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Most of the crowd comments appeared to have been favorable toward the effigies, according to Hall. He said he heard one man say, "This should let everybody know how we feel about integration." He said another man, identified as a politician, said, "I don't know if this [the hanging] is quite the right thing to do." Hall said a third man turned to the unidentified politician and retorted, "That's why you were defeated in the last election." Hall said the politician remarked he was in favor of segregation despite his feelings toward the effigy hanging.

While the WCC apparently remained aloof from the display, Senator Sam Englehardt, executive secretary of the Alabama Association of Citizens Councils, with headquarters here, did not appear perturbed.

"I didn't see it," he told the Advertiser-Journal last night, "but it won't hurt anything. I think it shows the people of Montgomery mean business. They intend to preserve segregation. Any way you can poke the NAACP is all right with me."

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EFFIGIES HUNG AT THREE SCHOOLS

Effigies of Negroes were hung from flagpoles of two high schools here last night— at Sidney Lanier and Robert E. Lee on the eve of public school opening today. At Harrison Elementary School, where Negro students tried unsuccessfully to enroll 2 years ago, figures of a Negro and a National Guard man were hung (above). The sign on the guardsman refers to a comment by Gov. James E. Folsom that he approved use of the guard to keep order in Tennessee.

EFFIGIES ARE HAULED DOWN-SCHOOL REGISTRATION OPENS QUIETLY HERE Montgomery's public-school students began the new year without reported incident this morning after a brief flareup last night of anti-integration sentiment. Effigies of 3 Negroes and a National Guard man, hanged at 3 city schools last night, were removed by the time students appeared for classes.

The principal of William Harrison Elementary School reported that the two manikins which were hung at his school were removed around 7 a. m. today. He did not know how they were tåken down or who did it.

SIGNS ON FIGURES

One of the figures, that of a Negro, bore the sign, "Forced Integration." The other, that of a National Guardsman, wore a helmet liner on which was painted "Ala. N. G." A wooden training rifle was strapped to his back. The figure also bore a sign saying, "This is not Tenn., Big Jim."

The reference was to a statement made 2 days ago by Gov. James E. Folsom that he approved use of the Natonal Guard in Tennessee to maintain order.

Harrison was the scene of an attempt 2 years ago to enroll Negro students. At Sidney Lanier High School, Principal Lee W. Douglas reported that he had ordered the single effigy of a Negro man hanging from atop the school flagpole removed at about 5:30 this morning.

This figure bore a placard across its chest saying, "I enrolled at Lanier."

EFFIGY AT LEE HIGH

A check at 6:30 a. m. at Robert E. Lee High School, scene of the third effigy hanging, revealed that the figure was gone. The effigy at Lee was hoisted near the top of the flagpole on the school grounds. The others were hung not more than 15 feet from the ground.

Police reported that they had not taken any action in the removal. Assistant Police Chief John B. Rucker said early today that they had no facilities for removing the figures.

Shortly after the first effigy was reported last night, two young servicemen found forms on the windshield of their cars soliciting membership in the U. S. Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. The car was parked downtown at the time.

The form read: "If you desire to join the U. S. Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, fill out the form below and mail to Post Office Box 3112, Eastbrook Station, Montgomery, Ala."

The Eastbrook station reported that such a box does exist but declined to give any further information.

EXHIBIT No. 9

[From the Alabama Journal, November 14, 1956]

NEGROES HALT CAR POOLS IN CITY-UNITED STATES COURT ASKED TO GIVE APPROVAL DESPITE INJUNCTION-END OF BOYCOTT SEEN AT Two MASS MEETINGS TONIGHT; SCORES WALK

Stopped by court order from continuing their car pool, Montgomery Negroes in uncounted numbers walked to work today on perhaps the final day of their long bus segregation boycott.

Meanwhile, they turned back to Federal court for the right to resume the carlift operations as long as the boycott does go on. United States District Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr., scheduled a hearing at 10 a. m. (c. s. t.).

A Negro leader, Rev. Ralph D. Abernathy, said "on the whole" the Negroes "made the sacrifice and walked to work."

27714 O-58-54

There were indications that the 11-month-old protest against segregated city buses-now ordered integrated by the Supreme Court-will end dramatically tonight.

A scheduled mass meeting to announce the decision was broadened to two rallies tonight because, Abernathy explained, no Negro church is large enough to hold the expected crowd. One meeting will start at 7 p. m. (e. s. t.) and the second an hour later across town at another church.

STATE COURT INJUNCTION

The city won a temporary injunction in State court late yesterday to halt the motor pool until further notice. Circuit Judge Eugene Carter granted the restraining order although the United States Supreme Court had outlawed bus segregation earlier in the day.

Negro lawyers challenged the State court's jurisdiction yesterday because the appeal to Johnson in Federal court was already on file before the city got into court with its injunction request.

CLAIM RIGHTS VIOLATED

Both in their petition in United States court and in arguments before Carter yesterday, the Negroes protested that any interference with their car pool operations-which they described as purely voluntary-would violate their civil and constitutional rights.

