of the Sanscrit, and made sufficient progress in that tongue to translate the Vendidad Sade. On the taking of Pondicherry by the English, he returned to Europe, visited London and Oxford, and succeeded in 1762 in conveying the various manuscripts he had obtained to Paris. He was then appointed Oriental interpreter in the king's library, with a pension, and devoted himself to the publication on of his works, which are, A Life of Zoroaster, prefixed to a translation of the celebrated Zend Avesta, attributed to that sage, in 3 vols. 4to. 1771; Legislation Orientale, 4to. 1778; Recherches Historiques et Geographiques sur l'Inde, 1786; A Treatise on Commerce, 1789; L'Inde au rapport avec l'Europe, 1798, 2 vols. 8vo; and Secrets not to be Revealed, a Latin translation, in two 4to. volumes, from the Persian. He died, 1805, three years before his brother. ANSÆ, or ANSES, in astronomy, the parts of Saturn's ring, projeeting beyond the disc of the planet. The word is Latin, and properly signifies handles; these parts of the ring appearing like handles to the body of the planet: also in music the finger-boards of organs. ANSARIANS, a people of Syria, so called in that country, but styled in Delisle's maps Ensarians; and in those of Danville Nassaris. The territory said to be occupied by the Ansarians is that chain of mountains which extends from Antakia to the rivulet called Nahr-el-Kahi, or the Great River. The history of their origin is little known. The following account, taken from the Bibliotheque Orientale of Assemani, is drawn from the best authorities: 'In the year of the Greeks 1202 (A.D. 891), there lived at the village of Nasar, in the environs of Kousa, an old man, who, from his fastings, his continual prayers, and his poverty, passed for a saint; several of the common people declaring themselves his partisans, he selected from among them twelve disciples to propagate his doctrine. But the commandant of the place, alarmed at his proceedings, seized the old man, and confined him in prison. In this situation he excited the pity of a girl who was a slave to the gaoler, and she determined to give him his liberty: an opportunity soon offered to effect her design. One day when the gaoler was gone to bed intoxicated, and in a profound sleep, she gently took the keys from under his pillow, and, after opening the door to the old man, returned them to their place unperceived by her master: the next day when the gaoler went to visit his prisoner, he was extremely astonished at finding he had made his escape, as he could perceive no marks of violence. He therefore concluded he had been delivered by an angel, and spread the report, to avoid the reprehension he merited; the old man, on the other hand, asserted the same thing to his disciples, and preached his doctrines with more earnestness than ever. He even wrote a book in which, among other things, he says, 'I, such a one, of the village of Nasar, have seen Christ, who is the word of God, who is Ahmad, son of Mohammed, son of Hanasa, of the race of Ali; who also is Gabriel: and he said to me, Thou art he who readeth (with understanding); thou art the man who speaketh truth; thou art the camel which preserveth the faithful from wrath; thou art the beast which carrieth their burden; thou art the (Holy) Spirit, and Johu, the son of Zachary! Go, and preach to men that they make four genuflections in praying; two before the rising of the sun, and two before his setting, turning their faces towards Jerusalem: and let them say, three times, God Almighty! God Most High! God Most Great! Let them observe only the second and third festival; let them fast but two days annually; let them not wash the prepuce: nor drink beer, but as much wine as they think proper; and, lastly, let them abstain from the flesh of carnivorous animals.' The Ansarians, according to Volney, are divided into several tribes or sects; among which are distinguished the Shamsia, or adorers of the sun; the Kelbia, or worshippers of the dog; and the Kadmousia. Many of them believe in the metempsychosis; others reject the immortality of the soul. Their country is divided into three principal districts farmed by the chiefs called Makaddamim. Their tribute is paid to the Pacha of Tripoli, from whom they annually receive their title. Their mountains are in general not so steep as those of Lebanon, and consequently are better adapted to cultivation; but they are also more exposed to the Turks, and hence, doubtless, it happens that with greater plenty of corn, tobacco, wines, and olives, they are more thinly inhabited than those of their neighbours the Maronites and the Druses; which