ANNECY, a city of France, the capital of the Savoy part of the duchy of Genevois. It is situated on the road between Geneva and Chamberry, about thirty miles from the former, in a delightful country, at the extremity of the lake of the same name. The canal of Thioux runs through the town, in its passage from the lake to the river Sier. Population 3440. Lon. 5° 57' E., lat. 45° 56' Ν. ANNECY, a lake in the heart of the Genevois, in Savoy, about twelve miles in length, and two in breadth. It is very deep and cold, being formed of the melted snow from the surrounding mountains. ANNECY LE VIEUX, a village in Savoy, on the site of an ancient town of that name, and one mile and a half north-east of the new town. ANNESLEY (Samuel), a non-conformist divine, born in Cumberland in 1620. He was the grandfather by the mother's side, of the famous John Wesley, founder of the Methodists, and was educated at Queen's college, Oxford. His vehemence against the crown and the church procured for him a presentation to the vicarage of St. Giles, Cripplegate; but from this he was ejected, in 1662, for nonconformity. He died in 1696, aged 76. Some of his sermons were printed. ANNET or ANNEY, one of the Scilly Isles, a mile from St. Agnes. It is uninhabited, but at low water the foundations of ruined habitations are visible, which are supposed to have been destroyed by the sea. There are some Druidical relics upon it. ΑΝΝΕΧ ́, ν. & n. ANNEX'ARY, ANNEX'MENT. to unite to. Annecto, annexum; ad, necto; to join one thing to another by a knot, or by knitting, or by hooking on. To fasten additionally; Perchaunce there bee manye that are desirous of dignitie, but for al that, thei weigh not with theselfes, what carke and care dignitie hath annexed vnto it. Udall, 1 Timothie, chap. iii. If loue be well searched and sought, Chaucer. The Romaunt of the Rose, f. 138. c. 4. Where countries are annexed only by acts of state and submission, such submissions are commonly grounded upon fear, which is no good author of continuance; besides the quarrels and revolts which do ensue upon conditional and articulate subjections. Bacon's Essays. How annexations or benefices first came into the church, whether by the prince's authority or the pope's licence, is a very great dispute. Majesty Ayliffe's Parergon. Dies not alone, but like a gulf doth draw Shaksp. Hamlet, act iii. sc. 8. There is nothing more certain in nature, than that it is impossible for any body to be utterly annihilated; as it was the work of the omnipotency of God to make somewhat of nothing, so it requireth the like omnipotency to turn somewhat into nothing. Bacon's Essays. It is impossible for any one to live in good humour and enjoy his present existence, who is apprehensive either of torment or of annihilation, of being miserable, or of not being at all. Spectator. Ye Gods, annihilate but space and time, and make two lovers happy!-was a pious and passionate prayer; but just as reasonable as many of the serious wishes of grave and solemn politicians. Burke. ANNIHILATION. - Christians, Heathens, Jews, the Siamese, Persians, &c. have their peculiar sentiments, conjectures, not to say dreams, concerning annihilation; and we find great disputes among them about the reality, the means, and ends, of annihilation. The first notions of the production of a thing from, or reduction of it to, nothing, Dr. Burnet shows, arose from the Christian theology; the words creation and annihilation, in the sense now given to them, having been alike unknown to the Hebrews, the Greeks, and the Latins. The ancient philosophers, in effect, denied annihilation as well as creation, resolving all the changes in the world into new modifications, without supposing the production of any thing new, or the destruction of any thing old. By daily experience they saw compounds dissolved; and that in their dissolution nothing perished but their union or connection of parts: when in death the body and soul were separated, the man they held was gone, but that the spirit remained in its original the great soul of the world, and the body in its earth from whence it came; these were again wrought by nature into new compositions, and entered new states of being which had no relation to the former. The Persian brahmins hold, that after a certain period of time, consisting of seventy-one joogs, God annihilates the whole existing universe, and after a certain interval a new creation arises, to subsist seventy-one joogs more, and then to be annihilated in its turn. Thus they hold there have been almost an infinite number of worlds: but how many joogs have elapsed since the last