With or without help from the Federal court, however, Carter's injunction is destined to have little effect on the car pool system in view of a Negro leader's prediction that the boycott itself would end tonight.

DECISION DUE TONIGHT

Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr., president of the boycott-supporting Montgomery Improvement Association, told newsmen the decision will come at a mass meeting tonight at a Negro church.

The meetings are scheduled for Hutchinson Street Baptist Church at 7 p. m.; Holt Street Baptist at 8 p. m.

While emphasizing that he couldn't speak for all the Negroes of his race, King said he felt certain the Negroes will vote to patronize Montgomery City Lines buses again now that the segregation laws have been knocked out.

CITY DECLINES COMMENT

The city commission at whose request Carter issued the injunction declined comment on the Supreme Court decision. All three commissioners are members of the prosegregation White Citizens Council.

King hailed the ruling as "A glorious daybreak to end a long night of enforced segregation."

It came just shy of 1 year after the start of the boycott last December 5, a protest which became the first mass use of economic force in the South since the Supreme Court ruled against public school segregation 30 months ago.

Negro attorneys sought to use the Supreme Court's decision in their argument before Carter yesterday, but he ruled it out. The judge held it was simply a question of whether the Negroes were operating a legal or illegal car lift and the ruling on segregation "has nothing to do with it."

The issue was primarily whether the car pool was a "private enterprise" operated without a license, as the city contended, or a voluntary share-the-ride plan provided as a service by Negro churches without profit or financial gain.

Along with private automobiles, the Negroes have used, in their own words, "some 17 or 18" church-owned station wagons to take bus boycotters to and from work.

"SERIOUS QUESTION"

City attorneys presented testimony *** basically whether the car-pool operation is or isn't a private enterprise, but he said the city had presented enough evidence to “raise a serious question."

That issue will be determined later, on a ruling on the city's companion request for a permanent injunction, the judge said.

So will the matter of damages. The city asked for $6,000 on the grounds that the boycott has meant a loss of revenue. Two percent of the gross receipts of the privately owned bus company goes to the city as a franchise tax.

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TESTIMONY OFFERED

City attorneys presented testimony from Negro leaders themselves to show how the motor pool is financed from contributions from Negro churches, and how drivers and other employees are paid for their services.

But Negro lawyers insisted the boycotters have a right to use the car pool uninterrupted so long as the boycotters don't pay for their transportation.

Testimony showed the churches have received donations from Negroes both in Montgomery and throughout the Nation to bear the costs of transportation, at one time estimated at $3,000 a week.

NEGROES HAIL BUS DECISION

(By Henry S. Bradsher)

MONTGOMERY, ALA.-"We were badly treated on the buses but now they've given us justice."

That was the reaction of a 78-year-old Montgomery Negro woman to the United States Supreme Court's decision yesterday that bus segregation is unconstitutional. The woman, Mrs. Susie McDonald, and three other Negro women brought the suit that broke city and State bus segregation laws.

White officials across the South took a strong stand directly opposed to hers.

CHARGES ECHO

Charges of unlawful interference with the States, common since the 1954 Supreme Court ban on public-school segregation, echoed again across Dixie.

Leaders of the 11-month-old bus boycott in Montgomery indicated the decision would bring the protest to an end, its purpose now removed.

Calling the decision "a glorious daybreak," the Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., said "everyone was very happy" at a meeting of boycott leaders last night.

DECISION SCORED

The Governors of Mississippi and Georgia, United States and State Senators, a State attorney general and other officials were among those sharply criticizing the decision.

The Montgomery City Commission, named in the suit, had no immediate comment. Alabama's Attorney General John Patterson, who had filed an appeal to the Supreme Court of a special three-judge Federal panel, was not available for comment.

President Jack Owen of the Alabama Public Service Commission said that "to keep down violence and bloodshed, segregation must be maintained."

KLAN TOURS AREA

A caravan of about 40 carloads of robed Ku Klux Klan members toured Negro residential areas of Montgomery last night, horns blowing, but police said they had no reports of violence.

Gov. J. P. Coleman, of Mississippi, said that his State's segregation laws "are not involved" in the decision and would still be enforced.

The senior judge on the special panel, Richard T. Rives of the Fifth United States Circuit in New Orleans, said the Supreme Court's upholding the panel would set a precedent for other cases.

HILL'S STAND

Alabama's senior Senator, Lister Hill, said "every lawful means to set aside the ruling" should be used.

Herman Talmadge, Senator-elect of Georgia, called again for congressional limitation of the Supreme Court's power.

Georgia's Gov. Marvin Griffin said his state would oppose application of the decision by all legal means.

The woman whose arrest touched off the bus boycott said in Albany, N. Y., last night that the decision was a "triumph for justice" but complete victory would come only when the ruling was made effective.

EXHIBIT NO. 10

Mrs. Rosa Parks, a 43-year-old seamstress, said the Supreme Court decree outlawing racial segregation in public schools had been handed down in 1954 but was still not enforced in Alabama.

She addressed a meeting sponsored by the Albany branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.

Mrs. Parks refused to relinquish a seat on a bus to a white man last December 1. Her subsequent arrest led to the city wide bus boycott by Negroes.

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