see. ANSARIUM, or ANSURIUM, in civil law, a duty on all provisions carried in vessels with ansæ, or handles. ANSART (Andrew Joseph), a French ecclesiastical writer and historian, born in 1723. He first became a Benedictine monk; but having been appointed procurator of one of the houses of that order, disappeared with the funds. He afterwards attached himself to the order of Malta, and became an advocate and doctor of laws of the faculty of Paris, and finally prior of Villanova. His principal works are: Dialogues sur l'Utilite des Moines Rentés, 1763, 12mo.; Exposition sur les Cantiques des Cantiques de Soloman, 1770, 12mo.; The Histoires of St. Maur, St. Reine, d'Alise, St. Fiacre, &c.; and the Bibliotheque Litteraire du Maine, 1784, 8vo. He died in 1790. ANSATUM TELUM, in ancient warfare, a dart or javelin, with an amentum fastened to it. Ansæ of a javelin are those two eminences about the middle of the cuspis, or point, which hinder the weapon from piercing through the whole body. ANSATUS, in conchology, a species of murex. It is brown, transversely striated; spire sharp-pointed; whorls convex, distant, and knotty at the base; beak long. -Gmelin. The length of this shell is about five inches and a half, and the striæ are large and small alternately. ANSE, an ancient town of France, in the department of the Rhone and Loire, ten miles north of Lyons, and twenty-five south by west of Macon. ANSELM, Hanszhelm, Teut. i. e. a defender of his companions, archbishop of Canterbury in the reigns of William I. and Henry I., born in 1033 at Aost, in Savoy. He became a monk in the abbey of Bec, in Normandy, of which he was afterwards chosen prior and then abbot. In 1092 he was invited over to England by Hugh earl of Chester; and in 1093 was made archbishop of Canterbury. He enjoined celibacy on the clergy, for which he was banished by William, but recalled by Henry at his coming to the crown. He refused to consecrate bishops invested by the king, flatly denying it to be the king's prerogative; for this he was again banished, till the pope and king agreeing, he was recalled in 1107. This prelate, from the day of his consecration to his death, was continually contending for the prerogative of the church against that of the crown, and for that purpose spent much of his time in travelling backwards and forwards between England and Rome for the advice and direction of the pope. At the council of Bari in Naples, the holy father being perplexed by the arguments of the Greeks against the Holy Ghost's proceeding from the Father, he called upon Anselm, who was present, and he discussed their objections with great applause. The pope afterwards deserted Anselm, who went to Lyons, where he resided till the death of William, when he returned to England and was received with great respect; but a new rupture arose, by the archbishop refusing to be re-invested by the king; on which a reference was made to the pope, who decided in favour of Anselm. This induced the nobility to advise the king to break absolutely with the pope, in consequence of which some of them were excommunicated. At length the pope made a concession, by allowing the English bishops and abbots to do homage to the king for their temporalities, which restored Anselm to favour. The priests call him a resolute saint; to other people he appears to have been an obstinate and insolent priest. He wrought many miracles, if we believe the author of his life, both before and after his death, which happened at Canterbury in the seventy-sixth year of his age, anno 1109. He was canonised in the reign of Henry VII. Anselm, though we may disregard him as a saint, deserves to be remembered as one of the principal revivers of literature after three centuries of profound ignorance. works have been printed in different years, and at different places; but the best edition is that of father Gerberon, Paris, 1675. His ANSELM of Parma, a celebrated magician, or rather juggling impostor, said by Derio, in his Disquisitiones Magicæ, to have performed miraculous cures by what is called St. Anselm's art, or by merely touching the linen that covered them.. ANSER AMERICANUS, the toucan. ANSER, in astronomy, a small star of the fifth or sixth magnitude, in the milky way, between the swan and eagle, first brought into order by Hevelius, ANSER, Lat. the goose, in ornithology, a species of Anas. See ANAS. ANSERES, in zoology, the name which Linnæus gives to his third order of birds, having the bill somewhat obtuse, and covered with a skin: gibbous at the base; the mouth toothed; the tongue fleshy; feet palmate, formed for swimming. It includes the following genera: namely, |