creation they cannot certainly tell; only in an almanac written in the Sanscrit language in 1670, the world is said to be then 3,892,771 years old from the last creation. The Siamese heaven is exactly the hell of some Socinians and other Christian writers; who, shocked with the horrible prospect of eternal torments, have taken refuge in the system of annihilation. It is countenanced, they say, by the words of Scripture; for death, destruction, and perishing, whereby the punishment of the wicked is most frequently expressed, do most properly import annihilation and an utter end of being. To this Tillotson answers, that these words, as well as those corresponding to them in other languages, are often used, both in Scripture and other writings, to signify a state of great misery and suffering, without the utter extinction of the miserable. Thus God is said in Scripture to bring destruction on a nation when he sends judgments upon them, but without exterminating or making an end of them. So in other languages it is frequent, oy perishing, to express a person's being made miserable; as in that known passage in Tiberius's letter to the Roman senate: Ita me dii deæque omnes pejus perdant, quam hodie perire me sentio. As to the word death, a state of misery, which is as bad or worse than death, may properly enough be called by that name; and thus the punishment of wicked men after the day of judgment is, in the book of Revelations, frequently called the second death. Some Chris tian writers contend, that the most terrible torinents will be inflicted hereafter on sinners for a long time, and after that suppose that there shall be an utter end of their being. Irenæus appears to have been of this opinion. But Tillemont, Petit, Didier, and others, endeavour to defend Irenæus from this imputation, as being too favourable to the wicked. It has been much disputed among divines, whether, at the consummation of all things, this earth is to be annihilated, or only purified and fitted for the habitation of some new order of beings. Gerard in his Common Places, and Hakewil in his Apology, contend earnestly for a total abolition or annihilation. Ray, Calmet, and others, think the system of renovation or restitution more probable, and more consonant to Scripture, reason, and infinite mercy. The fathers who have treated on the question are divided; some holding that the universe shall not be annihilated, but only its external face changed; others asserting that the substance of it shall be destroyed. The sentiments of mankind have differed very widely as to the possibility and impossibility of annihilation. According to some, nothing so difficult; it requires the infinite power of the Creator to effect it: some go further, and seem to put it out of the power of God himself! According to others, there is nothing so easy: existence is a state of violence; all things are continually endeavouring to return to their primitive nothing; annihilation requires no power at all; it will accomplish itself; nay, what is more, it requires an infinite power to prevent it. Many authors consider preservation a continual re-production of a thing, which, subsisting no longer of itself, would every moment return into nothing. Gassendi on the contrary asserts, that the world may indeed be annihilated by the same power which first created it, but that to continue it there is no occasion for any power of preservation. Some divines, of which number was the learned bishop King, hold annihilation for the greatest of all evils, worse than even the utmost torments of a future world; while others, with some of the eastern philosophers, consider it as the ultimate pitch of happiness! that sovereign good, that absolute beatitude, so long vainly sought for by the philosophers! The above prelate proposes it as a question, Whether suffering eternal torments be a greater evil than not existing? He thinks it highly probable that the heirs of future misery, while feeling their own torments in the most exquisite degree, will rather choose to be, and to be what they are, than not to be at all. Mr Bayle endeavours to refute him on this head; but might, one would think, have saved himself the trouble. Between the system of destruction and the system of eternal misery,' says the late Dr. Evans, in his popular Sketch of the Denomination of the Christian World, 'a middle hypothesis of the final destruction of the wicked (after having suffered the punishment due to their crimes) has been adopted more particularly by the Rev. Mr. Bourne, of Norwich; and Mr. John Marsom, in two small volumes, of which there has been a second edition with additions. They say that the Scripture positively asserts this doctrine of destruction; that the nature of future punishment (which the Scripture terms death) determines the meaning of the words everlasting, eternal, for ever, &c. as denoting endless duration; because no law ever did or can inflict the punishment of death for a limited period; that the punishment cannot be corrective, because no man was ever put to death either to convince his judgment or to reform his conduct; that if the wicked receive a punishment apportioned to their crimes, their deliverance is neither to be attributed to the mercy of God nor the mediation of Jesus Christ, but is an act of absolute justice; and, finally, that the mediatorial kingdon of Jesus Christ will never be delivered up, since the Scripture asserts that of his kingdom there shall be no end. Those who maintain these sentiments respecting the destruction of the wicked, are accused of espousing the doctrine of annihilation; but this accusation they repel, alleging that, philosophically speaking, there can be no annihilation, and that destruction is the express phrase used in the New Testament. O. this sentiment there have been many advocates distinguished for their erudition and piety.' ANNI NUBILES, i. e. marriageable years, in law, denotes the marriageable age of a woman, viz. after she has arrived at twelve. ANNIVERSARY, n. & adj. Lat. annus, and a year, Sverto, to turn. Something done or observed every year at a certain time; returning with the revolution of the year. _ Shall an anniverse Hale on Christmas Day. their example. Stillingfleet. ANNIUS of Viterbo, or John Nanni, a Do minican friar, born in 1432, and highly distinguished for his learning. He was made master of the sacred palace by pope Alexander VI., and died, as it was suspected, of poison, at the instigation of Cæsar Borgia in 1502. He is principally remarkable for his ingenuity as an impostor, having employed his leisure in the construction of fragments, which he palmed on the world as the remains of several ancient writers, in seventeen Books of Antiquities. The first edition of this work, dedicated to Ferdinand and Isabella, was printed at Rome in 1498, and in 1552 republished in 8vo. at Antwerp. The imposition passed for some time, and evinced great ability. ANNO DOMINI, in chronology (abbreviated A.D.), the computation of time from the incarnation of our Saviour, which is used as the date for all public deeds and writings in England, on which account it is called the 'vulgar era. It is generally allowed to be three years later than the real time of our Saviour's incarnation. ANNOBON, a small island of Africa, on the coast of Loango, belonging to the Portuguese; it is about 300 miles west of Cape Lopez. According to Pyrard, it is about five or six French leagues in compass; but Bandrand says it is ten leagues round. Here are two high mountains, the tops of which being continually covered with clouds, occasion frequent rains. On the southeast of the island are two rocks; one of which is low, and upon a level with the surface of the sea, the other higher and larger; but both dangerous in the night to shipping; but between them the channel is deep and clear. These rocks are inhabited by vast numbers of tame birds. The inhabitants of Annobon are a mixed race of Portuguese and negroes. Lon. 5° 20′ E., lat. 1o 50° S. ANNOISANCE, in law, the same as nui sance. ANNONA, in antiquity; from annus, a year; signified properly a year's produce from land; but it is also taken for the provision of corn, and whatever else was necessary for the sustenance of man; hence annonæ caritas signifies dearness of provisions, or a dear market. Cic. in Verr. 3. c. 92, annona militaris, the public allowance of bread, fodder, &c.; and annonæ, in the plural, the loaves themselves. Lamprid. in Sever. c. 41.; Cod. Theodos. de Erag. Mil. Annon. ANNONA, in botany, the custard-apple; a genus of the polygynia order and polyandria class of plants, ranking in the natural method under the fifty-second order, cordunatæ. The characters are: CAL. a triphylous perianthium: cor. six heart-shaped petals: STAM. having scarcely any filaments; antheræ numerous sitting on the receptaculum: PIST. a roundish germen; no tyli; the stigmata obtuse and numerous: PERICARP. a large roundish unilocular berry, covered with a scaly bark: the SEEDS numerous. There are eight species; viz. 1. A. Africana, producing a smooth bluish kind of apple. 2. A. Asiatica, or purple apple, growing in Cuba in great plenty. The trees rise to the height of thirty feet or more. 3. A. cherimola, a native of Peru. 4. A. muricata, or sour-sop, rarely rising above twenty feet high, but well furnished with branches. 5. A. palustris, or water-apple. 6. A. reticulata, or custard-apple, a native of the West Indies. 7. A. squamosa, or sweet-sop, seldom higher than fifteen feet. 8. A. triloba, or North American annona, a native of the Bahama Islands, called by the inhabitants papaw. ANNONÆ PRÆFECTUS, in Roman antiquity, an extraordinary magistrate, whose business it was to prevent a scarcity of provision, and to regulate the weight and fineness of bread. ANNONE STRUCTOR, the steward of the military provisions among the ancient Romans. ANNONAGE, ANNONAGIUM, a tax on corn. ANNONARIUS, in Roman antiquity, the distributor of provisions among the soldiers; also a monopolist. ANNONCE, in music, an introductory prelude to a plain chant, or psalm. ANNONAY, a town of France, the head of a canton in the arrondissement of Tournon. It is seated at the confluence of the Cauce and Deume, twelve miles south-west of Vienne, and was formerly the capital of the Upper Vivarois, in Lower Languedoc. A great paper manufacture is carried on in this town, which is famed for being the place where M. Montgolfier, the proprietor, first launched his air balloons. See AERONAUTICS. Beside the paper-works here, are also extensive manufactures of silk, leather, and dye-stuff. The town was in the sixteenth century the scene of frequent conflict between the Catholics and Protestants, but they now live very harmoniously together. Population about 5800. ANNONE, a fort and town of Italy, belonging to Montferrat, on the borders of the Milanese; seated on the Tanaro, nine miles east from Asti. ANNOT, a small town of France, in the department of the Lower Alps, the head of a canton, and contains about 1000 inhabitants. ANNOTATING, v. ANNOTATOR, ANNOTATION, ANNOTATIONIST. Ad, noto; supposed by Vossius to be derived from notum, the supine of nosco, to know. To make notes, marks, or observations. At length hee, M. Tyndall, beethought hymselfe of Cutbert Tunstall then Byshop of London, and especially for the great commendatio of Erasmus, who in his annotations so extolleth him for his learning. The Whole Workes of Wm. Tyndall, &c. Henry Savile carefully collected the best copies of books written by St. Chrysostom, from various parts of the world, and employed learned men to transcribe and make annotations on them. Wood's Athence Oxonienses. It might appear very improper to publish annotations, without the text itself whereunto they relate. Boyle. I have not that respect for the annotators which they generally meet with in the world. Felton on the Classics. ANNOTATION, in civil law, denotes a kind of rescript or grant of the emperor, signed with his own hand. It took its name from the note ANNOTTO, in botany and dyeing, the pellicles of the seeds of the bixa orellana, a cilicious shrub, from fifteen to twenty feet high, brought into Europe in red masses under the names of Annotto, Orlean, and Roucou. As commonly met with, it is moderately hard, of a brown colour on the outside, and a dull red within. It is with difficulty acted upon by by water, v and tinges the liquor only of a pale brownish-yellow colour. In rectified spirit of wine it very readily dissolves, and communicates a high orange or yellowish-red. Hence it is used as an ingredient in varnishes, for giving more or less of an orange cast to the simple yellows. Alkaline salt renders it perfectly soluble in boiling water, without altering its colour. It is used for colouring cheese. } ANNOUNCE', υ. Annuncio; ad, nuncio; ANNUNCIATE, to bring news to. To make ANNUNCIATION.) known, to inform, to declare publicly, to proclaim. Lo Sampson, which that was annunciat, Chaucer. The Monke's Tale, vol. ii. p. 139. Those, mighty Jove, mean time, thy glorious care, Of the Messiah I have heard foretold But certes ye han sodeinly cleped to your conseil, a gret multitude of peple ful chargeant & ful anoyous for to here. Chaucer. Tale of Mælibœus, vol. ii. p, 94 But the cheer of the Lord is on men that douen yuelis, and who is it that schal anoye you if ye ben soureis and loureis of goodnesse. Wiclif. Peter i. c. 3. Then is your careless courage accoy'd, No other noise, nor people's troublous cries, Annuus, from annus, a year. Yearly, happening every year: Annual sometimes signifies that which lasts only a year, particular ly applied to plants which do not generally live more than a year. There must be masses, dyrges, ther muste be anuaries bead mē. Bale's Image of both Churches, p. 91. Get all the town to help that will be hired, Beau. and Fletch. Love's Pilgrimage, act v. The dying in the winter of the roots of plants that are annual, seemeth to be caused by the over-expence of the sap; which being prevented, they will superannuate if they stand warm. Bacon. Every year may in some sense be said to be an annual plant; both leaf, flower, and fruit proceeding from the coat, that was superinduced over the wood the last year. Ray. He was generally known to be the son of one earl, and brother to another; who supplied his expence beyond what his annuity from his father would bear. Clarendon, By two drachms they thought it sufficient to signify a heart; because the heart at one year weighed two drachms, that is, a quarter of an ounce; and unto fifty years annually encreaseth the weight of one drachm. Brown's Vulgar Errors. Ere the progressive course of restless age ANNUALIA, in ecclesiastical affairs, 1. Yearly oblations anciently made by the relations of deceased persons on the day of their death, and on which mass was celebrated with great solemnity: 2. The priest's salary for celebrating mass annually. ANNUEL OF NORWAY, of whien mention is made in the acts of parliament of king James III. was an annual payment of 100 marks sterling, which the kings of Scotland were obliged to pay to Norway. It was first established in 1266; in consideration whereof the Norwegians renounced all title to the succession of the isles of Scotland, and paid till the year 1468, when, with all its arrears, it was renounced in the contract of marriage between king James III. and Margaret daughter of Christian I. king of Norway, Denmark, and Sweden. ANNUENTES MUSCULI; from annuere, to nod, in anatomy; a pair of transverse muscles at the root of the vertebræ of the back, called also recti interni minores. ANNUITIES. DEFINITION AND DIVISIONS OF ANNUITIES. Annuities imply any periodical income, arising from money lent, or from houses, lands, salaries, pensions, &c. payable from time to time, either annually, or at other intervals of time. They may be divided into such as are certain, and such as depend on some contingency, as the continuance of a life, &c. Annuities are also divided into annuities in possession, and annuities in reversion; the former meaning such as have commenced; and the latter such as will not commence till some particular event has occurred, or till some given period of time has elapsed. Annui ties may be farther considered as payable yearly, or half-yearly, or quarterly, &c. And annuities may be supposed to be improved, either in the way of simple, or compound interest. The last of these hypotheses, being the most equitable both for seller and buyer, is commonly assumed. But the most general and important division of this subject is into annuities certain or contingent: and the latter has been applied principally to *he contingency of life: we therefore treat in this article of certain annuities, and refer the reader forward to ASSURANCE and to LIFE ANNUITIES for the treatment of all those parts of this subject which rest on contingencies. On the subject of certain annuities let the reader bear in mind the following preliminary data: If the rate is 5 per cent., £1 improved at simple interest during one year, will amount to £1.05; and the same sum in the second year will be augmented in the same ratio of 1 to 1.05; the amount then will therefore be 1.05 x 1.05, or (1:05) 1·1025. In this manner it appears that the last amount, improved at interest during the third year, will be increased to (105) 1157623; the fourth year it will be (1.05); the fifth (1.05), and so on; the amount at the end of any number of years being always determined, by raising the number which expresses the amount at the end of the first year, to the power of which the exponent is the number of years. So that when the rate of interest is 5 per cent., £1 improved at compound interest, will in seven years, amount to (1.05), and in twenty-one years to (1.05)21. But if the rate of interest were only 3 per cent., these amounts would only be (1.03), and (1.03) respectively. The present value of £1. to be received cer tainly at the end of any assigned term, is such a less sum, as, being improved at compound interest during the term, will just amount to one pound. It must therefore be less than 1, in the same ratio as £1 is less than its amount in that time; but in three years, at 5 per cent., £1. will amount to £(1.05) (1). And (105) : 1 :: 1 : 1 1-157625 0.863838 (1.05) is the present value of £1 to be received at the expiration of three years. In the same inanner it appears that, at 4 per cent. interest, the present value of £1 to be received at the end of a year, is 1 1.04 =0.961538; |